Typical East Asian Research Articles

Can rural elderly groups be supported by increasing the pension contribution rate?

As a typical East Asian country transitioning from a production-based social insurance system to a modern free social insurance system, South Korea has set a precedent for other Asian countries. This study adopts data from 2006, 2010, and 2012 Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) and uses a fixed effect analysis of the quasi-natural experiment to conclude that the increase in the Korean pension contribution rate has a limited negative impact on social security participation. The degree of filial piety of children, including the financial support of those children, rather than the number of children, affects the participation of the elderly in social security insurance. Thus, an alternative relationship between family pensions and social pensions presents itself. This paper discusses the mechanism that factors influence the willingness to participate in pension insurance with reduced replacement rates in an extended family of a multigenerational population. After systematically delineating the background of South Korea’s welfare system, this paper compares the similarities between China and South Korea in this regard and proposes that China and other East and Southeast Asian countries can learn from South Korea’s example.

Ancient genome of the Chinese Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou

Emperor Wu (, Wudi) of the Xianbei-led Northern Zhou dynasty, named Yuwen Yong (, 543-578 CE), was a highly influential emperor who reformed the system of regional troops, pacified the Turks, and unified the northern part of the country. His genetic profile and physical characteristics, including his appearance and potential diseases, have garnered significant interest from the academic community and the public.In this study, we have successfully generated a 0.343×-coverage genome of Wudi with 1,011,419 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the 1240k panel. By analyzing pigmentation-relevant SNPs and conducting cranial CT-based facial reconstruction, we have determined that Wudi possessed a typical East or Northeast Asian appearance. Furthermore, pathogenic SNPs suggest Wudi faced an increased susceptibility to certain diseases, such as stroke. Wudi shared the closest genetic relationship with ancient Khitan and Heishui Mohe samples and modern Daur and Mongolian populations but also showed additional affinity with Yellow River (YR) farmers. We estimated that Wudi derived 61% of his ancestry from ancientNortheast Asians (ANAs) and nearly one-third from YR farmer-related groups. This can likely be attributed to continuous intermarriage between Xianbei royal families, and local Han aristocrats.1,2 Furthermore, our study has revealed genetic diversities among available ancient Xianbei individuals from different regions, suggesting that the formation of the Xianbei was a dynamic process influenced by admixture with surrounding populations.

American versus East Asian norms and labor market institutions affecting socioeconomic inequality

We review research on social stratification and labor market institutions with a focus on typical East Asian practices versus common American perspectives about income inequalities. In contrast to American concerns about discrimination, equality of opportunity and individualism, the understanding of inequalities in East Asian societies is more influenced by a Confucian cultural tradition. East Asian norms and labor market institutions play an important role in reducing their level of household income inequality relative to the U.S. where the Gini coefficient has been increasing for decades and shows no signs of decreasing despite declining levels of discrimination.

The centennial-resolution loess δDwax record indicates summer precipitation variations in the marginal region of the East Asian monsoon during the last deglaciation

Precipitation isotopic composition variations that are directly recorded in geological samples play an important role in understanding past hydroclimatic changes. In arid regions, the hydrogen isotopes of leaf wax (δDwax) in loess sections can provide records of summer precipitation isotopes. However, previous studies have primarily focused on the orbital scale, and there was still a lack of clear understanding of variations in precipitation isotopes on shorter timescales and their implications for climate change. In this study, we report centennial-resolution loess δDwax records from the central Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) from the last deglaciation to the early Holocene. We compared the loess optically stimulated luminescence chronology and U-Th ages conveyed by linking stalagmite δ18O and loess δDwax to validate the δDwax method as a potential tool for assessing loess chronology on the suborbital scale. Our findings also indicated that regional precipitation isotopes experienced a depletion of approximately 24‰ for δD and around 3.2‰ for δ18O during the last deglaciation. The overall precipitation isotope amplitude in the central CLP was similar to that of typical East Asian monsoon regions and lower than that of the Indian monsoon and westerly regions. However, the precipitation isotope oscillations on the millennial scale in the central CLP were significantly weaker than those in eastern to central China. The finding affirmed that although the summer precipitation in the CLP was primarily influenced by the East Asian monsoon system at the orbital scale, the northern boundary of the summer rain belt remained a distance away from the interior of the CLP during the last deglaciation. As a result, the short-term oscillations of atmospheric circulation were not strongly reflected in the precipitation isotopes of the central CLP. This result highlighted spatial and temporal differences in precipitation isotope variability between the dominant and marginal regions of the East Asian monsoon system.

