Types Of Cigarettes Research Articles

Результати дослідження властивостей ротової рідини в осіб підліткового та юнацького віку, які палять

It is known that smoking is one of the current social and medical problems of today, a proven cause of many serious diseases — a risk factor for more than 20 diseases, which account for almost 75% of the causes of mortality (cancer, cardiovascular, respiratory, dental, etc.). Ukraine ranks 17th in the world in terms of cigarette consumption. It is worrying that this bad habit is very common among children and adolescents, because adolescence is crucial in terms of worldview, life values, attitudes to bad habits, including smoking. More than 500 000 young people join this bad habit every year. It has been established that the components of tobacco smoke affect the mucous membrane of the oral cavity both directly and indirectly — toxic substances enter the salivary glands with the bloodstream and are excreted with saliva in the oral cavity. Changes in oral fluid may be the first signs of disease caused by a bad habit. Oral fluid can act as a diagnostic indicator that reflects the condition of the organs of the oral cavity and the whole body, as well as to predict the course of the disease, to assess the effectiveness of treatment. Purpose — to study the properties of oral fluid in in teenagers and young adults who smoke. Materials and methods. The properties of oral fluid (rate of salivation, pH, buffer capacity and viscosity of oral fluid) in 114 adolescents and adolescents aged 15 to 24 years, which were divided into groups: Group I included 26 people who regularly smoke traditional cigarettes; in group II — 22 people who regularly smoke electronic cigarettes (Weipi); in group III — 23 people who regularly smoke tobacco heating devices (IQOS); in group IV — 43 people, without a bad habit of smoking. Results. When studying the properties of oral fluid in adolescents and young adults, the dependence of its indicators on the presence of a bad habit and type of smoking was revealed. Adolescents and adolescents who smoke both traditional and alternative types of cigarettes in the oral cavity have a decrease in the level of functional reactions that are responsible for the homeostasis of the oral cavity and depend on the type of cigarettes. Analysis of changes in the biophysical parameters of oral fluid indicate a decrease in the level of functional reserves of the oral cavity. Conclusions. Тeenagers and young adults who smoke have changes in the biophysical parameters of oral fluid. Oral fluids can be an early prognostic test to assess the condition of the oral cavity in adolescents and adolescents who smoke. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the participating institution. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interest was declared by the authors. Key words: oral fluid, biophysical indicators, teenager, young adult, smoking.

DETERMINATION OF NICOTINE IN DOMESTIC AND IMPORTED CIGARETTES IN ADEN (YEMEN) MARKETS

The current study aimed at determining the nicotine content of some domestic and imported cigarettes and comparing the nicotine content among 12 types of familiar cigarettes sold in the markets of Aden Governorate (Yemen) using high-performance liquid chromatography linked with a UV detector, (HPLC-UV). The results of this study showed that the amount of nicotine in each cigarette was from 7.29 to 18.74 mg/g cigarettes with an average of 12.75mg/g cigarettes, in imported cigarettes, and between 11.34 to 17.52 mg/g cigarettes with an average of 14.40 mg/g in domestic cigarettes. Although the amount of nicotine in both domestic and imported cigarettes showed a large variation, but when comparing the averages of local and imported cigarettes, the statistical analysis showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the averages of local and imported cigarettes. The Nicotine content of all tested cigarettes (imported and local brands) was higher than the international standard (1mg/g tobacco).

Factors Associated with Cigarette, E-Cigarette, and Dual Use among South Korean Adolescents.

Dual use of e-cigarettes and cigarettes has become common among Korean adolescents but has decreased among adults. Dual use refers to using two tobacco products; however, in this study, it is defined as using both e-cigarettes and cigarettes. We assessed the prevalence of dual use among Korean adolescents and its relationship with socio-demographic, smoking-related characteristics, and other risk behaviors. The 2019 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey’s data on 57,303 adolescents were analyzed using logistic regression. Overall, 13.8% had recently (in the past 30 days), used some type of cigarette, 3.3% were dual users, 3.4% exclusively smoked conventional cigarettes, and 0.6% exclusively vaped e-cigarettes. After adjusting for socio-demographic and psychological factors, substance use, smoking initiation by 13 years, secondhand smoke in school and public, and amount of cigarette consumption proved significant for all cigarette user types. Dual use was strongly associated with younger age (≤15 years), cigarette smoking initiation before 13 years, secondhand smoke exposure at school, and heavy cigarette smoking. Limited smoking cessation attempts, secondhand smoke exposure in public, and ease of cigarette purchases decrease the odds of adolescents becoming dual users. Thus, surveillance and enforcement of the juvenile protection measures need updating to prevent a shift into dual use.

Determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) levels from various smoking cessation aids by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methodology

ABSTRACT An analytical method was validated and developed to determine the levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, acrylonitrile, benzene, toluene, and styrene from smoking cessation aids using by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Seventeen non-ignitable cigarette type of smoking cessation aids, liquid-phase of smoking cessation aids, gas-phase of smoking cessation aids, and ignitable cigarette type of smoking cessation aids were analyzed for levels of six VOCs. The proposed method for six VOCs was validated in satisfactory linearity (R2 > 0.99), recovery (80.38–119.14%). limit of detection (LOD) (0.05–0.19 μg/ml), limit of quantification (LOQ) (0.07–0.18 μg/ml), accuracy (80.47–117.28%), and precision (0.15–7.22%). The mean concentrations of six VOCs were generated in 1,3-butadiene (6.18 μg/cigarette), isoprene (0.34 μg/cigarette), acrylonitrile (0.003 μg/cigarette), benzene (ND = not detected, the lower limit of detection), toluene (0.27 μg/cigarette), styrene (0.13 μg/cigarette). Results showed low levels of VOCs from smoking cessation aid except from liquid-phase of smoking cessation aids. These results are necessary to investigate unintentional hazardous substances generated from smoking cessation aids, and develop accurate analytical method in order to obtain scientific basis for safety management.

The effect of price on cigarette consumption, distribution, and sale in Tehran: a qualitative study

BackgroundAppropriate increases in tobacco taxes and prices are an essential component of comprehensive tobacco control strategies. This study investigates factors related to the use, sale, and distribution of cigarettes in Iran, focusing on the relationship between cigarette price and its consumption.MethodsThis interview-based qualitative study was conducted among 20 participants, including cigarette smokers, retail shop owners, large-scale distributors, and an expert in tobacco control research.ResultsSeven themes were extracted from participant interviews, including the type and price of cigarette, the best time to sell cigarettes, profits from the sale of cigarette, affordability, rise in cigarette price and smokers’ reaction to it, lobbying and black-market sales of cigarettes, and the sale and distribution of cigarettes across the country. Although the price of cigarettes in Iran has shown some increases in the past decade, the timing of these increases are not predictable and the limited amount of these increases has not reduced the use of cigarettes. Following a price increase, consumers are more likely to switch from buying packets to single cigarettes, or buy a less expensive brand, then to quit. Moreover, increases in prices may encourage smokers and sellers to buy a large number of cigarettes and store them for a rainy day. Another adverse effect may be increased smuggling of illicit cigarettes to balance the pressure caused by rising prices.ConclusionsOur findings highlight two important aspects concerning cigarette pricing in Iran. First is the change in the type of purchase from the whole box of cigarettes to the single stick cigarette or swapping to less expensive cigarettes. Second, increase in cigarette price (either through taxing or regular increases) could be offset by flooding smuggled cigarettes into the market. Therefore, in addition to raising cigarette prices, reducing cigarette consumption rates in Iran requires the development and effective implementation of regulatory policies to control cigarette smuggling, reduce purchasing, and subsequently curb the use of this leading cause of premature morbidity and mortality.

Predictors of waterpipe smoking among university students in the Qassim region, Saudi Arabia.

