Impact Of Typhoons Research Articles

Palawan Peacock Pheasant (Polyplectron Napoleonis) Species Distribution Modeling: A Review of the Impact of Typhoon Rai/Odette on the Diversity and Distribution of an Endemic Bird Species

This study quantified the habitat requirements and, consequently, described the remaining suitable habitats through species distribution modeling of Polyplectron napoleonis within Cleopatra’s Needle Forest Reserve and Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park after the onslaught of Typhoon Odette in the Palawan region. This was accomplished using MaxEnt software, a statistical machine-learning algorithm that creates niche models with presence-only (PO) data and surrounding environmental variables (Dudik et al., 2007; Merow et al., 2013). Previous studies have identified precipitation, elevation, and land cover as the top environmental variables influencing tandikan habitat suitability, as revealed by their percent contributions. There were earlier claims of the noticeable movement of habitat-suitable areas to the fringes and beyond Cleopatra's Needle Forest Reserve. The migration seems to be going towards highland forests. Two factors could be behind this migration: the tandikan are responding to climate change or avoiding human disturbance. As this species is known to have a high tolerance for temperature change, the latter could be the more plausible factor. For 2022, post-Odette, MaxEnt analysis revealed a shift of percent contributions with elevation and land cover classification outranking aspect and slope. Environmental layers were limited to four, as these were the only currently available data. This shift in percent contributions could be linked to the direct damage to forests brought by the Typhoon in December of 2021. The land cover map generated for this year has shown large areas of forests that were converted into non-forests. Conservation efforts, therefore, for the tandikan, a forest species, should be recalibrated in response to this current development. Further, measures to mitigate the impact of solid typhoons on forests should be reviewed and evaluated.

Tracking the impact of typhoons on maize growth and recovery using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data: A case study of Northeast China

The increasing frequency of typhoon events, attributed to global climate change, has significantly affected agricultural production, predominantly resulting in substantial negative consequences. Accurate and timely assessment of crop damage is crucial for understanding economic implications, devising effective agricultural strategies, and enhancing resilience amid mounting climate uncertainties. This study investigates the utility of Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Sentinel-2 MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI) data in tracking maize damage severity following typhoon events. By employing continuous field sampling techniques and conducting visual interpretation of high-resolution remote sensing imagery, sample sets representing a spectrum of maize damage severity were systematically established. The application of time series analysis on Sentinel data enables a comprehensive exploration of spectral and polarization responses, providing insights into the correlation with maize damage severity. Segmentation of the maize damage timeline into pre-disaster, disaster, and recovery periods, coupled with optimization of relevant feature parameters, was undertaken to bolster monitoring precision. Leveraging the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform, a Random Forest algorithm was used to develop a model for monitoring maize damage severity across different post-typhoon periods, yielding maps delineating the distribution and magnitude of maize damage in Northeast China. Results indicate that integrating spectral indices from the pre-disaster phase with backscatter variations of polarization bands during various post-typhoon periods enhances maize damage assessment. Maize damage severity is notably elevated during the disaster period, achieving an overall accuracy of 87.22 %. While mitigated during the recovery phase, localized exacerbation occurs in severely affected regions, yielding an overall accuracy of 88.54 %. Analysis incorporating terrain and meteorological data reveals that post-typhoon maize disasters predominantly occur in low-lying and flat areas, with meteorological factors, particularly maximum wind speed and daily cumulative precipitation, exerting significant influence on damage severity. This study underscores the critical role of SAR and optical data fusion in elucidating typhoon-induced crop damage dynamics, thereby providing essential insights for proactive mitigation strategies against future agricultural losses.

A Study on the Pre-Survey and Plan for the Establishment of the Korean Typhoon Impact-Based Forecast

The intensity of typhoons affecting the Korean Peninsula has been rapidly increasing, resulting in significant damage. Notably, this intensification correlates with the rise in Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in the western Pacific Ocean and surrounding sea areas, where typhoons that impact the Korean Peninsula originate and develop. The SST in these regions is increasing at a faster rate than the global average. Typhoon-related meteorological disasters are not isolated events, such as strong winds, heavy rains, or storm surges, but rather multi-hazard occurrences that can affect different areas simultaneously. As a result, preparation and evaluation must address multi-hazard disasters, rather than focusing on individual weather phenomena. This study develops the Typhoon Ready System (TRS) to improve impact-based forecasting in Korea, in response to the growing threat of multi-hazard weather disasters. By providing region-specific pre-disaster information, the TRS enables local governments and individuals to better prepare for and mitigate the impacts of typhoons. The system will be continuously refined in collaboration with the U.S. Weather-Ready Nation (WRN), which possesses advanced impact forecasting capabilities. The findings of this study offer a crucial framework for enhancing Korea’s ability to forecast and respond to the escalating threats posed by typhoons. By utilizing the TRS, it will be possible to assess the risks of various multi-hazard weather disasters specific to each region during the typhoon forecast period, and the relevant data can be efficiently applied at both the individual and local government levels for typhoon prevention efforts. The system will be continuously improved through cooperation with the U.S. WRN, leveraging their advanced impact forecasting systems. It is expected that the TRS will enhance the accuracy of typhoon impact forecasts, which have been responsible for significant damage in Korea.