The Representation of East Asian Music in Silent Film Accompaniment Scores

The Representation of East Asian Music in Silent Film Accompaniment Scores

High genome heterozygosity revealed vegetative propagation over the sea in Moso bamboo

BackgroundMoso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) is a typical East Asian bamboo that does not flower for > 60 years and propagates without seed reproduction. Thus, Moso bamboo can be propagated vegetatively, possibly resulting in highly heterozygous genetic inheritance. Recently, a draft genome of Moso bamboo was reported, followed by whole genome single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) analysis, which showed that the genome of Moso bamboo in China has regional characteristics. Moso bamboo in Japan is thought to have been introduced from China over the sea in 1736. However, it is unclear where and how Moso bamboo was introduced in Japan from China. Here, based on detailed analysis of heterozygosity in genome diversity, we estimate the spread of genome diversity and its pedigree of Moso bamboo.ResultsWe sequenced the whole genome of Moso bamboo in Japan and compared them with data reported previously from 15 regions of China. Only 4.1 million loci (0.37% of the analyzed genomic region) were identified as polymorphic loci. We next narrowed down the number of polymorphic loci using several filters and extracted more reliable SNPs. Among the 414,952 high-quality SNPs, 319,431 (77%) loci were identified as heterozygous common to all tested samples. The result suggested that all tested samples were clones via vegetative reproduction. Somatic mutations may accumulate in a heterozygous manner within a single clone. We examined common heterozygous loci between samples from Japan and elsewhere, from which we inferred that an individual closely related to the sample from Fujian, China, was introduced to Japan across the sea without seed reproduction. In addition, we collected 16 samples from four nearby bamboo forests in Japan and performed SNP and insertion/deletion analyses using a genotyping by sequencing (GBS) method. The results suggested that a small number of somatic mutations would spread within and between bamboo groves.ConclusionsHigh heterozygosity in the genome-wide diversity of Moso bamboo implies the vegetative propagation of Moso bamboo from China to Japan, the pedigree of Moso bamboo in Japan, and becomes a useful marker to approach the spread of genome diversity in clonal plants.

Taiwanese female microcelebrities in Japan: cross-cultural romance, Japanese tourism, and the post-3.11 Taiwan-Japan friendship

ABSTRACT This paper examines how three Taiwanese women married to Japanese men and living in Japan became microcelebrities by producing social media content aimed primarily at Taiwanese audiences. It argues that the emergence of the three should be contextualized within the complicated historical, political, and cultural relations between Taiwan and Japan. Their self-branding strategies emphasize the authenticity of their transnational lived experiences, which they use to mobilize microcelebrity intimacy with online fans. Their cross-cultural romances and marriages in Japan have become capital to be maximized, turning personal stories and emotions into online portrayals of cross-cultural romance and promotional work for Japan’s local government and tourist industry. The typical East Asian prescriptions for femininity that emphasize perseverance and diligence have been remodeled in their neoliberal identities in terms of abilities, resilience and strength realized through work and family. Furthermore, they have played the role of grassroots intermediaries in the post-3.11 friendship between Taiwan and Japan that flowered as a consequence of Taiwan’s substantial donations to recovery efforts following Japan’s 2011 earthquake and tsunami. This study also indicates that the economic, social and symbolic empowerment they have accrued as microcelebrities remains precarious as it is heavily dependent on their curated biographies fitting with the commercial logic of social media appealing to online audiences. This study of Taiwanese female microcelebrities aims to offer a look at how new mediascapes have been reshaped by transnational mobility/networks, social media, and the post-3.11 Taiwan-Japan dynamic.

Coupling life cycle assessment and global sensitivity analysis to evaluate the uncertainty and key processes associated with carbon footprint of rice production in Eastern China.

