Typical Elements Research Articles

FemtoPro: virtual-reality interactive training simulator of an ultrafast laser laboratory

The huge field of optics and photonics research and development is in constant demand of well-trained experts. However, it is challenging to teach efficiently the setup process of complicated optical experiments due to limited hardware availability and eye-safety concerns, in particular, in the case of femtosecond lasers. We have developed an interactive simulation of an ultrafast laser laboratory (“femtoPro”) for teaching and training, implementing physical models for the calculation and visualization of Gaussian laser beam propagation, ultrashort optical pulses, their modulation by typical optical elements, and linear as well as nonlinear light–matter interaction. This facilitates the setup and simulated measurement procedure, in virtual reality (VR) and at real-time speeds, of various typical optical arrangements and spectroscopy schemes such as telescopes, interferometers, or pulse characterization. femtoPro can be employed to supplement academic teaching in connection with regular courses in optics or spectroscopy, to train future scientists and engineers in the field of (ultrafast) optics in practical skills, to communicate to other researchers how to set up and align a particular experiment, to “test-build” and simulate new designs of optical setups, to simulate ultrafast spectroscopy data, to offer practical exercises to high-school students, and to reach out to the general public.

Non-process elements in the recovery cycle of six Finnish kraft pulp mills

In this work, the aim was to study the distribution and accumulation of the non-process elements (NPEs) in the recovery cycle of Finnish pulp mills and look at whether the geographical location (North vs. South) correlates with the current Finnish NPE levels. In addition, a comparison to older similar Finnish measurements was made with an attempt to analyze the reasons behind differences in the most typical non-process elements, aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), chlorine (Cl), and potassium (K), taking into account the main elements in the white liquor, sodium (Na) and sulfur (S). The extensive laboratory results gained in this study are from seven sampling points at six pulp mills and present analytical data of metal concentrations. The data obtained presents an update to previous NPE studies. The levels found did not statistically differ between North and South Finland. The NPE levels, apart from phosphorus, found in Finnish pulp mills today have not changed considerably compared to the levels in earlier investigations in the 1990s. In the newest data, the phosphorus concentration was consistently higher in the as-fired black liquor, electrostatic precipitator (ESP) ash, lime mud, and green liquor than in the previous results. In addition, the levels of Al, Si, Ca, P, and Mg in recovery boiler ESP ash were consistently higher compared to the older results. As the mills start to close their systems more, a stronger accumulation of NPEs can be expected, increasing the likelihood of more operational problems in the process. Further understanding of where the NPEs accumulate and how they can be most effectively removed will be valuable knowledge in the future.

“DARE TO THINK, DARE TO SPEAK, DARE TO ACT”: TRANSLATING POLITICAL SLOGANS IN MO YAN’S "FROG" FROM CHINESE INTO ROMANIAN, ITALIAN AND SPANISH

