Typical Mirror Research Articles

唐代 瑞獸葡萄紋鏡의 제작시기와 韓·日로의 전래양상 검토 - 당대 기년명 묘 출토 서수포도문경을 중심으로

Auspicious Animals (mirror with images of auspicious animals and grapes) is characterized by the patterns of ancient Chinese auspicious animal character and newly introduced grapes, and it is the most colorful and popular bronze mirror among the Tang’s bronze mirror. The study on the production period and the transmission of Korea-Japan through cases excavated from articles with Chronograms from the Tang tombs among the pattern of Auspicious Animals Grapes produced at the time. The Auspicious Animals and Grapes Bronze Mirror of the time follows a typical bronze mirror form, but the pattern expressing the inner and outer parts shows a different pattern than before, and is characterized by filling the back of a high relief structure with ornate patterns. These Auspicious Animals and Grapes Bronze Mirror views were classified into types I and II based on elements such as the position of the auspicious animals and grape patterns, the shape of New, and other pattern arrangements. Type I features auspicious animals expressed in the inner and outer parts, and there is a circular New. Type II has a common point where the pattern composition becomes complicated, and the New changes to the auspicious animals. The Auspicious Animals and Grapes Bronze Mirror, which was analyzed based on the two types, reviewed the production period of the excavated articles with Chronograms from the Tang tombs. The period divided into the third period was divided into the period of development, the period of prime time, and the period of decline, and most of the The Auspicious Animals and Grapes Bronze Mirror excavated from the Tang Dynasty was produced during the period II. The Auspicious Animals and Grapes Bronze Mirror, which was popular at the time, was also introduced to neighboring countries such as Korea and Japan. The two countries accepted the Auspicious Animals and Grapes Bronze Mirror from a country called Tang, but the aspect was different. Except for the The Auspicious Animals and Grapes Bronze Mirror excavated from Maro mountain fortress(馬老山城), Korea is presumed to have introduced the eastward trend that was cast from China as there remain examples of poor casting. On the other hand, in Japan, four Auspicious Animals and Grapes Bronze Mirror are held in Shosoin(正倉院), and they are in good casting condition and have elaborate and detailed pattern expressions. This particular example is believed to have been handed down to by Japanese missions to Tang China dispatched to Tang from Japan at the time, and the period was considered to be the first half of the 8th century, when it was focused on accepting cultural elements. Therefore, it can be seen that The Auspicious Animals and Grapes Bronze Mirror of the Tang Dynasty was one of the representative admiration that spread to surrounding countries in the 8th century, when production was popular.

Development of Conductive Antibacterial Coatings on Cotton Fabrics via Polyphenol-Mediated Silver Mirror Reaction.

Herein, this study reports the development of a multifunctional conductive antibacterial cotton fabric through the utilization of the natural polyphenol-mediated silver mirror reaction. The experimental results demonstrate that polyphenols can effectively facilitate the deposition of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), resulting in a uniform and durable hybrid nanocoating on the cotton fabric. The effects of polyphenol's molecular weights on the coating structures and stabilities have been revealed via two distinct approaches: washing resistance and electrochemical testing systems. It has been concluded that lower-molecular-weight phenols induce a compact and dense coating structure, whereas polyphenols such as tannic acid exhibit relatively high stability, achieving an excellent conductivity of 0.2 S/cm and a good washing resistance of 67% over five cycles. The underlying mechanism has been further confirmed by the cyclic voltammetry measurements, suggesting that polyphenols play a significant role in stabilizing AgNPs and preventing their dissolution. Furthermore, the Ag-doped polyphenol-coated fabrics exhibit notable antibacterial properties. By coupling natural polyphenols with typical silver mirror reactions, this study not only offers a sustainable alternative to synthetic chemicals but also presents a promising method to endow cotton textiles with the dual properties of conductivity and antibacterial activity.

Mode-locked figure-9 fiber laser assisted by a SESAM for improving signal-to-noise ratio and stability

The mode-locked figure-9 fiber laser has been proved to exhibit excellent performance, but improvement of its output signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) and stability are restricted by the laser structure design. In this paper, we propose and verify a modified laser cavity to increase SNR and output stability by introducing a saturable absorber mirror(SESAM) to the single arm end of the figure-9 laser as a mode-locked auxiliary device instead of the typical mirror. Numerical simulations based on the model of the figure-9 fiber and SESAM lasers clearly indicate that modified structure has better output performance than typical one. Additionally, the related experimental results also demonstrate that at the same pump power of 150mW and compare the typical structure, the modified one outputs a higher SNR of 70 dB, together with 12 h output lower RMS of 0.23 %. We believe that the presented laser design could be a stable and reliable ultrafast optical seed for improving the performance of high-power laser facilities, which also has potential applications in optical frequency comb and all-optical modulation.