An accurate and objective evaluation of the carbon footprint of rice production is crucial for mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from global food production. Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of the carbon footprint evaluation model can help improve the efficiency and credibility of the evaluation. In this study, we combined a farm-scaled model consisting of widely used carbon footprint evaluation methods with a typical East Asian rice production system comprising two fertilization strategies. Furthermore, we used Morris and Sobol' global sensitivity analysis methods to evaluate the sensitivity and uncertainty of the carbon footprint model. Results showed that the carbon footprint evaluation model exhibits a certain nonlinearity, and it is the most sensitive to model parameters related to CH4 emission estimation, including EFc (baseline emission factor for continuously flooded fields without organic amendments), SFw (scaling factor to account for the differences in water regime during the cultivation period), and t (cultivation period of rice), but is not sensitive to activity data and its emission factors. The main sensitivity parameters of the model obtained using the two global sensitivity methods were essentially identical. Uncertainty analysis showed that the carbon footprint of organic rice production was 1271.7 ± 388.5kg CO2eq t-1 year-1 (95% confidence interval was 663.9-2175.8 kg CO2eq t-1 year-1), which was significantly higher than that of conventional rice production (926.0 ± 213.6kg CO2eq t-1 year-1, 95% confidence interval 582.5-1429.7kg CO2eq t-1 year-1) (p<0.0001). The carbon footprint for organic rice had a wider range and greater uncertainty, mainly due to the greater impact of CH4 emissions (79.8% for organic rice versus 53.8% for conventional rice). EFc , t, Y, and SFw contributed the most to the uncertainty of carbon footprint of the two rice production modes, wherein their correlation coefficients were between 0.34 and 0.55 (p<0.01). The analytical framework presented in this study provides insights into future on-farm advice related to GHG mitigation of rice production.

A benchmark dataset of diurnal- and seasonal-scale radiation, heat, and CO2 fluxes in a typical East Asian monsoon region

Abstract. A benchmark dataset of radiation, heat, and CO2 fluxes is crucial to land–atmosphere interaction research. Due to rapid urbanization and the development of agriculture, the land–atmosphere interaction processes over the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) of China, which is a typical East Asian monsoon region, are becoming various and complex. To understand the effects of various land cover changes on land–atmosphere interactions in this region, a comprehensive long-term (2011–2019) in situ observation campaign, including 30 min resolution meteorological variables (air temperature, humidity, pressure, wind speed, and wind direction), surface radiative flux, turbulent heat flux, and CO2 flux, was conducted at four sites with two typical surface types (i.e., croplands and suburbs) in the YRD. Analysis of the dataset showed that all four radiation components, latent heat flux, sensible heat flux, soil heat flux, and CO2 flux varied seasonally and diurnally at the four sites. Surface energy fluxes exhibited great differences among the four sites. On an annual basis, for the two cropland sites, the dominant consumer of net radiation was latent heat flux. For the two suburban sites, in contrast, latent heating dominated from April to November, whereas sensible heating dominated during the other months. Our present work provides convincing evidence that the dataset has potential for multiple research fields, including studying land–atmosphere interactions, improving boundary layer parameterization schemes, evaluating remote sensing algorithms, validating carbon flux modeling and inversion, and developing climate models for typical East Asian monsoon regions. The dataset is publicly available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6552301 (Duan et al., 2022).

Terrestrial records of Early Cretaceous paleoclimate fluctuations in the Yin'e Basin, northern China: Evidence from sedimentology and palynomorphs in lacustrine sediments

Rapid changes in paleoclimate in the Early Cretaceous had profound impacts on the global ecosystem, which is recorded not only in marine sediments but also in coeval sediments deposited in continental lake systems. This study performed the lake sedimentary characteristics and paleontological data of the upper member of Bayingebi Formation (K1b2) of Lower Cretaceous in the Yin'e Basin (North China) and revealed the paleoclimate disturbances and the evolution of paleovegetation and paleoenvironment recorded in the continental lake. The sediments of K1b2 can be divided into 10 kinds of lithofacies according to grain size, sedimentary structure and overall lithofacies. The three lithofacies associations are nearshore subaqueous fan, semi-deep lake/deep lake and shallow lake respectively. Seventy-eight palynomorph genera and two hundred and thirty-one palynomorph species were identified in the K1b2 samples, which allowed distinguishing 3 palynozones. The sporopollen spectrum and the ecological characteristics of sporopollen parent plants indicate that there was abundant temperate coniferous forest vegetation during the deposition of Bayingebi Formation. The mixed phenomenon of a few cold-loving molecular spores and pollen such as spruce, cedar and fir with tropical and subtropical spores and pollen suggest vertical zoning of plants. It is inferred that the ground shape and height difference around Yin'e Basin in Early Cretaceous is large, and there may be paleogeomorphic features of high mountains, and the paleoclimate has vertical zoning. The K1b2 depositional period was mainly in the warm temperate-temperate paleoclimate background, and oil shale was mainly developed in the semi-humid warm temperate climate. The suitable paleotemperature and the sedimentary environment of semi-deep lake/deep lake provide rich organic matter sources and good preservation conditions for the formation of oil shale. The dropstone structures commonly found in the lower strata of the oil shale member of the Bayingebi Formation in the study area were deposited in a semi-humid temperate climate and were inferred to be ice-rafting deposits, which may be related to a brief climatic cooling event or seasonal freezing during the Early Cretaceous in northern China. The typical East Asian paleontological fossils (Jehol Biota) and lacustrine hydrocarbon source rocks developed in the Early Cretaceous in the study area were affected by the paleoclimate warming in the early Aptian, which was closely related to the increase of global CO2 concentration in this period.