INTRODUCTIONWaterpipe smoking has gained global popularity among adolescents and young adults. This study aimed to identify the predictors of waterpipe smoking among university students in the Qassim region of Saudi Arabia.METHODSA cross-sectional study was conducted using a pre-tested, validated, and self-administered questionnaire to identify the predictors of waterpipe smoking among university students aged >18 years in the Qassim region.RESULTSOf the 1158 questionnaires distributed, 928 were returned with complete responses. Of these 928 participants, 820 were men (88.7%) and the majority were unmarried (95.6%). The risk of waterpipe smoking was significantly higher in students aged >26 years (OR=3.39; 95% CI: 1.30– 8.80), those who had a brother who smoked (OR=1.78; 95% CI: 1.13–2.79), and those who were married (OR=3.21; 95% CI: 1.36–7.59). Furthermore, participants who had smoked cigarettes (OR=3.18; 95% CI: 1.89–5.34) or other tobacco products (OR=6.39; 95% CI: 3.69–11.07) within the past 30 days, and students who believed that waterpipe smoking was less harmful than cigarette smoking (OR=2.61; 95% CI: 1.54–4.41) had a higher risk of engaging in waterpipe smoking. However, the risk was lower among students receiving a monthly financial aid of more than US$264 (OR=0.34; 95% CI: 0.13–0.89).CONCLUSIONSThis study revealed that higher age, being male, being married, low student financial aid, waterpipe smoker sibling, cigarette and other types of tobacco smoking in the past 30 days, and believing waterpipe smoking to be less harmful than cigarette smoking, were significant predictors of waterpipe smoking. Educational programs targeted at improving awareness of the adverse effects of waterpipe smoking should be considered for early prevention in young adults.

An Examination of Risk Factors for Tobacco and Cannabis Smoke Exposure in Adolescents Using an Epigenetic Biomarker.

Objective: Evolving patterns of nicotine and cannabis use by adolescents require new tools to understand the changing epidemiology of these substances. Here we describe the use of a novel epigenetic biomarker sensitive to both tobacco and cannabis smoke in a longitudinal sample of high-risk adolescents. We examine risk factors for positivity for this epigenetic biomarker in comparison to positivity for conventional serum biomarkers of nicotine and cannabis use.Method: Eastern Iowa 10th graders who had a friend or family member who smoked were eligible to participate in a longitudinal study over 10–12th grades. Subjects provided self-report data on nicotine, tobacco, and cannabis use patterns as well as blood samples that were used for serum cotinine and THC assays. DNA was prepared for analysis of methylation at the CpG cg05575921, a sensitive indicator of smoke exposure. Relationships between positivity for each these biomarkers and a variety of risk factors, including demographics, family and peer relationships, psychopathology, willingness to smoke, and perceptions of typical cigarette and cannabis users, were examined at the 10th (n = 442), 11th (n = 376), and 12th (n = 366) grade timepoints.Results: A increasing proportion of subjects were positive for cotinine (5–16%), THC (3–10%), and cg05575921 methylation (5–7%) across timepoints, with some overlap. Self-reported combusted tobacco and cannabis use was strongly correlated with all biomarkers, whereas cg05575921 methylation was not correlated with reported e-cigarette use. Dual users, defined as those positive for nicotine and THC in the 12th grade showed the greatest cumulative smoke exposure, indicated by cg05575921 methylation. Subjects reported more positive attitudes toward cannabis users than cigarette smokers, and willingness to smoke and positive perceptions of tobacco and cannabis smokers were significant risk factors for biomarker positivity across timepoints.Conclusion: We conclude that measurement of cg05575921 methylation in adolescents is a useful tool in detecting tobacco smoking in adolescents, and may be a novel tool for the detection of cannabis smoking and cannabis and tobacco co-use, though non-combusted forms of nicotine use do not appear to be detectable by this method.

The use of electric cigarette behavior in mechanical engineering students of universitas pembangunan nasional veteran, jakarta : Determinan perilaku penggunaan rokok elektrik / vape pada mahasiswa teknik mesin di universitas pembangunan nasional veteran jakarta