Dare to Think, Dare to Speak, Dare to Act - Translating Political Slogans in Mo Yan’s Frog from Chinese into Romanian, Italian and Spanish. Slogans are some of the most typical elements of Chinese politics and a significant part of the important decisions took by the Communist Party are made known to the masses using slogans, such as “It is right to rebel!”, “Destroy the four olds!”, or “The most serious problem is to teach the peasants”. Participation in political life after the founding of the People’s Republic, in 1949, could be done only by employing slogans or formulae derived from the elite political discourse. The major impact of politics upon people’s lives has transformed the slogan from a manifestation of political authority into a manipulation tool used by people to make their counterparts react in a desired way. Mo Yan’s novel Frog (Wa/Broaște/Rana/Le rane) shows to what extent slogans can influence ordinary people’s lives, where the use of real political slogans or even make-believe slogans – discourse modeled to resemble a political slogan –, are either attempts by the characters to make their voices heard and participate into decision making, or small acts of rebellion against the system. Considering the culture specific character of the slogans, the fact that they were created into a very particular socio-political context, the paper analyzes the translations of the slogans in Mo Yan’s novel into three Romance languages, in an attempt to identify not only the techniques and the choices made by the translators, but also the possibility, or impossibility, to recreate the slogan and conserve its original impact into the target culture. Rezumat. Îndrăznește să gândești, îndrăznește să vorbești, îndrăznește să acționezi. Traducerea sloganelor politice în romanul Broaște de Mo Yan, din chineză în română, italiană și spaniolă. Utilizarea sloganelor este una dintre trăsăturile definitorii ale politicii chineze, cele mai importante decizii ale partidului fiind adesea comunicate maselor sub formă de slogane, ca de exemplu celebrele „E corect să te revolți!”, „Distrugeți cele patru vechituri!” sau „Să educi țăranii este o problemă foarte serioasă”. După fondarea Republicii Populare în 1949, participarea la viața politică nu se mai poate face decât prin intermediul sloganului sau a formulelor fixe derivate din discursurile elitelor partidului. Importanța majoră a factorului politic asupra vieții cotidiene a transformat sloganul dintr-o formă de manifestare a autorității într-un instrument de manipulare utilizat de omenii de rând pentru a-i determina pe receptori să acționeze în felul dorit. Romanul Broaște, (Wa/Rana/Le rane) al scriitorului chinez Mo Yan, laureatul premiului Nobel, reflectă impactul sloganului asupra vieții omului de rând. Utilizarea sloganelor reale sau a pseudo-sloganelor – organizarea discursului după modelul sloganelor politice –, de către personajele din roman sunt fie încercări de a se face auzite, de a lua parte la deciziile politice, fie mici acte de răzvrătire împotriva sistemului. Ținând cont de caracterul local al sloganelor politice, lucrarea analizează traducerea acestora în trei limbi romanice cu scopul de a identifica tehnicile de traducere folosite, alegerile pe care le-au făcut traducătorii, precum și posibilitatea sau imposibilitatea recreării în cultura gazdă a impactul unui slogan în cultura sursă. Cuvinte-cheie: slogan, ideologie, traducere, Revoluția Culturală, Mo Yan Article history: Received 5 June 2022; Revised 10 February 2023; Accepted 20 February 2023; Available online 27 March 2023; Available print 31 March 2023.

The Distribution of Selected Toxic Elements in Sauced Chicken during Their Feeding, Processing, and Storage Stages.

Sauced chicken is popular food worldwide. However, the elemental pollution of poultry industrialization has led to an increasing health risk concern. In this study, four typical toxic elements, including chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd), were selected and detected in whole industry chains of sauced chicken preparation by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The detection method was optimized and verified with an average recovery of 93.96% to 107.0%. Cr has the highest proportion among the elements during the three stages, while the content of Cd was the least. In the feeding stages, elements were at the highest level in the starter broiler, and the grower broiler was considered to have a good metabolic capacity of them. In addition, the elements were mainly distributed in the chicken kidney, gizzard, liver, leg, wing, and lung. In the processing stage, the elements continued to accumulate from the scalding to the sterilization process. The elements were mainly distributed in the chicken wing, leg, head, and breast. In the storage stage, the elements almost kept constant in the polyamide and polyethylene packaging, while it showed irregular small-range fluctuations in the other two packages. This study provides beneficial references for the toxic element risk management in the whole industry chain.

Selective extraction of thorium to directly form self-assembly solid from HNO3 solution

Based on ions exchange between [DMDSA]+[Cl]- (Dimethyl distearyl ammonium chloride) and N,N-dialkyl-succinamide acid (SCA), three novel bifunctional [DMDSA]+[SCA]- ionic liquids (ILs) were firstly synthesized for extraction of thorium (IV) by self-assembly strategy. The simultaneous extraction and solidification of Th(IV) were unexpectedly realized in one-step operation using the present ILs in HNO3 solution, and more than 99% thorium (IV) was enriched and immediately aggregated into self-assembly solid at the biphasic interface. The self-assembly solid was further identified by FT-IR, SEM with element mapping EDS and XPS analysis, and revealing that the self-assembly extraction (SAE) was triggered by the amphiphilic [DMDSA]+ cations. A three-step extraction mechanism dominated by [SCA·Th(NO3)4]- was proposed based on the slope analysis method and HRMS analysis. The self-assembly extraction of Th(IV) exhibited the extremely excellent selectivity in the presence of U(VI) and typical lanthanide elements including La(III), Eu(III) and Lu(III), and the separation factors reached 2516 for Th/U, 1885 for Th/La, 1512 for Th/Eu and 558 for Th/Lu, respectively. The proposed SAE strategy was proved to be an efficient method for one-step separation and solidification of thorium ions from U(VI) and/or lanthanides.