Deployment of a mobile platform to characterize spatial and temporal variation of on-road fine particles in an urban area

Traffic-related air pollutants (TRAPs) pose a serious health hazard for residents and commuters in urban areas. In this study, a real-time mobile monitoring system was deployed in Taipei, a typical East Asian city with an overlap of high population density, traffic, and special structures (e.g., viaducts), to capture the on-road TRAPs at different times of the day. In general, black carbon, ultrafine particles (UFPs), CO concentrations, and lung deposition surface area (LDSA) were positively correlated with traffic flow, and for PM2.5, a more independent fluctuating concentration was observed. During rush-hour periods, the mean concentrations of UFPs, PM2.5, and LDSA were 6.12 × 104 ± 3.83 × 104 cm−3, 23 ± 8 μg/m3, and 2.29 × 102 ± 1.20 × 102 μm2/cm3, respectively. Additionally, the UFP number concentration and LDSA were two times higher along the high-traffic commuting route than along the lower traffic route. Pollutants tended to accumulate at sites near viaducts and high buildings and were significantly influenced by vehicle composition. In this study, the ratio of LDSA to total particle surface area concentration was used as an indicator of the degree of particle irregularity, which was directly related to aging during transport.

Between the developmental state and popular nationalism: the pure Hangul movement in the early history of the Korean internet

Many Western social scientists have believed that South Korea, as one of the typical East Asian developmental states, was greatly influenced by state-led IT development, at least in its early technological development. However, both the 80s and the 90s were autonomous and exceptional periods for computer geek communities and start-ups, which were relatively free from developmental state initiatives. The present study calls attention to the little-known and undervalued historical phase of grassroots computing culture in the early history of the Korean Internet, which can be characterized as a pure Hangul (Korean) movement, even under the dominant paradigm of the developmental state. By investigating the socio-cultural history of that period, the present study aims to articulate the double-sided national motive of compromising the developmental desires of the state and the grassroots practices of the early computing culture in the midst of IT development in Korea. In doing so, the present study delineates how the early computer amateurs and tech-savvies were highly distinctive in localising non-commercial and reciprocal IT drives, and how their PC culture became a historical prelude to the civic hacking culture.

Seismic retrofitting of a historic building by using an isolation system with a weak restoring force

Historic buildings and cultural relics are valuable and must be preserved carefully. However, such structures may be destroyed during earthquakes owing to the deterioration of their structural performance over time. Therefore, retrofitting protection measures must be adopted. The typical structural style of ancient buildings in China and East Asia involves timber structures. Due to the diversity of the construction environment, the site conditions of such buildings are often unfavorable. Moreover, several important cultural relics in historic buildings exhibit low integrity, and therefore the primary structure must not be influenced during retrofitting. To overcome these problems, this paper proposes the use of an isolation system with a weak restoring force and post-earthquake recentering capacity. The proposed isolation system consists of elastic sliding bearings, laminated rubber bearings, viscous dampers and jack reaction joints. To better isolate lightweight structures under soft soil conditions, the stiffness of the isolation layer must be designed to have a low value, and therefore, the self-recentering ability cannot be realized. Thus, in this work, jack reaction joints were used to recenter the structure after a rare earthquake. Moreover, a performance index was introduced that is suitable for the seismic isolation protection of typical East Asian historic buildings. The proposed isolation system was applied to a famous historic timber building in Shanghai, namely, the Yufo temple, to improve the seismic performance of the translocated structure and nonstructural members. The underpinning system of translocation facilitates the use of the isolation system. The analysis results indicate that the proposed isolation method can help improve the performance of the structure involving both historic buildings and cultural relics and that the superstructure remains unaffected by the reinforcement measures. In addition, this approach can provide guidance for the protection of other cultural historical buildings that have different styles.

