Typical Plane Research Articles

Genesis, mechanism, and stability of the Dongmiaojia landslide, yellow river, China

Bedding plane landslides are common in nature, and usually occur in formations with an alternating sequence of soft and hard rock beds. The Dongmiaojia landslide, located near the Xiaolangdi hydraulic project on the Yellow River, is a typical bedding plane landslide formed in an alternating sequence of soft and hard rock beds. Using field data of this landslide, we systematically analyzed the genesis, mechanism, and stability of this type of bedding plane landslide. According to the geological structure and the deformation characteristics, we divided the landslide into three parts: the front colluvial mass, the middle and rear sliding-deformation mass, and the rear tension-deformation mass. The failure mode of the Dongmiaojia landslide is mainly retrogressive creep deformation under the action of the combined endogenic and exogenic geological processes. An improved DDA strength reduction method was applied to study the stability and the failure process of the Dongmiaojia landslide. The analysis results produced a stability coefficient of the landslide equal to 1.07; the numerical simulation analysis showed that the failure mode of the landslide is a compound failure process which consists of forward sliding of the middle part and retrogressive sliding of the rear part, with the front colluvial mass acting as a support effect for the down-sliding of the whole landslide mass.

Comparison of Fetal Cardiac Spatiotemporal Image Correlation Segmental Analysis Between Cardiac‐ and Body‐Based Scrolling

The purpose of this study was to compare success rates for depiction of the 5 typical transverse planes in the fetal upper thorax between cardiac- and body-based scrolling techniques. Spatiotemporal image correlation volume data sets acquired at the 4-chamber view level were obtained from low-risk singleton pregnancies with healthy fetuses. Each data set was analyzed by the authors using both cardiac- and body-based techniques. With the cardiac-based technique, the exact 4-chamber view was first identified as an initial plane before scrolling, whereas with the body-based technique, a volume data set was first manipulated to get the fetal orientation in the exact dorsal supine position as an initial plane. In both techniques, the volumes were then scrolled through the upper thorax to identify the standard planes, including the 4-chamber, 5-chamber, 3-vessel, 3-vessel and trachea, and aortic arch views. An analysis of 50 volume data sets to evaluate intraobserver and interobserver variability in the success rates for the 4-chamber, 5-chamber, 3-vessel, 3-vessel and trachea, and aortic arch views showed good agreement. In an analysis of 296 separate data sets, cardiac-based scrolling was associated with significantly higher success rates than body-based scrolling in all standard planes (P < .05). Cardiac-based scrolling resulted in higher success rates for obtaining the standard spatiotemporal image correlation planes than body-based scrolling. Therefore, examiners in the early part of the learning curve should be encouraged to first identify a perfect 4-chamber view at the start of an examination.

A kinematic enriched plane state formulation for the analysis of masonry panels

Abstract A kinematic enriched formulation for the analysis of the in-plane behavior of regular masonry walls is proposed in order to overcome the limits of the typical plane stress and plane strain assumptions. The boundary value problem for the masonry RVE subjected to periodic boundary conditions is formulated for the enriched plane state. In particular, the displacement field is represented assuming that the components can be written using the separation of variables; in fact, they are obtained as product of in-plane and transversal functions. The in-plane displacement components are expressed as the superposition of a known field, depending on the macroscopic deformations applied to the RVE, and a periodic perturbation described as an even function of the transversal coordinate. The bending effects is avoided representing the out-of-plane displacement field in terms of odd functions of the transversal coordinate. A 2 D finite element is formulated and used for performing micro-mechanical and homogenization analyses. Numerical results are compared with analytical ones in order to assess the accuracy of the numerical procedure. Results obtained by employing the proposed model are compared with the ones evaluated on the basis of the classical plane stress, plane strain, generalized plane strain assumptions and with the three-dimensional solution. Finally, the proposed kinematically enriched model is used to derive the elastic domain of the masonry material.