Structural Organization of Steel to Ensure Special Equipment Safety

Introduction. At present, great success has been achieved in the field of creating effective protective materials. Various non-metallic, metal-ceramic, and also composite materials act as armor elements. However, most of the armor elements of vehicles and personal protective equipment (PPE) are steels that, along with high ballistic resistance, have a high mass. In this regard, the relevance of the article is related to the possibility of lightening typical protective elements when using a material that has a structural organization like a natural ferrite-martensite composite (NFMC). The work objective is to evaluate the prospects of using steel with an oriented structure as an effective protective material when exposed to high-speed concentrated impact of high power in comparison with the steel materials used. Materials and Methods. The features and disadvantages of effective armor steels are revealed, a comparative analysis is carried out with steel oriented as NFMC. The assessment of 14G2 steel microstructure state with different hardening temperatures (730 °C and 760 °C) was carried out by the method of microstructural analysis. In relation to the topic of the study, the prospects for the use of low-carbon ferritic-martensitic steel were shown based on the laws of fracture mechanics and their comparison with the experimental data obtained on a sample of 14G2 steel with dimensions of 150 × 44 × 7 mm after testing for bullet resistance by cartridges with a steel core and armor-piercing cartridges with a tungsten core made of SVD rifles and AK-74 assault rifles of 7.62 mm and 5.45 mm caliber, respectively. Results. The possibilities of resistance to fracture of steel with an oriented ferritic-martensitic structure are evaluated in comparison with typical homogeneous and heterogeneous steel materials. The resistance of such steel is related to the nature of the development of fracture, expressed in the deceleration of the crack during delamination at the ferrite-martensite boundaries. When a delamination is formed, a crack expends energy on delamination and changes its direction, which subsequently leads to a complete stop of the fracture process. Discussion and Conclusion. The disadvantages of armor elements made of homogeneous and heterogeneous steel materials, associated with a high effective thickness of the protective element and the laborious process of obtaining a steel sandwich, respectively, can be solved by using oriented ferritic-martensitic steel. The data presented indicate a higher fracture resistance due to a special crack propagation mechanism, which is relevant in the development of armored vehicles. This makes it possible to reduce the total mass of combat vehicles associated with a decrease in the effective thickness of protective elements while maintaining the required class of resistance to high-speed impact loading, which will increase their mobility and reduce fuel consumption.

Comparison of antimony and arsenic behaviour at the river-lake junction in the middle of the Yangtze River Basin

As typical metalloid toxic elements widely distributed in environmental media, the geochemical behaviour of antimony (Sb) and arsenic (As) affects environmental safety. We selected the surface waters and sediments at the river-lake junction of Dongting Lake as the research objects, analysed the concentration and chemical partitioning of Sb and As, assessed its contamination and ecological risk levels, and discussed its sources and potential influencing factors. The concentrations of dissolved Sb and As in surface waters were low (< 5.46 µg/L), and the concentrations of Sb and As in surface sediments were 2.49-22.65 mg/kg and 11.10-136.34 mg/kg, respectively. Antimony and As in sediments were mainly enriched in the fraction of residues, but the proportion of As in bioavailability was significantly higher than that of Sb. Although the contamination level of Sb was higher than that of As, the risk assessment code (RAC) showed that the ecological risk level of As was higher than that of Sb. Rainwater erosion and mining activities (in the midstream of Zijiang River) were the main contaminated sources of Sb, while As was affect mainly by rainwater erosion. The contamination and ecological risk of Sb in the inlet of the Zijiang River should receive considerable attention, while those of As in the inlet of the Xiangjiang River should also be seriously considered. This study highlights the need for multi-index-based assessments of contamination and ecological risk and the importance of further studies on the environmental behaviour of metalloids in specific hydrological conditions, such as river-lake junctions.