E-cigarettes are a form of modification from conventional cigarettes to e-cigarettes, a renewal of the type of cigarette that converts liquid into vapor. Student vaping behavior is often found in various campus environments. This study aims to determine the behavioral determinants of the use of e-cigarettes or vapes in students of the Mechanical Engineering Study Program, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veterans Jakarta. This research uses cross sectional with quantitative research type using Chi Square for univariate and bivariate variables. The results of the bivariate analysis in this study are the age variable associated with the use of e-cigarettes (p-value = 0.000) and vape user behavior (p-value = 0.039) The p-value of the variable is smaller than the alpha value so that there is a relationship between age and attitude. with vaping behavior in Mechanical Engineering students at the Veterans National Development University, Jakarta. While the unrelated variables were gender (p-value = 1,000), monthly allowance (p-value = 0.142), knowledge (p-value = 0.135), family support (p-value = 0.341), friend support (p - value = 0.808), and smoking-free local regulations (K-value) (p-value = 0.555) where the p-value variable is greater than the alpha value so that there is a relationship between gender, monthly money, assistance, family support, friend support -friends and regulations on smoke-free areas with the topic of using electricity for Mechanical Engineering students at the National Veterans Development University, Jakarta. The conclusion of this study is that there is a relationship between age and attitude towards the behavior of e-cigarette users so that motivation and references are needed in reducing the number of e-cigarettes consumed and students should be able to stop smoking.

The Effect of Flow Rate on a Third-Generation Sub-Ohm Tank Electronic Nicotine Delivery System-Comparison of CORESTA Flow Rates to More Realistic Flow Rates.

Many types of electronic cigarettes (ECs) are currently in use, but the default flow rate used to simulate puffing is centered on tobacco cigarette flow rates. CORESTA offers several methods and technical guides for evaluation of ECs but there are few puffing topography studies focusing on sub-ohm ECs; differences between real-world usage and that found in the literature appear large. This study focuses on how power and flow rate affect the nicotine yield of a sub-ohm EC. A puffing system (Puff3rd) has been designed and used to produce and collect EC aerosol. Nicotine yield was measured by GC–MS at three power levels and four flow rates. Data analysis was conducted in SAS using the MIXED procedure. Power, flow rate, and their interaction were all significant predictors of nicotine yield. Nicotine yield increased with both the vaping power and the puff flow rate with significant interaction of the two. Findings indicate that using the current CORESTA flow rate (1100 mL/min) to evaluate third-generation ECs underestimates nicotine yield and likely overestimates pyrolysis products. Real users are expected to have 2–3× the nicotine dose measured at 1100 mL/min, which could confound epidemiological studies seeking to link nicotine delivery to product satisfaction and acceptability.

Cigarette Filter Ventilation and Biomarkers—Letter

Recently, Carroll and colleagues (1) concluded that filter ventilation was not associated with biomarkers of exposure (BOE) or biomarkers of potential harm (BOPH). When one assesses exposure and harm from different cigarette types, one usually consider results not only in terms of harm to the smoker who uses them, but also on a per cigarette basis. The analyses reported, which did not control for the number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) in their filter ventilation groups Q1 to Q4, do not provide the essential information on exposure per cigarette.From the results in Table 3 of the article, we could generate trend probability values quite similar to those presented. We then adjusted for the mean CPD per filter ventilation group shown in Table 2, Ci (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) in various ways, by analyzing loge (Bi/Ci), (loge Bi)/Ci, or loge (Bi)/loge (Ci) where the Bi indicate the biomarker values in the ventilation groups (Supplementary Materials and Methods). On the basis of the results adjusted for age, sex, race, education, smoking duration, smoking status, quit effort, and CPD, we consistently found clear negative trends, often highly statistically significant, of increasing ventilation with decreasing levels of all five BOPH except IL6, and with some BOE, notably total nicotine equivalents (Supplementary Results, Tables 1–4).As we do not have available the individual person biomarker data, we could only conduct approximate analyses. However, we believe our conclusions—that most BOPH and some BOE are reduced per cigarette—would hold were precise analyses conducted, and we ask the authors to report such analyses as they have all the data available. While of course their original conclusion is important, and the accuracy of their analysis undisputed, it is also important to be aware of exposure and harm on a per cigarette basis. Adding this significant covariate into the multivariate analysis allows for more direct comparison between the groups, and shows the interesting contrast with the published results.In conducting such analyses, Carroll and colleagues should realize that the PATH study, on which their analyses were based, includes erroneous CPD data for some individuals, due to a confusion between packs per day and CPD. Thus, CPD in one individual was reported as 10 at Wave 2, 15 at Wave 3, and 300 at Wave 1, the data being entered as 15 packs per day rather than 15 CPD. Such errors need correction before conducting analyses.P. Lee reports other support from Japan Tobacco International S.A. during the conduct of the study; and consultancy with other tobacco companies. J. Fry reports other support from Japan Tobacco International SA during the conduct of the study; and consultancy with other tobacco firms.See the Response, p. 1450