Study on Micro and Nano Structure and Superhydrophobicity for Several Typical Planing Animals Legs

this paper studied superhydrophobic of water strider, water flies, water mosquitoes and water spiders legs, their contact angle were measured by the contact angle measuring instrumen, which were 161.5°,158.4°, 155.3° and 159.6° respectively, they are all superhydrophobic. Microstructure of water strider, water flies, water mosquitoe and water spiders leg was observed through scanning electron microscopy, It found that 4 typical planing animals leg are composite structure of micron scale and nanoscale, although their forms is different, they have reached the super-hydrophobic effect.

Numerical simulation and experimental research on passive hydrodynamic bearing in a blood pump

The current research of hydrodynamic bearing in blood pump mainly focuses on the bearing structure design. Compared with the typical plane slider bearing and Rayleigh step bearing, spiral groove bearing has excellent performance in load-carrying capacity. However, the load-carrying capacity would decrease significantly with increasing flow rate in conventional designs. In this paper, the special treatment is made to the upper spiral groove bearing to make sure that both the circulatory flowing and load-carrying capacity are high. Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics(CFD) models in the space between rotor and shaft are developed by using FLUENT software. Effects of groove number, film height and groove depth on load-carrying capacity of the spiral groove bearings are investigated by orthogonal experiment design. The experimental results show that film height is the most remarkable factor to the load-carrying capacity. The variation tendency of load-carrying capacity reveals that the best combination of geometry is the one with groove number of 8, film height 0.03 mm and groove depth 0.08 mm. The velocity and pressure distributions in spiral groove bearings are also analyzed, and the analysis result shows that the distributions are in conformity with the design of the blood pump based on the principle of hydrodynamic bearing. The displacement of the rotor with the best combination parameters is tested by using laser displacement sensors, the testing result shows that the suspending performance is satisfactory both in axial and radial directions. This research proposes a bearing design method which has sufficient load-carrying capacity to support rotor as an effective passive hydrodynamic bearing.

Alloy content determination of fully strained and partially relaxed semi-polar group III-nitrides by x-ray diffraction

Semi-polar group III nitrides and their alloys (AlGaN, InGaN) show great promise for future opto-electronic devices. For these orientations, specific X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods have been developed to measure the alloy content. The XRD methods proposed in the literature all use approximations at different levels. Here, we introduce a novel exact model, against which we compare each simplifying assumption previously used. The relevant approximations are then assembled to produce an accurate linearized model, which shares the same mathematical form as that of the standard polar or non-polar nitride analysis. This linearized model can be further simplified to provide an analytic expression for correction of the alloy content when a tilt (partial relaxation) is found between the alloy epilayer and the semi-polar GaN template. For a given model—alloy content and tilt angle— we can compute the expected XRD data. Vice-versa, the alloy content can be obtained from the experimental measurements—tilt angle and difference in d-spacing. This work focuses on the typical semi-polar planes studied in the literature: inclined a-planes (hh2h¯l), e.g., (112¯2), and inclined m-planes (hh¯0l), e.g., (11¯01) or (22¯01).

Investigation of dislocation structures in ribbon- and ingot-grown multicrystalline silicon

In this paper, an experimental study of dislocation structures in multicrystalline silicon is presented. The alignment of dislocations in samples from both edge-defined film-fed growth and ingot crystallization by vertical Bridgman growth is investigated. Crystallographic orientations of single grains and dislocation structures are analyzed by electron backscatter diffraction and infrared microscopy. {111} and {211} planes are identified to be the typical crystallographic planes, where dislocations are arranged. It is concluded that {111} and {211} planes are involved in plastic deformation and recovery processes during growth, respectively. In ribbon-grown samples, the dislocations are mainly arranged on {111} slip planes, whereas an arrangement on {211} planes prevails in ingot-grown samples. The influence of the growth and cooling conditions on the final alignment of dislocations in mc-Si is discussed and a possible explanation for a different annealing behaviour of ribbon- and ingot-grown crystals is given.