Effects of lexical skills and orthographic neighborhood size in word memory

Two experiments were designed to investigate the relationship between individual lexical skills in young adults and memory performance on words varying by their orthographic neighborhood size. In Experiment 1, a sample of 100 university students were administrated a set of spelling, reading, and vocabulary tests to assess their lexical skills. Then, they had to learn mixed lists of words from high and low neighborhood size and perform free recall and memory recognition tasks. Importantly, high lexical skills were found to enhance free recall and, to a lesser extent, recognition. In addition, a typical mirror effect of neighborhood size was found in recognition as words were better recognized and also produced less false alarms when they had a low neighborhood size. In Experiment 2, pure lists of words were designed and a new sample of 90 university students was assessed. We replicated the effect of lexical skills in free recall and the effect of neighborhood size for hits in recognition. Spelling skills were found to interact with neighborhood size in free recall in that low spelling skills were associated with a facilitatory effect of neighborhood size. In recognition, a relation between reading skills and neighborhood size was found such that the higher the reading skills, the higher was the inhibitory effect of neighborhood size. These results provide new evidence of an influence of lexical skills in word memory performance and underline the role of orthographic neighborhood size in episodic memory tasks.

Automated design of freeform imaging systems for automotive heads-up display applications.

The freeform imaging system is playing a significant role in developing an optical system for the automotive heads-up display (HUD), which is a typical application of augmented reality (AR) technology. There exists a strong necessity to develop automated design algorithms for automotive HUDs due to its high complexity of multi-configuration caused by movable eyeballs as well as various drivers' heights, correcting additional aberrations introduced by the windshield, variable structure constraints originated from automobile types, which, however, is lacking in current research community. In this paper, we propose an automated design method for the automotive AR-HUD optical systems with two freeform surfaces as well as an arbitrary type of windshield. With optical specifications of sagittal and tangential focal lengths, and required structure constraints, our given design method can generate initial structures with different optical structures with high image quality automatically for adjusting the mechanical constructions of different types of cars. And then the final system can be realized by our proposed iterative optimization algorithms with superior performances due to the extraordinary starting point. We first present the design of a common two-mirror HUD system with longitudinal and lateral structures with high optical performances. Moreover, several typical double mirror off-axis layouts for HUDs were analyzed from the aspects of imaging performances and volumes. The most suitable layout scheme for a future two-mirror HUD is selected. The optical performance of all the proposed AR-HUD designs for an eye-box of 130 mm × 50 mm and a field of view of 13° × 5° is superior, demonstrating the feasibility and superiority of the proposed design framework. The flexibility of the proposed work for generating different optical configurations can largely reduce the efforts for the HUD design of different automotive types.

The Interpretation of Mirror Pattern Bands During Oligoclonal Immunoglobulin Isoelectric Focusing Electrophoresis: ARetrospective Study.

Mirror patterns are incidental types that accompany the analysis of the oligoclonal band (OCB) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, their interpretation remains controversial. In this study, we analyzed all graphic results of mirror patterns from 86 patients to provide an optimal interpretation scheme for mirror patterns. Matched CSF and serum specimens were obtained from patients with various neurological disorders that required OCB analysis. Atotal of 86 patients were screened and serum immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) was performed in all 86. The interobserver agreement for interpreting mirror patterns by visual inspection was tested. The method agreement between the visual inspection and IFE was also evaluated. The CSF/serum albumin quotient (QALB) was calculated to determine the blood-brain barrier integrity of all patients. Of the 86 patients with mirror patterns, 19.8% (17/86) had typical mirror bands and most (80.2%) had atypical mirror bands. There was a good agreement between the 2 observers in interpreting typical mirror patterns. However, kappa statistics analysis showed poor agreement regarding the interpretation of atypical mirror bands by visual observation alone (kappa value, -0.026 to 0.314 between 2 observers). The disagreement was pronounced between the visual inspection and validation of IFE (kappa value, -0.0238 to 0.176 between the first observer and IFE; -0.322 to 0.118 between the second observer and IFE). The normal QALB rates in the type V groups were significantly higher than those in the type IV group and the positive QALB rates in the type IV were significantly higher than those in the type V. Visual inspection to interpret mirror pattern bands is unreliable. Considering the completely different clinical significance between type IV and type V and high risk of potential misinterpretations, it is necessary to perform IFE on all the atypical mirror types to discriminate atypical type IV from atypical type V.