Joint probabilistic modeling of extreme wind-wave conditions under typhoon impact and applications to extreme response analysis of floating offshore wind turbines

The joint probabilistic modeling of extreme wind and wave conditions under typhoon impact is a critical task for extreme response analysis of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) deployed in typhoon-prone areas. However, wind and wave observations under typhoon impact are quite limited, which poses great challenges to the probabilistic modeling task. Although some sophisticated programs can be employed to simulate typhoon-induced wave fields, they suffer from unbearable computational burdens. To improve the accuracy and efficiency of joint probabilistic modeling of extreme wind and wave conditions under typhoon impact, an approach that synthesizes the typhoon hazard analysis method and copula-based conditional modeling method is proposed in the present study. The proposed joint distribution model is expressed as the product of the distribution of extreme wind speed and the conditional distribution of significant wave height. The distribution of extreme wind speed is estimated through the typhoon hazard analysis method, and the conditional distribution of significant wave height is modeled by the copula-based method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by comparing with observation data. Applications of the proposed method to extreme response analysis of FOWTs are illustrated as well.

The impact of typhoons on the biogeochemistry of dissolved organic matter in eutrophic bays in northwestern South China Sea

The impact of typhoons on the biogeochemistry of dissolved organic matter in eutrophic bays in northwestern South China Sea

Impact of typhoons on the ecological environment of the Pearl River Estuary in the summer of 2021—a study of an algal bloom event

In the summer of 2021, two typhoons, Typhoon Cempaka and Typhoon Lupit, passed through the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), resulting in a noticeable chlorophyll-a (Chla) bloom event on the west side of the PRE. Utilizing a coupled hydrodynamic-ecological model (ROMS-CoSiNE), we investigated the changes in the marine environment during the two-typhoon period and explored the underlying mechanisms involved. Our model effectively reproduces the spatial characteristics of the typhoon-induced algal blooms. The results suggest that the westward invasion of the Pearl River plume has a predominant impact on the alterations in biochemical elements. For further quantitative analyses, we utilized the model to determine the Chla concentration budget in algal bloom region to assess the dominant mechanism, particularly focusing on horizontal advection. Our findings indicated that algal bloom events are mainly attributed to a straightforward physical mechanism, namely, phytoplankton transportation, rather than to nutrient-induced phytoplankton growth. The study also revealed that the different growth processes of the two simulated phytoplankton species did not contribute positively to the increased Chla concentrations. However, further research is needed to investigate the impacts of different phytoplankton functional groups on the marine ecological environment under the influence of typhoons. This study enhances the understanding of the response of ecological environments in coastal areas to typhoons.

Analysis of the Network Efficiency of Chinese Ports in Global Shipping under the Impacts of Typhoons

With the increasing volume of international trade and maritime demand, the requirements for the stability and reliability of the global shipping system are also increasing. The research on the network efficiency of Chinese ports for global shipping can not only examine the importance of Chinese ports in the shipping network but also find out the aspects that need to be improved in the construction of the port’s climate adaptability in the resilience assessment to strengthen port construction and further improve the efficiency of the network. The current study builds a shipping network based on RCEP and systematically examines the key ports in China within the networks. The research paper aims to improve the resilience of the ports and the whole shipping network in response to typhoon disasters. As such, this paper focuses on shipping research based on complex networks and network multi-centricity analysis, followed by a ranking of ports. Firstly, this paper uses UCINET 6 software to build a global shipping network. Such a network evaluates the centrality of ports, calculates the degree of centrality, proximity to centrality, and centrality, and scores them according to the ranking. Then, it selects the top 20 ports in China according to the ranking and researches network efficiency for the listed ports considering the typhoon risks. The analysis of network robustness, average shortest path length, and network efficiency are carried out for the shipping network and China’s essential port nodes in the network. According to the experimental results, no matter the robustness, average shortest path length, or network efficiency, when the important ports of China in the shipping network are affected, they will cause different degrees of impact, and the performance loss caused by multiple ports is higher than that of a single port. They emphasise the significant impact of typhoons on multiple ports and remind people to minimise losses as much as possible based on experimental results, ensuring the stable operation of ports and improving resilience in typhoon prevention under the changing climate. Additionally, they provide a solid foundation to further sustain global shipping network resilience.