Study on Design Measure of Seismic Capacity Design in R.C. Mega-Frame Structures

This paper explores the design method of several typical mega plane frames, with the variables being the combination of varying amplification coefficient of moment at bottom sections of ground floor columns of the secondary frame on the main beams. The elastic-plastic dynamic analysis program Drain-2d+ of the plane structure is used to carry out the elastic-plastic time-history analysis for each typical mega-frame under the earthquake action. Based on the analysis, the deformation characteristics of the mega-frame, the emerging of the plastic hinge and the weak point of the overall structure under the earthquake action is developed, from which the correct method of obtaining the design value of amplification coefficient of moments at bottom sections of ground floor columns of the secondary frame on the main beams is concluded. The reasonable design values are recommended as the basis to provide some suggestions for the design of the reinforced concrete mega-frame structure.

The Study of Numerical Analysis about the Stability of Tunnels with Typical Planes of Fracture

The optimum shape of the tunnel is usually decided by many factors. Not only should it ensure the stability of surrounding rock and the advantageous of masonry's stress, but also it need to meet the using requirements of the cavern, the convenience of the construction, the least excavated volume and the best economic results. Seeking the optimal shapes of the carven which is under the specific condition has always been paid great attention by engineers. With the help of ADINA finite element analysis software, this paper imitates related data in elastic theory about the excavation of tunnels with the typical planes of fracture which are under the same geology condition. After that, it contrasts the actual computing results with the theoretical analysis, and then studies planes of fracture's optimal excavated shapes of the tunnels.

Effect of Zn Addition on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties after Extrusion, Rolling and Ageing in Mg-9Gd-3Y-0.5Zr Alloys

Evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of the Mg-9Gd-3Y-0.5Zr base alloys without 0.5% Zn addition (GWK930) and with Zn addition (GWZK9300) have been investigated during processing by extrusion, rolling and ageing. It was found that the yield/ultimate strength of the two as-rolled alloys increased with the rolling strains. Twinning was the main deformation mechanism in GWK930 alloy while few twinning could be detected in the GWZK9300 alloy due to the dense secondary phases such as LPSO structure. The (0002) texture intensity in two as-rolled alloys increased with the rolling reduction, however, a typical rolling basal plane texture with single peak was found in GWZK9300 while a bimodal texture was found in the GWK930 alloy. Compared with GWK930 alloy, GWZK9300 alloy exhibited higher strength and ductility after rolling, annealing and ageing treatments. The finer grain size was due to more recrystallization fraction, while more fine secondary phases dispersed in matrix. And the basal texture strengthening after rolling deformation and subsequent heat treatment are suggested to be responsible for the superior comprehensive mechanical properties of GWZK9300 alloy.

Knee extensor and flexor dominant gait patterns increase the knee frontal plane moment during walking

High gait-induced knee frontal plane moment is linked with the development of knee osteoarthritis. Gait patterns across the normal population exhibit large inter-individual variabilities especially at the knee sagittal plane moment profile during loading response and terminal stance phase. However, the effects of different gait patterns on this moment remain unknown. Therefore, we examined whether different gait patterns are associated with atypically high knee frontal plane moments. Profiles of knee joint moments divided a sample of 24 subjects into three subgroups (11, 7, 6) through cluster analysis. Kinetics, kinematics, and spatio-temporal parameters were compared among clusters. Subjects who showed a typical sagittal plane moment pattern (n = 11) had 43% lower first peak of knee frontal plane moment compared to the cluster, which showed the dominance of the knee extensor moment during stance phase (n = 7, p < 0.01). In addition, a typical gait pattern cluster had 44% lower second peak knee frontal plane moment than the cluster, which showed the dominance of the knee flexor moment during the terminal stance phase (n = 6, p < 0.05). These findings indicate that different knee strategies driving gait considerably impact knee loading, suggesting that knee extensor and flexor dominant gait patterns demonstrate atypically high knee frontal plane moments. People in these subgroups may, therefore, be at higher risk of developing knee osteoarthritis.