A mathematical modeling in applying hydraulic element method for a hydraulic buffer and its performance analysis

The hydraulic buffer is the key to decreasing the impact force between the control rod drive system and the fuel assembly in the case of an emergency shutdown of a pressurized water reactor (PWR). This paper proposes a new theoretical modeling method for studying a multi-hole hydraulic buffer featured by the variable number and location of flow holes. Four typical hydraulic elements are proposed, given the relative position of the buffer’s spider and cup. The equations of each hydraulic element are firstly derived independently. Then the complete equations of the buffer are completed by assembling the equations of each hydraulic element. The numerical results obtained by this method show good agreement with the experiment results. In addition, the influence of several system parameters on the buffer’s dynamical characteristics is explored by using energy dissipation rate efficiency and energy dissipation rate power.

A comparative study on the audio-visual evaluation of the grand Song of the Dong soundscape

Soundscape heritage records the cultural connotations of different ethnic groups, the destruction, and the disappearance of certain heritage makes its preservation urgent. This work aims to explore the influence of audio-visual different sensory stimuli on the subjective cognition, perceptual dimension and value evaluation of the Grand Song of the Dong soundscape heritage. We have conducted an audio-visual interaction experiment, using 2D video and high-fidelity audio systems to show typical visual elements and cultural scenes of the Grand Song of the Dong, and combined them with questionnaires to collect subjective data. The results show that the visual stimuli have no effect on the subjective evaluation of the Grand Song of the Dong soundscape, and that the different social characteristics of the participants are the main reason for the variations. The influence of audio-visual interaction on the perception of the of the Grand Song of the Dong soundscape is greater, with an enhanced perceptual dimension than the single auditory sensory, i.e., the scale dimension, indicating that visual stimuli can enhance the sensing of spatial limitation. The introduction of the visual element results in higher scores for each heritage value than the auditory element alone, indicating a positive impact on the value evaluation. The results of these studies provide a theoretical basis for the living transmission and holistic conservation of the Grand Song of the Dong and their scenes.

Correlation analysis between typical metal elements and PM2.5 in a uranium tail mining area in East China

Correlation analysis between typical metal elements and PM2.5 in a uranium tail mining area in East China

Unveiling the synergistic effects of Re-Mo alloying on diffusion behaviors in γ-Ni: From a theoretical perspective

Fine-tuning of alloy composition is crucial for improving the temperature capacity of Ni-based superalloys, which is required for deeper understanding of the strengthening mechanisms of complex alloying. However, the typical strengthening elements Re and Mo still lack clear physical explanations on their synergistic effects on diffusion behaviors. They directly control the dislocation climb and further influence the steady creep rate under high temperatures. In this work, we perform a theoretical investigation on the vacancy-mediated diffusion behaviors regulated by Re and Mo conjunctively in the γ-Ni phase. Combined with the high-accuracy first-principles calculations, a kinetic Monte Carlo model is applied to Ni-Re-Mo ternary systems to evaluate their diffusion kinetics for the first time. The results verify that the 1Re1Mo additions exhibit comparable hindering effects on vacancy formation. The most increased effects on Ni self-diffusion barrier have also been found for 1Mo1Re substitutions compared with 2Re and 2Mo cases. Besides, Mo could elevate the diffusion barriers of Re to some extent and Re would dramatically improve the diffusion barriers of Mo. Especially, the quantified predictions of vacancy diffusion constants of Ni-Rex-Moy (x + y = 5 at.%) systems vary slightly within ∼5% compared with Ni-Re5 system. From the viewpoints of diffusion kinetics, we provide the theoretical interpretations for the synergistic effects of Re–Mo co-alloying and verify the feasibility of partly substituting Mo for Re as an alloy design strategy.