Task Complexity and Image Clarity Facilitate Motor and Visuo-Motor Activities in Mirror Therapy in Post-stroke Patients.

Introduction: Mirror therapy is effective in the recovery of upper-limb function among post-stroke patients. An important component of mirror therapy is imagining finger movements. This study aimed to determine the influence of finger movement complexity and mirror image clarity on facilitating motor and visuo-motor activities in post-stroke patients.Methods: Fifteen post-stroke patients and 18 right-handed healthy participants performed simple or complex finger tapping while viewing mirror images of these movements at varying levels of clarity. The physical setup was identical to typical mirror therapy. Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to capture the brain activities elicited in the bilateral primary motor cortices (M1) and the precuneus using a block experimental design.Results: In both study groups, the “complex finger-tapping task with blurred mirror image” condition resulted in lower intensity (p < 0.01) and authenticity (p < 0.01) of the kinesthetic mirror illusion, and higher levels of perceived effort in generating the illusion (p < 0.01), relative to the “simple finger-tapping with clear mirror image” condition. Greater changes in the oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) concentration were recorded at the ipsilesional and ipsilateral M1 in the “complex finger-tapping task with blurred mirror image” condition relative to that recorded in the “simple finger-tapping task with clear mirror image” condition (p = 0.03). These HbO concentration changes were not significant in the precuneus. Post-stroke patients showed greater changes than their healthy counterparts at the ipsilesional M1 (F = 5.08; p = 0.03; partial eta squared = 0.14) and the precuneus (F = 7.71; p < 0.01; partial eta squared = 0.20).Conclusion: The complexity and image clarity of the finger movements increased the neural activities in the ipsilesional motor cortex in the post-stroke patients. These findings suggest plausible roles for top-down attention and working memory in the treatment effects of mirror therapy. Future research can aim to corroborate these findings by using a longitudinal design to examine the use of mirror therapy to promote upper limb motor recovery in post-stroke patients.

Synthesis of Ag-La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 (LSM-Ag) Composite Powder and Its Application in Magnesium Air Battery

La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 (LSM) catalyst is prepared via a sol-gel method and modified via a typical silver mirror reaction. Silver ammonia solution is reduced in a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-containing solution to obtain silver nanoparticles and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is added as a surfactant. The microstructure and morphology of the LSM-Ag composite powder are characterized. According to the results, the Ag particles precipitate on the LSM surface in elemental form and the grain size is about one hundred nanometers. The analysis of electrocatalytic performance of LSM-Ag cathodes with different amounts of silver loading reveals that the number of electrons transferred during the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of the cathode with an Ag content of 14% by weight reached 3.9, which is very close to that of commercial Pt/C catalysts. Similarly, the maximum power density of the air battery made of LSM-14%Ag is 73 mW/cm2, which exceeds that of 63 mW/cm2, found for the LSM battery. Finally, increasing the amount of silver loading allows one to improve the electrochemical performance of LSM catalysts. The best effect is achieved when the Ag loading exceeds 14%.

Does Test Type Influence False Recognition in the DRM Paradigm? Comparison of the Yes/No Recognition Test and Two-Alternative Forced-Choice Test

Abstract Studies attempting to identify the mechanisms that are responsible for the level of false recognition in the DRM paradigm usually apply a manipulation during encoding. The main aim of the studies reported here was to investigate the within- and between-participant effects of a testing method on memory performance using a standard yes/no recognition test and a 2-alternative forced-choice recognition test (2FC). To allow a direct comparison of the 2 testing methods, a 2FC test containing similar items as a typical yes/no test in the DRM paradigm was elaborated on in the pilot study. Moreover, 2 methods of data calculation were used: comparing rates of hit and false alarms with critical lures and with unstudied and unrelated items between the 2 tests and comparing measures of sensitivity (d’) derived from signal detection theory. Both experiments showed a lower false alarm rate to critical lures and higher hit rate in a 2FC test as compared with a yes/no test, depicting a typical mirror effect. A within-participant design (Experiment 1) also showed that this increased accuracy of a 2FC test diminished when memory performance was expressed in terms of a sensitivity measure, which may suggest that similar processes are used during these 2 retrieval methods. A similar analysis performed for a between-participants design (Experiment 2) revealed that a 2FC test was less susceptible to associative memory distortions, but the quality of memory (“remember/know” judgments) remained similar for both tests.