Crystallographic Properties of the Unsupported Ni-Mo Carbides Phases

In the present work, the crystallographic properties of unsupported Ni-Mo catalyst serie were carried out. They were synthesized with a ratio of Mo from 10, 25, 50 to 75 wt%. The final catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) in order to identify crystallographic phases present in the solids using DRXwinsoftware version 2.3. The crystal size was determinated by Bragg’s law. Ni-Mo catalyst model (MoC-75) structure was modeled by Carine Crystallography Software version 3.1 which was built based on its space group and atomic positions which were previous the results of XRD. Characteristical phases of Ni-Mo Carbides were identified for their typical planes (111), (200) and (311) for Ni-Mo series and the plane (101) for the a Mo-C series.

Computing a Large Refined Catalog of Focal Mechanisms for Southern California (1981-2010): Temporal Stability of the Style of Faulting

Using the method developed by Hardebeck and Shearer (2002, 2003) termed the HASH method, we calculate focal mechanisms for earthquakes that occurred in the southern California region from 1981 to 2010. When available, we use hypocenters refined with differential travel times from waveform cross correlation. Using both the P‐wave first motion polarities and the S/P amplitude ratios computed from three‐component seismograms, we determine mechanisms for more than 480,000 earthquakes and analyze the statistical features of the whole catalog. We filter the preliminary catalog with criteria associated with mean nodal plane uncertainty and azimuthal gap and obtain a high‐quality catalog with approximately 179,000 focal mechanisms. As more S/P amplitude ratios become available after 2000, the average nodal plane uncertainty decreases significantly compared with mechanisms that include only P‐wave polarities. In general the parameters of the focal mechanisms have been stable during the three decades. The dominant style of faulting is high angle strike‐slip faulting with the most likely P axis centered at N5°E. For earthquakes of M 2.5 events. Using the 210 moment‐tensor solutions in Tape et al. (2010) as benchmarks, we compare the focal plane rotation angles of common events in the catalog. Seventy percent of common earthquakes match well with rotation angles less than the typical nodal plane uncertainty. The common events with relatively large rotation angles are either located around the edge of the (SCSN) network or poorly recorded.

(211)-Orientation Preference of Transparent Conducting In2O3:Sn Films and Its Formation Mechanism

Dominantly (211)-oriented In(2)O(3):Sn (ITO) transparent conducting oxide (TCO) films were first fabricated at high sputtering power in the weak reducing ambient with superior electrical and optical properties. The dependence of ITO film orientation on growth condition was systematically investigated, and the formation mechanism was studied by surface energy calculation and band structure simulation. The unique properties of the (211)-oriented films should be ascribed to the richest In-terminated surface of the (211) plane, which is tightly correlated with the comparably highest surface energy and highest conduction band surface comparing with the other two typical planes of (222) and (400). The as-prepared (211)-oriented ITO films with the In-rich ending atoms on the surface are of great significance for the transparent electrode applications.

Seismic fragility curves for mid-rise reinforced concrete frames in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

This article is concerned with the development of seismic fragility curves for typical mid-rise plane reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), which is considered as low-seismicity area. Two structural models; four- and eight-storey moment-resisting frames were considered. Three cities with different seismic intensities, Abha, Jazan and Al-Sharaf, were selected to cover various values of mapped spectral accelerations in KSA. The 0.2-s spectral accelerations range from 0.21 to 0.66 g, while the 1.0-s spectral accelerations range from 0.061 to 0.23 g. The structural models were designed under dead, live and seismic loads of these cities according to the Saudi Building Code. Incremental dynamic analysis was performed under 12 ground motions using SeismoStruct. Five performance levels, namely, operational, immediate occupancy, damage control, life safety and collapse prevention were considered and monitored in the analysis. Fragility curves were developed for the structural models of the three cities considering the five selected performance levels.