Acute effects of inhaled menthol on cognitive effects of intravenous nicotine among young adult cigarette smokers

Basic science studies indicate that menthol can enhance the cognitive effects of nicotine to increase nicotine dependence; however, the effect of menthol and nicotine on cognitive functioning among humans has been understudied. This double-blind, placebo-controlled study examined the dose-dependent effects of inhaled menthol flavoring and intravenous nicotine on cognitive task performance. Twenty menthol (MS) and 18 non-menthol (NMS) cigarette preferring, young-adult smokers (21% female; 7.9% Hispanic, 44.7% Non-Hispanic/White, 47.4% Non-Hispanic/Black) completed three sessions with randomized order of menthol flavoring (between-sessions: 0.0%/tobacco control, 0.5%/low, 3.2%/high) and intravenous nicotine (within-session: 0.0 mg/saline control, 0.25 mg/low, 0.5 mg/high). After each administration, participants completed three cognitive tasks: Continuous Performance Task (CPT), Mathematical Processing Task (MPT), and Stroop Task. Mixed effects models were used to examine interactive effects of cigarette type preference and menthol and nicotine doses. MS vs. NMS had decreased accuracy on CPT and MPT and efficiency during Stroop. No significant effects of cigarette type preference by menthol or nicotine were found for any task. Significant effects of nicotine by menthol were found during Stroop, where participants had greater accuracy for high nicotine compared to saline during the low menthol session. Significant effects of menthol by timepoint were seen during Stroop, where participants improved across timepoints during the low menthol session. Findings did not support significant effects of inhaled menthol, alone or with nicotine, on cognitive performance. Further research clarifying the impact of varying menthol and nicotine levels in nicotine products may help to elucidate menthol’s role in smoking sustainment.

Risk of lung cancer among women in relation to lifetime history of tobacco smoking: a population-based case-control study in France (the WELCA study)

BackgroundThis study aims to provide new insights on the role of smoking patterns and cigarette dependence in female lung cancer, and to examine differences by histological subtype.MethodsWe conducted a population-based case-control study in the great Paris area among women including 716 incident cases diagnosed between 2014 and 2017 and 757 age-matched controls. Detailed data on smoking history was collected during in-person interviews to assess intensity and duration of tobacco smoking, time since cessation, smoking habits (depth of smoke inhalation, use of filter, type of tobacco, and type of cigarettes) and Fagerström test for cigarette dependence. The comprehensive smoking index (CSI), a score modelling the combined effects of intensity, duration and time since quitting smoking was determined for each subject. Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and their confidence intervals (95%CI) of lung cancer associated with smoking variables.ResultsLung cancer risk increased linearly with intensity and duration of tobacco smoking while it decreased with time since cessation, to reach the risk in never-smokers after 20 years of abstinence. The combined effect of intensity and duration of tobacco smoking was more than multiplicative (p-interaction 0.012). The OR in the highest vs the lowest quartile of CSI was 12.64 (95%CI 8.50; 18.80) (p-trend < 0.001). The risk of small cell or squamous cell carcinomas increased with the CSI more sharply than the risk of adenocarcinomas. Deep smoke inhalation, dark vs blond tobacco, conventional vs light cigarettes, and unfiltered vs filtered cigarettes, as well as having mixed smoking habits, were found to be independent risk factors. Having high cigarette addiction behaviours also increased the risk after adjusting for CSI.ConclusionThis study provides additional insights on the effects of tobacco smoking patterns on lung cancer risk among women.

Pilot Study on the Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Exhaled Breath of Each Cigarette Type

Pilot Study on the Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Exhaled Breath of Each Cigarette Type

Differences in Cognitive Task Performance, Reinforcement Enhancement, and Nicotine Dependence Between Menthol and Nonmenthol Cigarette Smokers.