Watt-Level Dual-Wavelength Q-Switched Mode-Locked All-Solid-State Tm:CYA Laser

A passively Q-switched mode-locked all-solid-state Tm:CaYAIO4 (Tm:CYA) laser with a MoS2 saturable absorber is demonstrated for the first time. Employing a typical X-type cavity and output coupling mirror of 9%, when the laser diode (LD) pump power is higher than 8.5W, the laser enters into a stable Q-switched mode-locked operation, further increasing the pump power into a dual-wavelength operating state, the corresponding typical center wavelengths are 1863nm and 1877nm. When the pump power reaches 20W, the maximum output power is 1.15W, the frequency of mode-locked pulse is 103.7MHz, and the modulation depth of mode-locked pulses in the Q envelope is close to 100%. The results prove that MoS2 SA is suitable for 2 μm high power mode locking.

Bed Prism Spectacles

We only became aware of the existence of bed prism spectacles when a student brought them to the classroom and asked us about how they work. The device proved to be a fertile source of curiosity among the students, and, to be properly understood, it required us to develop a comparison between reflection in a typical mirror and total internal reflection in a prism. In this article we explain the physics behind this unfamiliar device, supported by geometrical optics principles.

Formation of Zr-based bulk metallic glass with large amount of yttrium addition

In this study, we systematically studied the effects of Y addition on the glass forming ability (GFA), thermal stability and mechanical property of Zr56Co28Al16 bulk metallic glass (BMG). The results show that two BMGs, i.e., Zr49Co28Al16Y7 and Zr46Co28Al16Y10 with diameters of at least 14 mm, were successfully prepared by the water quenching method. In addition, fully metallic glass ingot about 25 g can be obtained in the Zr46Co28Al16Y10 alloy by using the conventional arc-melting method. The origin of the high GFA of Zr46Co28Al16Y10 alloy was attributed to the smaller Gibbs free energy difference between the supercooled liquid state and crystalline state of the Zr46Co28Al16Y10 than that of Y-free alloy. On the other hand, the fracture strength of Zr-Co-Al-Y BMGs decreases with the increase of Y content. However, the Zr-Co-Al-Y BMGs containing 0–5 at.% Y still exhibit a high fracture strength of about 1690–1790 MPa. The fracture surface morphology of BMGs with 5–12 at.% Y shows a typical featureless mirror surface, implying the brittle deformation. This Zr-Co-Al-Y quaternary BMG could be regarded as a good candidate for developing a new series of BMGs.

Structural optimization of a space mirror to selectively constrain optical aberrations

Structural optimization of a 1.2 m diameter space mirror is carried out using OptiStruct tool of HyperWorks 12 to minimize mass and constrain optical aberrations. Zerodur is used as the material for the mirror. A typical open-back mirror of the same diameter and material weighs around 90 kg. For optimization, constraints were imposed on defocus, coma and trefoil aberrations. Aberrations like piston and tilt are caused by rigid body displacements of the mirror can be compensated by on-board control mechanisms and hence ignored for this study. Also, astigmatism is controlled by the design of Mirror Fixation Devices (MFD). Since MFD design is out of the scope of this study, astigmatism is also ignored. Optimization runs are carried out for various boundary conditions. The optimized design weighs 63 kg and has acceptable optical performance. Suggestions are also presented to further minimize the mass while maintaining an acceptable level of optical performance.

The response dynamics of recognition memory: Sensitivity and bias.

Advances in theories of memory are hampered by insufficient metrics for measuring memory. The goal of this paper is to further the development of model-independent, sensitive empirical measures of the recognition decision process. We evaluate whether metrics from continuous mouse tracking, or response dynamics, uniquely identify response bias and mnemonic evidence, and demonstrate 1 application of these metrics to the strength-based mirror-effect paradigm. In 4 studies, we show that response dynamics can augment our current analytic repertoire in a way that speaks to the psychological mechanisms underlying recognition memory. We manipulated familiarity and response bias via encoding strength and the proportion of targets at test (Experiment 1) and found that the initial degree of deviation of the mouse movement toward a response is a robust indicator of response bias. In order to better isolate measures of memory strength, we next minimized response bias through the use of 2-alternative forced-choice tests (Experiments 2 and 3). Changes in the direction of movement along the x-axis provided an indication of encoding strength. We conclude by applying these metrics to the typical strength-based mirror effect design (Experiment 4) in an attempt to further discriminate between differentiation and criterion-shift accounts. (PsycINFO Database Record

Evaluation of theβ+-decay logftvalue with inclusion of the neutron-proton pairing and particle-number projection

The neutron-proton isovector pairing effect on the beta-plus decay log ft values is studied in typical mirror N≃Z nuclei. The log ft values are calculated by including or not the isovector pairing before and after a particle-number projection using the Sharp-Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (SBCS) method. It is shown that the values obtained after projection in the isovector pairing case are the closest ones to experimental data. The effect of the deformation of the mother and daughter nuclei on the log ft is also studied.