Test Analysis on Flow Field of Exhaust Hood in Commercial Kitchen

Making exhaust hood model in laboratory according to exhaust hood in commercial kitchen, steam instead of fume, and characteristics of flow field are studied in kitchen exhaust hood. The distribution of velocity and temperature at typical planes was measured at valve opening of 45 degrees when water boiling. Results show that in a certain range, air velocity of exhaust hood decreases when air from the exhaust opening distance increases, velocity reduces with x and y increasing, steam velocity reaches maximum value close to exhaust outlet of fan.

CFD modeling of 2D asymmetric entry impact along with horizontal velocity

The 2D impact phenomenon in calm water, considering asymmetric entry and asymmetric entry withhorizontal velocity is studied. The analysis was performed by using a commercial CFD software (STARCCM+©). The results obtained from the simulations are: pressure distribution, force and roll moment.The study was carried out for typical planing boat sections. Furthermore, the critical conditions requiredfor flow separation from the keel are also determined. The results are compared with models and resultsobtained from some authors and they present very good agreement.

Origin and Characteristics of the Spray Patterns Generated by Planing Hulls

Analytical and experimental studies were made of the origin and characteristics of the two distinctly different appearing spray patterns associated with prismatic planing hulls. It was found that these two spray patterns, identified as "whisker spray" and "main spray," are a consequence of the same basic hydrodynamic flow phenomenon and transform seamlessly from one into the other. Similar to the analytical treatment developed for swept-wing aircraft, where the oncoming free stream velocity is divided into components normal to and along the leading edge of the swept wing, the free stream velocity for the planing surface is divided into components normal to and along the stagnation line. Combining this orientation of velocity components with the results of analytical studies of Wagner (Uber stoss-und gleitoorgauge an der oberflache von flussiglaseiten. Z.f.a.M.M., 2, 4, 1932) for two-dimensional planing of infinitely long flat planing surfaces with those of Green (The gliding of a flat plate on a stream of finite depth, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 31, 1935) for planing of a two-dimensional, finite length surface, explains the origin and characteristics of both the whisker and main spray patterns. It is shown that the main spray originates in a small local area at the intersection of the stagnation line with the chine. Relatively simplistic equations that define the three-dimensional location of the spray apex are developed, and the results presented in three graphs. An illustrative example is presented that demonstrates the ease of application of the method to define the main spray geometry of a typical planing craft. Model tests were conducted to define the maximum height of the main spray and its lateral and longitudinal positions relative to the hull as a function of deadrise angle, trim angle, and speed coefficient. These data substantiate the analytical results.

Texture development of ARB processed Mg/Al multilayers

Our work deals with accumulative roll bonding (ARB) of pure Mg sheet (0.9mm thickness) and of Al5052 sheet (0.5mm). A stacking of Al-Mg-Al was firstly rolled to 50% reduction at 400°C and secondly ARB has been processed up to 3 cycles. In such multilayers as well as highly mixed composites of two-phased system texture development, phase reactions and strain accumulation are of basic interest, which needs a combination of different experimental methods for characterization. The present paper deals with the global texture evolution measured by thermal neutrons to average always over the whole sample thickness, SEM and optical microscopy indicates the macroscopic development of Mg and Al layers. The initial materials show typical and strong basal plane texture of hexagonal Mg (17.9mrd) and a recrystallization texture of cubic Al (8.5mrd). Co-deformation of Al/Mg/Al leads to strong decrease of both textures, whereas Mg has always a much stronger texture than Al5052. ARB processing produces only weak Al-textures. After sandwich-rolling and 1 cycle ARB rotated cube is observed in Al5052, which does not exist after 2 and 3 cycles of ARB.

Impedance spectroscopy of oxide ceramics with overall composition of Bi4V2 − x Me x O11 − δ

The paper presents a generalization for some studies of conducting properties of ceramics based on solid solutions with the general composition of Bi4V2 − xMexO11 − δ of the BIMEVOX family obtained using the impedance spectroscopy method. The regularities of the impedance spectra and typical complex plane plots are considered and the corresponding equivalent circuits are analyzed.