Elastic Organic Crystals as Bioinspired Hair‐Like Sensors

AbstractOne of the typical haptic elements are natural hairy structures that animals and plants rely on for feedback. Although these hair sensors are an admirable inspiration, the development of active flow sensing components having low elastic moduli and high aspect ratios remains a challenge. Here, we report a new sensing approach based on a flexible, thin and optically transmissive organic crystal of high aspect ratio, which is stamped with fluorescent dye for tracking. When subjected to gas flow and exposed to laser, the crystal bends due to exerted pressure and acts as an optical flow (hair) sensor with low detection limit (≈1.578 m s−1) and fast response time (≈2.70 s). The air‐flow‐induced crystal deformation and flow dynamics response are modelled by finite element analysis. Due to having a simple design and being lightweight and mechanically robust this prototypical crystal hair‐like sensor opens prospects for a new class of sensing devices ranging from wearable electronics to aeronautics.

Elastic Organic Crystals as Bioinspired Hair-Like Sensors.

One of the typical haptic elements are natural hairy structures that animals and plants rely on for feedback. Although these hair sensors are an admirable inspiration, the development of active flow sensing components having low elastic moduli and high aspect ratios remains a challenge. Here, we report a new sensing approach based on a flexible thin and optically transmissive organic crystal of high aspect ratio, which is stamped with fluorescent dye for tracking. When subjected to gas flow and exposed to laser, the crystal bends due to exerted pressure and acts as optical flow sensor with low detection limit (~1.578 ms-1) and fast response time (~2.70 s). The air-flow-induced crystal deformation and flow dynamics response are modelled by finite element analysis. Due to the simple design, light-weight, and mechanical robustness, this prototypical crystal hair-like sensor opens prospects for a new class of sensing devices from wearable electronics to aeronautics.

Interstrand crosslinking oligonucleotides elucidate the effect of metal ions on the methylation status of repetitive DNA elements.

DNA methylation plays an important physiological function in cells, and environmental changes result in fluctuations in DNA methylation levels. Metal ions have become both environmental and health concerns, as they have the potential to disrupt the genomic DNA methylation status, even on specific sequences. In the current research, the methylation status of two typical repetitive DNA elements, i.e., long-interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1) and alpha satellite (α-sat), was imaged and assessed using methylation-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization (MeFISH). This technique elucidated the effect of several metal ions on the methylation levels of repetitive DNA sequences. The upregulation and downregulation of the methylation levels of repetitive DNA elements by various metal ions were confirmed and depended on their concentration. This is the first example to investigate the effects of metal ions on DNA methylation in a sequence-specific manner.

Telehealth examination of the lumbar spine.

Telehealth evaluations of musculoskeletal conditions have increased due to the stay-at-home policies enacted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Back pain is one of the most common complaints in primary care. While telehealth may never supplant in-person evaluation of back pain, it is imperative in a changing world to learn to perform this evaluation via telephone or video. Virtual visits rely on history-taking and patient self-reported descriptions of pain elicited from self-palpation or specific movements while on the telephone with the clinician. Video examinations provide a unique way of evaluating the lower back compared to telephone because of the ability to visualize the actions of the patient. To create an evaluation pathway for examination of the lumbar spine via telehealth. Our group has created a step-by-step evaluation pathway to help physicians direct their patients through typical lumbar examination elements, including inspection, palpation, range of motion, and strength, special, and functional testing. We have developed a table of questions and instructions and a glossary of images of each maneuver to facilitate lumbar spine examination via telemedicine. This paper provides a guide for extracting clinically relevant information while performing telemedicine examinations of the lumbar spine.