Menthol has been shown to target similar brain regions and neural receptors as nicotine, yet the association between menthol cigarette use and cognitive performance remains unknown. This study examined differences in cognitive task performance between menthol (MS) and nonmenthol (NMS) cigarette smokers after acute cigarette consumption. Sixty white and black and/or African American, nonabstinent, MS (n = 30) and NMS (n = 30) were assessed presmoking and postsmoking their preferred cigarette on four computerized tasks: Continuous Performance Task (CPT; alerting attention), N-Back Task (working memory), Finger Tapping Task (motor control), and Apple Picker Task (reinforcement enhancement). Self-reported nicotine dependence and objective smoking topography measures were also compared between groups. Initial unadjusted analyses showed a significant effect of cigarette type × time on CPT speed (p = .042), where MS improved while NMS group worsened in CPT speed after smoking. After controlling for baseline cigarette craving and cigarette nicotine levels, the effect of cigarette type × time for all cognitive outcomes was statistically nonsignificant (ps > .05). However, there remained a significant effect of cigarette type, where MS versus NMS had poorer CPT (p = .046) and N-Back Task accuracy (p = .006) but faster N-Back speed (p = .039). There were no statistically significant differences between groups on reinforcement enhancement, nicotine dependence, or smoking behavior outcomes (ps > .05). Contrary to our hypotheses, results did not find a significant effect of cigarette type on the change in cognitive performance after acute smoking in nonabstinent smokers. Further studies are needed to clarify the specific pharmacological effects of nicotine and menthol on cognitive functioning. The current study is the first to compare the potential enhancement of cognitive task performance after acute cigarette smoking between satiated menthol and nonmenthol cigarette smokers. Study results suggest that acute menthol cigarette use may not enhance cognitive function above and beyond nonmenthol cigarettes to increase dependence among menthol smokers. However, the contribution of other psychological factors (eg, craving, mood) and cigarette characteristics (eg, nicotine content) may be involved in cognitive function enhancement to perpetuate dependence and smoking persistence for menthol smokers.

Nicotine Dependence Evaluated by Urinary Cotinine and Heaviness of Smoking Index among Smokers, Vapers, and Dual Users: A Cross-Sectional Study Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data.

BackgroundMany people use both combustible cigarette (CC) and electronic cigarette (EC). We compared nicotine dependence among CC, EC, and dual users using questionnaires and urinary cotinine levels.MethodsData from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2014–2017) databases were analyzed; 3,917 CC, EC, and dual users were administered the urinary cotinine test, and 1,045 current CC and dual users completed the Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI) questionnaires. Weighted geometric means of urine cotinine levels were compared between exclusive CC, exclusive EC, and dual users. The distribution rate, based on time to first cigarette (TTFC), cigarettes per day (CPD), and the HSI was analyzed in two weighted groups, exclusive CC and dual users.ResultsAmong those who currently use any type of cigarette, 89.4%, 1.4%, and 9.2% were exclusive CC, exclusive EC, and dual users, respectively. Weighted geometric means of urine cotinine were highest in dual users (1,356.4 ng/mL), followed by exclusive CC (1,270.3 ng/mL), and exclusive EC (867.7 ng/mL) with significant differences between all three groups (P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in CPD between exclusive CC and dual users (P=0.626). The proportion of TTFC ≤5 minutes was 21.5% and 29.5% in the two groups, respectively (P=0.010); however, HSI differences in the two groups was marginal (P=0.557).ConclusionIn this study, the urinary cotinine value could distinguish the three groups, CC, EC, and dual users, but the questionnaire using HSI could not distinguish the three groups.

Reporting of Differences in Taste Between Branded and Unbranded Cigarettes by Smokers Blinded to Cigarette Branding: Within-Person, Randomized Crossover Study.