Impact of climate-induced floods and typhoons on geriatric disabling health among older Chinese and Filipinos: a cross-country systematic review

BackgroundApart from both China and the Philippines continuing to be exposed to and affected by different climate-induced hazards, in particular floods and typhoons, they are also reported to be witnessing rapid ageing populations of 60 years and older. As such, this systematic review synthesized the existing evidence about the impacts aggravated by floods and typhoons on the geriatric disabling health of older Chinese and Filipinos, respectively.MethodsFour (4) electronic databases were systematically searched to identify eligible studies published between 2000 and early 2023. This process had to confirm the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines (PRISMA), as well as the standard protocol registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023420549).ResultsOut of 317 and 216 initial records retrieved for China and the Philippines, respectively, 27 (China) and 25 (Philippines) studies were eligible for final review. The disabling conditions they reported to affect the health of older adults were grouped into 4 categories: cognitive and intellectual, physical, chronic and terminal illnesses, and mental and psychological, with the latter identified as the most prevalent condition to affect older Chinese and Filipinos. On a sub-category level, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was the most common condition reported in 27 flood-related studies in China, while injuries and wounds prevailed in the Philippines, according to 25 typhoon-related studies.ConclusionThe increasing occurrence of extreme climate hazards, especially floods and typhoons in China and the Philippines, respectively, impacted the health of their older adults with various disabling effects or conditions. Therefore, this calls for appropriate geriatric-informed interventions in the context of climate change and rapidly ageing settings beyond China and the Philippines to others that are also prone to floods and typhoons.

Impact of typhoons on anthropogenic nitrogen sources in Lake Sihwa, South Korea

This study investigated the nitrate dual isotopic compositions (δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3) of water samples to trace nitrate sources in Lake Sihwa, which encompasses various land-use types (e.g., urban, industry, wetland, and agriculture). The biogeochemical interactions of anthropogenic nitrogen sources (e.g., soil, road dust, and septic water) were also evaluated through multiple pathways from terrestrial boundaries to the water column. Based on increased concentrations of dissolved total nitrogen (DTN; 3.1 ± 1.6 mg/L) after typhoon, the variation of element stoichiometry (N:P:Si) in this system shifted to the relatively N-rich conditions (DIN/DIP; 14.1 ± 8.1, DIN/DSi; 1.4 ± 1.8), potentially triggering the occurrence of harmful algal blooms. Furthermore, discriminative isotopic compositions (δ15NNO3; 4.0 ± 2.1 ‰, δ18ONO3; 6.1 ± 4.3 ‰) after the typhoon suggested the increased DTN input of anthropogenic origins within Lake Sihwa would be mainly transported from urban sources (76 ± 9 %). Consequently, the isotopic-based approach may be useful for effective water quality management under increased anthropogenic activities near aquatic systems.

Unraveling the spatial-temporal patterns of typhoon impacts on maize during the milk stage in Northeast China in 2020

Typhoons are increasing in inland areas and affecting agriculture under climate change. Assessing the large-scale impact of typhoons on crops is essential for improving agricultural resilience. However, typhoon impacts are typically intricate and uncertain, depending on the different stages of crop growth and the indicators used for assessment. Here, we leveraged satellite data to examine the spatial-temporal patterns of typhoon-induced impacts on maize during the milk stage in Northeast China in 2020. We found that land surface water index (LSWI) showed a significantly higher negative relative change of 161.5% in regions severely affected by typhoons, surpassing that of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI, 19.7%), near-infrared reflectance of vegetation (NIRV, 31.7%), and enhanced vegetation index (EVI, 25.2%), suggesting the outperformance of LSWI in monitoring the impact of typhoons on maize. Based on LSWI, we revealed the spatial-temporal distribution of typhoon impacts. Specifically, significant impacts on maize growth were observed in central Northeast China, particularly in Heilongjiang (49% of maize fields) and Jilin provinces (53% of maize fields). Furthermore, week-long lagging typhoon impacts on maize growth were generally found but lasted until the end of the maize growing season. We also found the typhoon impacts were partially mitigated by spatial and temporal compensations. Regions with above-average maize growth offset the losses experienced in areas severely affected by typhoons. Additionally, better maize growth in the early stages enhanced its resilience against subsequent typhoon impacts. Despite the mitigating effects on maize production, typhoons may increase the risk of maize mold, which warrants further investigation. Given the projected increase in future climate extremes, this study provides valuable insights into the rapid assessment of typhoon impacts using satellite data and cloud computing and supports decision-making in crop management for sustainable agricultural production.