SOSIALISASI SADAR WISATA DAN BAKTI SOSIAL BAGI MASYARAKAT DESA WISATA BAKAU SERIP KELURAHAN SAMBAU KECAMATAN NONGSA, KOTA BATAM

The development of the tourism sector has a relationship with the economy which aims to improve the welfare of local people living around tourist sites. The creative industry through tourism has a different form with the typical elements of culture and traditions of the village that has the tourist location. The process of developing tourism villages requires an institutional role as a forum in collecting aspirations and supporting the success of the tourism sector. Conscious tourism is a fundamental thing that must be understood by every walk of life. High tourism awareness encourages people to actively participate in tourism development. Efforts to increase tourism awareness for the community in the Bakau Serip tourism village are very important, because this village is developing tourism. Bakau serip tourism village has a very strong tourism potential, but it has not been supported by the readiness of human resources. In addition, the level of tourism sandar of the Bakau Serip community is also still very low. This community service is one of the efforts to increase the understanding and quality of human resources in order to increase tourism awareness. The methods used are lecture techniques and participatory approaches. The community is directly involved in the training through interactive discussions. From the results of this training, the community has a strong understanding of the importance of developing tourism villages and raising awareness to be actively involved in the management of tourism villages. Social service or better known as social service is an activity a form of concern or humanity towards fellow humans. Where with this activity we can glue our sense of kinship towards others. The word social includes individuals and groups. Filial piety can be interpreted as binding (binding) oneself to oneself or other selves. This bond is in the form of care, a feeling of responsibility for the lives of others. Social service can mean giving something (to those who need giving).

МЕТОД ТРИВИМІРНОГО ПАРАМЕТРИЧНОГО МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ТИПОВОГО КРОНШТЕЙНА НА ОСНОВІ ПРИМІТИВІВ ЗА ДОПОМОГОЮ КОМП’ЮТЕРНОЇ ІНТЕГРОВАНОЇ СИСТЕМИ SIEMENS NX

Design of an analytical etalons of structural elements using computer technologies allows to reduce the costs creation, production and maintenance during its life cycle, to increase work productivity and ergonomics, which will finally increase the quality and competitiveness of manufacturedproducts.To increase the effectiveness of the three-dimensional modeling of aircraft structural elements at the initial stages of design was the general research problem to reach.The aim of the article was to develop the method of three-dimensional parametric modeling of a typical bracket based on primitives using the CAD\CAM\CAE\PLM SIEMENS NX computer integrated system; its’ implementation when creating a typical bracket; forming the method structure.The SIEMENS NX computer integrated system as a three-dimensional modeling system have been selected.Approaches to the analysis and simplification of the typical brackets’ structure have been shown. It was proposed to divide all sizes of the bracket into three groups according to the axes of the coordinatesystem. The development of the method was based on the Form Features typical elements (Block, Cylinder primitives) and Feature Operation typical operations (Edge Blend, Boolean Operations). The developed method includes: structural analysis; brackets’ structure simplification; selec-tion/analysis of a typical operations, Feature typical elements form; synthesis of properties of a typical elements and a simpli-fied brackets’ structure; formation of the initial data using Expression spreadsheet; modeling basedon the results of both analysis and synthesis according to a certain sequence; analysis of the analytical etalons.The method of three-dimensional parametric modeling of a typical structural element, such as a typical bracket, based on primitives have been developed using both the CAD\CAM\CAE\PLM SIEMENS NX computer integrated system and the Expressions spreadsheet and setting parameters during solid bodies creation. Up to 9-11 operations have been obtained for the typical brackets’ structure, which corresponds to a reduction in the number of operations on objects when creating a 3D parametric model with little time consumption. Only four commands have been used without losing the quality of the model, which led to the simplification of the modeling of the analytical etalon of the structural element and the possibility of rapid reconstruction.

The Impact of Symbolism in Ernest Hemingway’s Novel the Old Man and the Sea

This research study and examine the masterful writer. The author exhibits their expertise of writing in a distinctive way by utilizing literary devices and approaches. We have a single example of significant authors and novels. The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway is a notable symbolic work of American literature that demonstrates the author's skill in using symbols to enhance the literary value of the text. In order to decipher the symbols and determine the many meanings they stand for, the goal of this study is to investigate their application in the novel. This project is divided into: First, we'll discuss aestheticism in general and discuss typical literary style elements like simile, metaphor, irony, and so on. Secondly the study would be about the concept of symbol and the meaning of symbolism. Thirdly gives the general idea of American literature and the major works of Ernest Hemingway focusing on his novel The old man and the sea and its literary analysis . The last thing going to mention with the study all the symbols used in the novel and their meanings. The goal of this work that showing how was Hemingway interesting with his work and writing for symbols and his intention to represent themes behind the use of symbols in The old man and the sea.