BackgroundSaudi Arabia implemented a plain tobacco packaging regulation, one of the World Health Organization’s recommended initiatives to help reduce smoking rates, in August 2019. A few weeks after implementation, a large number of smokers complained via various media channels, especially social media (eg, Twitter), that an extreme change in cigarette taste had occurred, frequency of coughing had increased, and for some, shortness of breath had led to hospitalization.ObjectiveThe main objective is to determine whether smokers blinded to cigarette branding report differences in taste between branded and unbranded cigarettes. The secondary objective is to observe the frequency of immediate cough or shortness of breath.MethodsThis study employed a within-person, randomized crossover design that recruited current smokers 18 years and older who were cleared upon physical assessment before the experiment. Participants received 6 sequences of different random exposures (3 puffs) to 3 plain-packaged cigarettes (2 from their favorite brand and 1 from another brand as a control) and 3 branded cigarettes (2 from the favorite brand and 1 from another brand as a control). Participants wore virtual reality goggles accompanied by special software to alter visual reality and gloves to alter the touch sensation.ResultsThis study recruited 18 participants, measured at 6 time points, to produce 108 experiments. Participants were not able to identify the correct type of cigarettes (plain or branded, estimate of fixed effect=−0.01, P=.79). Moreover, there were no differences in the ability of the participants to identify their favorite brand (t107=−0.63, mean 0.47, P=.53). In terms of immediate coughing, out of the 108 experiments, 1 episode of short coughing was observed, which was attributed to the branded cigarette, not the plain-packaged cigarette.ConclusionsAfter controlling the visual and touch sensations, participants were not able to differentiate between branded and plain-packaged cigarettes in terms of taste or inducing immediate shortness of breath or cough. Interestingly, participants were not able to identify their favorite brand.

Association of Cigarette Type Initially Smoked With Suicidal Behaviors Among Adolescents in Korea From 2015 to 2018

Assessment of whether past electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use or initiating smoking with e-cigarettes is associated with suicidal behaviors among adolescents is needed to inform future research and public health interventions. To evaluate the association between starting smoking with e-cigarettes or conventional cigarettes and suicidal behaviors among Korean adolescents. This cross-sectional study analyzed data on adolescents in grades 7 through 12 who participated in the nationwide Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey between 2015 and 2018. Type of cigarette initially smoked: electronic or conventional. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between initial cigarette type and suicidal behaviors, including suicidal ideation and suicide planning and attempts. All participants completed questionnaires about their history of suicidal behavior and were categorized into groups according to the type of cigarette used at initiation of smoking and any subsequent change (or lack of change) in the type of cigarette used. A total of 255 887 Korean adolescents (51.2% male; mean (SD) age, 15.0 [1.8] years) were included in the primary analysis. Among 131 094 male adolescents, 3310 boys (2.5%) initially used e-cigarettes and 27 368 boys (20.9%) initially used conventional cigarettes. Among 124 793 female adolescents, 952 girls (0.8%) initially used e-cigarettes and 9296 girls (7.4%) initially used conventional cigarettes. Of those who initially used e-cigarettes, 178 of 3310 boys (5.4%) and 134 of 952 girls (14.1%) attempted suicide. Of those who initially used conventional cigarettes, 946 of 27 368 boys (3.5%) and 911 of 9296 girls (9.8%) attempted suicide. Adolescents who initially used e-cigarettes had a higher risk of suicidal behaviors, including suicide planning (boys: adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.63 [95% CI, 1.40-1.89]; P < .001; girls: AOR, 1.55 [95% CI, 1.23-1.95]; P < .001) and suicide attempts (boys: AOR, 1.55 [95% CI, 1.28-1.87]; P < .001; girls, AOR, 1.64 [95% CI, 1.29-2.10]; P < .001) compared with those who initially used conventional cigarettes. Changing from e-cigarettes to conventional cigarettes was associated with a higher risk of suicide attempts among both boys (AOR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.39-2.57; P < .001) and girls (AOR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.53-3.64; P < .001) compared with changing from conventional cigarettes to e-cigarettes. In this study, the initial use of e-cigarettes vs conventional cigarettes was associated with suicidal behaviors among adolescents. In future research on the association of e-cigarette use with adolescent mental health and interventions for suicide prevention, the type of cigarette initially used and changing the cigarette type should be considered.