The effect of crystal orientation on the cryogenic strength of hydroxide catalysis bonded sapphire

Hydroxide catalysis bonding has been used in gravitational wave detectors to precisely and securely join components of quasi-monolithic silica suspensions. Plans to operate future detectors at cryogenic temperatures has created the need for a change in the test mass and suspension material. Mono-crystalline sapphire is one candidate material for use at cryogenic temperatures and is being investigated for use in the KAGRA detector. The crystalline structure of sapphire may influence the properties of the hydroxide catalysis bond formed. Here, results are presented of studies of the potential influence of the crystal orientation of sapphire on the shear strength of the hydroxide catalysis bonds formed between sapphire samples. The strength was tested at approximately 8 K; this is the first measurement of the strength of such bonds between sapphire at such reduced temperatures. Our results suggest that all orientation combinations investigated produce bonds of sufficient strength for use in typical mirror suspension designs, with average strengths >23 MPa.

A CMOS Multi-Output Cross-Coupled Gain-Boosting Current-Mode Integrator

In this paper, a cross-coupled gain-boosting current-mode integrator is proposed, which is better than typical current mirror integrator when compared in terms of increasing gain and frequency response. The results of small signal equivalent circuit analysis and HSPICE simulation of the proposed integrator show that gain and frequency response is improved at supply voltages of 1V band. An example application using the proposed integrator lowvoltage current-mode filter is also presented. The simulated cutoff frequency of the designed filter is 200MHz at a supply voltage of 1.8V.

Interpersonal motor resonance in autism spectrum disorder: evidence against a global “mirror system” deficit

The mirror neuron hypothesis of autism is highly controversial, in part because there are conflicting reports as to whether putative indices of mirror system activity are actually deficient in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Recent evidence suggests that a typical putative mirror system response may be seen in people with an ASD when there is a degree of social relevance to the visual stimuli used to elicit that response. Individuals with ASD (n = 32) and matched neurotypical controls (n = 32) completed a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) experiment in which the left primary motor cortex (M1) was stimulated during the observation of static hands, individual (i.e., one person) hand actions, and interactive (i.e., two person) hand actions. Motor-evoked potentials (MEP) were recorded from the contralateral first dorsal interosseous, and used to generate an index of interpersonal motor resonance (IMR; a putative measure of mirror system activity) during action observation. There was no difference between ASD and NT groups in the level of IMR during the observation of these actions. These findings provide evidence against a global mirror system deficit in ASD, and this evidence appears to extend beyond stimuli that have social relevance. Attentional and visual processing influences may be important for understanding the apparent role of IMR in the pathophysiology of ASD.

The oldest reported mirror hand? The curse of the coal-house frog!

Despite being one of the rarest congenital upper limb abnormalities, a wide spectrum of the typical mirror hand has been described in the literature. We report a very interesting case of a new variant of mirror hand presenting in a 78-year-old man. The unique features of the case include the age at diagnosis, the anatomical features present and the acquired function despite no form of reconstructive surgery.

Axisymmetric Magnetic Mirror Fusion-Fission Hybrid

Early application of the simple axisymmetric mirror, requiring intermediate performance between a neutron source for materials testing Q=Pfusion/Pinput ~0.05 and pure fusion Q>10, are the hybrid applications. The Axisymmetric Mirror has attractive features as a driver for a fusion-fission hybrid system: geometrical simplicity, as well as the typical mirror features of inherently steady-state operation, and natural divertors in the form of end tanks. This level of physics performance has the virtue of being low risk with only modest R&D needed; and its simplicity promises economy advantages. Operation at Q~1 allows for relatively low electron temperatures, in the range of 3 keV, for the DT injection energy ~ 80 keV from existing positive ion neutral beams designed for steady state. A simple mirror with the plasma diameter of 1 m and mirror-to-mirror length of 40 m is discussed. Simple circular steady state superconducting coils are based on 15 T technology development of the ITER central solenoid. Three groups of physics issues are presented: axial heat loss, MHD stability, and microstability of sloshing ions.Burning fission reactor wastes by fissioning transuranics in the hybrid will multiply fusion’s neutron energy by a factor of ~10 or more and diminish the Q needed to overcome the cost of recirculating power for good economics to less than 2 and for minor actinides with multiplication over 50 to Q~0.2. Hybrids that obtain revenues from sale of both electricity and production of fissile fuel with fissioning blankets might need Q<2 while suppressing fissioning might be the most economical application of fusion but will require Q>4.