What influences teachers' self-efficacy in East Asia? Evidence from the 2018 Teaching and Learning International Survey

Teachers' self-efficacy plays an essential role in shaping an effective teaching and learning environment. We investigated the factors influencing teachers' self-efficacy in three typical and influential East Asian countries: China, Japan, and South Korea. Data were sourced from the 2018 Teaching and Learning International Survey. We used hierarchical linear modeling to examine the effects of teacher-and school-level factors on teachers' self-efficacy. Results show that teaching years, teaching practices, disciplinary climate, teacher–student relationships, job satisfaction, and social utility motivation to teach were significantly associated with teachers' selfefficacy in each location. In addition, at the school level, teachers in China who worked in private and urban schools had higher self-efficacy than those who worked in public and rural schools. Implications for improving teachers' self-efficacy in East Asia are discussed.

Discovery of unique African Helicobacter pylori CagA-multimerization motif in the Dominican Republic.

BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) colonizes the human stomach and is a major cause of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. However, although the prevalence of H. pylori is high in Africa, the incidence of gastric cancer is low, and this phenomenon is called to be African enigma. The CagA protein produced by H. pylori is the most studied virulence factor. The carcinogenic potential of CagA is associated with the Glu-Pro-Ile-Tyr-Ala (EPIYA) patterns and CagA-multimerization (CM) motifs.AIMTo better understand the EPIYA patterns and CM motifs of the cagA gene.METHODSGastric mucosal biopsy specimens were obtained from 258 patients with dyspepsia living in the Dominican Republic, from which 120 H. pylori strains were cultured. After the bacterial DNA extraction, the EPIYA pattern and CM motif genotypes were determined using a polymerase chain reaction-based sequencing. The population structure of the Dominican Republic strains was analyzed using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer were identified via endoscopy, and gastric cancer was confirmed by histopathology. Histological scores of the gastric mucosa were evaluated using the updated Sydney system.RESULTSAll CagA-positive strains carried the Western-type CagA according to the identified EPIYA patterns. Twenty-seven kinds of CM motifs were observed. Although the typical Western CM motif (FPLKRHDKVDDLSKVG) was observed most frequently, the typical East Asian CM motif (FPLRRSAAVNDLSKVG) was not observed. However, “FPLRRSAKVEDLSKVG”, similar to the typical East Asian CM motif, was found in 21 strains. Since this type was significantly more frequent in strains classified as hpAfrica1 using MLST analysis (P = 0.034), we termed it Africa1-CM (Af1-CM). A few hpEurope strains carried the Af1-CM motif, but they had a significantly higher ancestral Africa1 component than that of those without the Af1-CM motif (P = 0.030). In 30 cagA-positive strains, the "GKDKGPE" motif was observed immediately upstream of the EPIYA motif in the EPIYA-A segment, and there was a significant association between strains with the hpAfrica1 population and those containing the “GKDKGPE” motif (P = 0.018). In contrast, there was no significant association between the CM motif patterns and histological scores and clinical outcomes.CONCLUSIONWe found the unique African CM motif in Western-type CagA and termed it Africa1-CM. The less toxicity of this motif could be one reason to explain the African enigma.

De Novo Genome Assembly of the Japanese Wheat Cultivar Norin 61 Highlights Functional Variation in Flowering Time and Fusarium-Resistant Genes in East Asian Genotypes.

Bread wheat is a major crop that has long been the focus of basic and breeding research. Assembly of its genome has been difficult because of its large size and allohexaploid nature (AABBDD genome). Following the first reported assembly of the genome of the experimental strain Chinese Spring (CS), the 10+ Wheat Genomes Project was launched to produce multiple assemblies of worldwide modern cultivars. The only Asian cultivar in the project is Norin 61, a representative Japanese cultivar adapted to grow across a broad latitudinal range, mostly characterized by a wet climate and a short growing season. Here, we characterize the key aspects of its chromosome-scale genome assembly spanning 15 Gb with a raw scaffold N50 of 22 Mb. Analysis of the repetitive elements identified chromosomal regions unique to Norin 61 that encompass a tandem array of the pathogenesis-related 13 family. We report novel copy-number variations in the B homeolog of the florigen gene FT1/VRN3, pseudogenization of its D homeolog and the association of its A homeologous alleles with the spring/winter growth habit. Furthermore, the Norin 61 genome carries typical East Asian functional variants different from CS, ranging from a single nucleotide to multi-Mb scale. Examples of such variation are the Fhb1 locus, which confers Fusarium head-blight resistance, Ppd-D1a, which confers early flowering, Glu-D1f for Asian noodle quality and Rht-D1b, which introduced semi-dwarfism during the green revolution. The adoption of Norin 61 as a reference assembly for functional and evolutionary studies will enable comprehensive characterization of the underexploited Asian bread wheat diversity.