Particulate matter in aerosols produced by two last generation electronic cigarettes: a comparison in a real-world environment

The design of e-cigarettes (e-cigs) is constantly evolving and the latest models can aerosolize using high-power sub-ohm resistance and hence may produce specific particle concentrations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the aerosol characteristics generated by two different types of electronic cigarette in real-world conditions, such as a sitting room or a small office, in number of particles (particles/cm3).We compared the real time and time-integrated measurements of the aerosol generated by the e-cigarette types Just Fog and JUUL. Real time (10s average) number of particles (particles/cm3) in 8 different aerodynamic sizes was measured using an optical particle counter (OPC) model Profiler 212-2. Tests were conducted with and without a Heating, Ventilating Air Conditioning System (HVACS) in operation, in order to evaluate the efficiency of air filtration.During the vaping sessions the OPC recorded quite significant increases in number of particles/cm3. The JUUL e-cig produced significantly lower emissions than Just Fog with and without the HVACS in operation.The study demonstrates the rapid volatility or change from liquid or semi-liquid to gaseous status of the e-cig aerosols, with half-life in the order of a few seconds (min. 4.6, max 23.9), even without the HVACS in operation. The e-cig aerosol generated by the JUUL proved significantly lower than that generated by the Just Fog, but this reduction may not be sufficient to eliminate or consistently reduce the health risk for vulnerable non e-cig users exposed to it.

Association of Mixed Use of Electronic and Conventional Cigarettes and Exposure to Secondhand Smoke With Prediabetes: Results From National Cross-Sectional Surveys

Background: Evaluating whether the cigarette type used in the past and present and exposure to secondhand smoke are associated with prediabetes is important for future research and public health interventions. This study aimed to examine the association of mixed electronic and conventional cigarette use and exposure to secondhand smoke with prediabetes. Methods: Data from the 2014-2018 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. Prediabetes was defined as an HbA1C of 5·7–6·4%. Participants were categorized according to type of cigarette used and secondhand smoke exposure. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed. Findings: Of the 22,385 participants without diabetes, 6,735 had prediabetes. Mixed cigarette use was associated with prediabetes when compared with only conventional cigarette use (odds ratio [OR]=1·27, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1·09–1·49). Participants who were current non-smokers but mixed users in the past had an increased risk of prediabetes (OR=1·54, 95% CI=1·06–2·23). However, there was no significant association between current non-smoking but only conventional cigarette use in the past and prediabetes. Among never-smokers, exposure to secondhand smoke significantly increased the risk of prediabetes (OR=1·15, 95% CI=1·03–1·28). Interpretation: Mixed use of electronic and conventional cigarettes and exposure to secondhand smoke was associated with prediabetes. Furthermore, the mixed use in the past was associated with prediabetes even if the cigarette was not used currently. In future research on the determining the effect of smoking on prediabetes and interventions to prevent diabetes, the cigarette type used should be considered. Funding Information: None. Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics Approval Statement: This study used data obtained from the 2014 and 2018 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The KNHANES is a nationwide population-based survey designed to acquire information regarding the health and nutrition of people in South Korea. The survey is performed by the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) and combines a health interview with a physical examination and nutrition survey. The KNHANES protocols were approved by the Institutional Review Board of the KCDC (IRB No. 2018-01-03-P-A), and the research complied with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki for medical research involving human subjects. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.

ANALYSIS OF SMOKING HABITS AND MONOXIDE CARBON CONTENTS IN HOME WITH CARBOXIHEMOGLOBINE (COHb) IN ACTIVE SMOKING IN III ENVIRONMENT, KEMARAYA, KENDARI CITY

Background: around 10,000,000 people is estimated to be death per year by 2020 because of smoking. Smokers emit smoke around 20,000 ppm of CO, when it is inhaled. It will become diluted with a concentration of around 400 until 5,000 ppm. This situation is dangerous because it will increase the COHb concentration in the human blood by up to 6.9%. It can prone to heart attacks. The purpose of this research is to analyze smoking habits and CO levels in the house with carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels in active smokers in 3 Districts of Kemaraya in Kendari City. Methods: The research was conducted using the Analytical Descriptive method. Data were collected by interview using a structured questionnaire and laboratory analysis. While the approach used is a cross-sectional study. The population in this study was 81 and the number of samples was 45. Results: The The results obtained were that there was no relationship between CO and COHb levels ( p value = 0.623&gt; 0.05); there was a weak relationship between smoking and COHb levels (p value= 0.029 &lt;0.05); and there is a low relationship between the number of cigarettes and COHb levels ( p value= 0.0298 &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that there is an insignificant relationship between smoking duration, types of cigarettes smoked, number of cigarettes smoked and levels of carbon monoxide in the house and levels of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) in active smokers in environment III District of Kemaraya Kendari City.