ПРИСТРІЙ ФОРМУВАННЯ ПЕРЕВІРЯЮЧОГО ТЕСТУ ЦИФРОВОГО ТЕЗ РЛС 19Ж6

The general need to develop additional diagnostic equipment is that a fairly large number of complex technical objects are currently in use, which are morally but not physically obsolete, and therefore it is not possible to abandon their use today. Radar 19Ж6 belongs to such objects. The level of diagnostic support for this radar does not meet the requirements for modern models of radio electronic weapons (REW). The 19Ж6 was replaced by another radar with significantly improved diagnostic support. An automated diagnostic complex of the Diana series is used to diagnose and repair modern radar systems of domestic production. This complex is designed to diagnose and restore complex digital and digital-to-analog standard replacement elements. It is possible to adapt a modern diagnostic complex to diagnose outdated equipment, but within the limited funding, it is economically impractical. Accordingly, there is a task to develop modern means of diagnosing typical replacement elements of the 19Ж6 radar, which can be used to equip stations. Within the framework of the overall task, a number of partial tasks can be identified. One of these tasks is the development of a general methodology and a structural diagram of the device for determining the verification test for digital standard replacement elements (SRE) from the 19Ж6 radar. Thus, the article is devoted to the development of a block diagram of the device for forming a diagnostic test as a component of the device for monitoring the technical condition of digital SRE. The structure of the device is completely determined by the methodology of the test structure. The result of the diagnostic test is a decision on the operability or inoperability of the SRE. The need for such diagnostics stems from the fact that the built-in technical diagnostic system does not detect a single inoperable TES, but detects a group of suspected inoperable SRE. To separate the inoperable digital device, it is necessary to use additional equipment. The paper proposes to use an energy-static diagnostic method, the essence of which is that the value of the voltage on an additional resistance, which is measured in a steady-state operation mode, is used as a diagnostic parameter. The method of designing the verification test is the method of experimental evaluation of the length of the test sequence, and the sequence itself is a pseudo-random sequence of input influences.

Standard Units in Miniatures of the Manuscript no. 20 in Russian State Library, Fund 173.I

The proposed article is addressed to the phenomenon of typical graphic elements used in Russian late medieval visual art; the study is based on the material of miniatures of the wellknown illuminated manuscript of the Commentated Prophet Book from the collection of the Moscow Theological Academy. Previously, a detailed comparison of the drawing of paper icon samples, and later of the icons themselves of the 15th–16th centuries as well, led to the conclusion that icon painters widely use a set of the same systematically repeating graphic elements. They can always be seen in almost any icon, in different numbers and different combinations, in the most dissimilar images and regardless of who or what is depicted on the icon: the Savior, the Virgin or a prophet; regardless of whether the image in front of us is a half-length image, shoulder-length or full-length figure; regardless of the pose, gestures and type of clothing. Those elements are used constantly, although their number and set may vary significantly from case to case. In addition, their graphics vary quite freely: the proportions within the block and its dimensions change relative to other parts of the image, straight lines may be more or less curved, or part of the block may be hidden by another detail or, on the contrary, shown two or more times. Sometimes some part of the block is inverted, shifted or reduced, but the structure of the block remains the same. This observation makes it possible to significantly clarify the ideas about the principles of icon-painter work in the 15th–17th centuries: the drawing, for example, of a human figure and their robes was not copied literally from icon to icon, neither was invented completely anew each time; the image was more or less “constructed” from already existing ready-made blocks, either in the literal sense, or they filled in a ready-made general compositional scheme or a part of it, which itself can be considered as a standard block of a higher order. The miniatures of the manuscript under study serve as a clear example of the use of standard blocks in the Moscow illuminated book of the 15th century. The article for the first time compares a large number of deesis and prophetic images.