Spatiotemporal Evolution of Evapotranspiration in China after 1998

Changes in water circulation and uneven distributions of water resources caused by global warming are prominent problems facing the world at present. It is important to understand the influencing factors, and evapotranspiration (ET) is a key parameter for measuring the water cycle. However, understanding of spatiotemporal changes in actual evapotranspiration and its mechanism is still limited by a lack of long-term and large-scale in situ datasets. Here, the evolution of evapotranspiration in typical East Asian monsoon areas in China from 1989 to 2005 was analyzed with global land ET synthesis products. Evapotranspiration in China showed evident interdecadal variations around 1998; it decreased before 1998 and subsequently increased, which is inversely related to global ET changes. We further divided China into water-control and energy-control regions to discuss the factors influencing ET changes in each region. The interdecadal variations in increasing ET after 1998 in China were dominated by increasing potential evaporation in the energy-control region. An analysis using the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) method found that this occurred because ET is mainly manifested as decadal changes controlled by climate warming in the energy-control region and as interannual variations in the water-control region. The different feedbacks of ET on climate change in the two regions were also reflected in the difference in energy partition. The change in the Bowen rate (BR) did not increase climatic differences between energy- and water-control zones, but increases in the BR in arid summers significantly affected local weather and climate.

Integrating the InVEST and SDSM Model for Estimating Water Provision Services in Response to Future Climate Change in Monsoon Basins of South China

An assessment of how future climate change will impact water provision services is important for formulating rational water resources management and development strategies as well as for ecosystem protection. The East Asian monsoon is an important component of the Asian climate and its changes affect the climate in East Asia and seriously affect the provision of water services. In this study, through the coupling of the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model and Statistical Downscaling Technique Model (SDSM), we evaluated the impact of future climate change on water provisions in a typical East Asian monsoon basin of South China. The results demonstrate the applicability of the InVEST model combined with the SDSM model over the East Asian monsoon river basins. Under representative concentration pathway 4.5 scenario (RCP4.5), the annual average maximum and minimum temperatures would continually increase far into the future (2080–2095). However, the maximum and minimum temperatures slightly decreased under representative concentration pathway 2.6 scenario (RCP2.6) in the far future (2080–2095). The annual average precipitation and reference evapotranspiration experienced slight but steady increasing trends under the RCP2.6 and RCP4.5 scenarios. Based on the InVEST model simulation, annual average water yield would increase by 19.3% (33.5%) far in the future (2080–2095) under RCP2.6 (4.5) scenario. This study provides a valuable reference for studying future climate change impacts on water provisions in East Asian monsoon basins.

물질문화로 보는 삼국통일 - 고고학적 접근

This study aims to analyze changes in aspects of material data developed in Silla Capital and an occupied territory, old Baekje area, after the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea in an attempt to evaluate the history of the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.<BR>In 675, Silla expelled Tang dynasty to complete the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Right after that in 679, Silla constructed the Palace of the Crown Prince in the northeast of outside the Banwolseong Fortress to expand the royal palace, and the ground plan was created as square for the typical East Asian royal palace to represent the world view of royal authority in the unified dynasty to home and abroad. Traditional architectural techniques and systems of the incorporated area after the unification were maintained and succeeded to accept the culture of conquered area to some extent, and those differences in material cultures due to different kingdoms before the unification became regional differences after the unification. In the old Baekje area and old Goguryeo area located in the south of Taedong River, daily containers were integrated into Silla potteries, but as a catalyst to reduce the feelings of difference between them, food culture, such as by accepting steamer cookware of Goguryeo and Baekje, was shared.

물질문화로 보는 삼국통일 - 고고학적 접근

This study aims to analyze changes in aspects of material data developed in Silla Capital and an occupied territory, old Baekje area, after the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea in an attempt to evaluate the history of the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. In 675, Silla expelled Tang dynasty to complete the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Right after that in 679, Silla constructed the Palace of the Crown Prince in the northeast of outside the Banwolseong Fortress to expand the royal palace, and the ground plan was created as square for the typical East Asian royal palace to represent the world view of royal authority in the unified dynasty to home and abroad. Traditional architectural techniques and systems of the incorporated area after the unification were maintained and succeeded to accept the culture of conquered area to some extent, and those differences in material cultures due to different kingdoms before the unification became regional differences after the unification. In the old Baekje area and old Goguryeo area located in the south of Taedong River, daily containers were integrated into Silla potteries, but as a catalyst to reduce the feelings of difference between them, food culture, such as by accepting steamer cookware of Goguryeo and Baekje, was shared.