Simulating the impact of typhoons on air‐sea CO2 fluxes on the northern coastal area of the South China Sea

The South China Sea is a typhoon-prone region, and previous studies have shown that typhoons have significant impacts on air-sea CO2 fluxes. However, the effect of typhoons on the northern coastal area of the South China Sea is not well understood owing to limited observational data. In this study, we used a coupled model to simulate the impact of four typhoons (Hato, Mangkhut, Nida, and Merbok) on the partial pressure of CO2 in seawater (pCO2sea) and the CO2 fluxes in this area. Our results show that the coupled model effectively reproduces the spatial pattern of pCO2sea in this region. The response of pCO2sea to typhoons was determined by typhoon-induced vertical mixing and coastal upwelling, along with initial oceanic conditions. Typhoon Nida caused a decrease in pCO2sea with Total Alkalinity and Sea Surface Temperature being the primary factors. However, typhoons Hato, Mangkhut, and Merbok caused an increase in pCO2sea with Dissolved Inorganic Carbon playing a more prominent role. The average CO2 fluxes during the passage were approximately 6–14 times higher than those before typhoon passage. These results enhance our understanding of the effect of typhoons on air-sea CO2 fluxes over the northern coastal area of the South China Sea.

Resilience Oriented Unit Commitment Considering Transportable Energy System Under Typhoon Impact

Resilience Oriented Unit Commitment Considering Transportable Energy System Under Typhoon Impact

The threaten of typhoons to the health of residents in inland areas: a study on the vulnerability of residents to death risk during typhoon “Lekima”

BackgroundStudies had suggested increased risk of death of residents was associated with typhoons, particularly coastal regions. However, these findings ignored the impact of inland typhoons on the health of residents, especially the indirect death risk caused by typhoons. This study aimed to investigate the acute death risk of residents during inland typhoon Lekima in Jinan, further identify vulnerable populations and areas.MethodsWe selected the daily death from 11 to 27th August 2019 in Jinan as case period, and conducted a time-stratified case-crossover design to match the contemporaneous data from 2016 to 2018 as control period. We used the generalized linear Poisson models to estimate the related effects of death risk during typhoon Lekima and lag days.ResultsDuring the Lekima typhoon month, there were 3,366 deaths occurred in Jinan. Compared to unexposed periods, the acute death risk of non-accidental diseases (especially circulatory diseases), female and the older adults increased significantly in the second week after the typhoon. The maximum significant effect of circulatory disease deaths, female and older adult deaths were appeared on lag9, lag9, and lag13 respectively. And the typhoon-associated RR were 1.19 (95%CI:1.05,1.34), 1.28 (95%CI:1.08,1.52), and 1.22 (95%CI:1.06,1.42) respectively. The acute death risk of residents living in TQ and CQ increased significantly on Lag2 and Lag6 after the typhoon, respectively, while those living in LX, LC, HY, JY, and SH occurred from Lag 8 to Lag 13 after the typhoon. LC lasted the longest days.ConclusionsTyphoons would increase the vulnerability of residents living in Jinan which mainly occurred from the seventh day after the typhoon. Residents suffering from non-accidental diseases (circulatory diseases), female and the older adults were more vulnerable. The vulnerability of TQ and CQ occurred on Lag2 and Lag6 after typhoon Lekima, respectively, and the other areas except ZQ and PY occurred from Lag 8 to Lag 13. LC lasted the longest duration. Our findings emphasized the importance of the emergency response, which would help policymakers to identify vulnerable regions and populations accurately during typhoons and formulate the emergency response plan.

The Influence of Typhoon Events on the Design Storm for the Shanghai Metropolitan Area in the Yangtze River Delta, China

Given the fact that the high frequency of extreme weather events globally, in particular typhoons, has more of an influence on flood forecasting, there is a great need to further understand the impact of typhoon events on design storms. The main objectives of this paper are to examine the magnitude, occurrence, and mechanism of typhoon events in southeast coastal China and their contribution to the design storm study. We take Shanghai, which is a typical metropolitan region in the Yangtze River Delta, China, as an example. The impact of typhoons on the rainfall frequency analysis is quantitatively evaluated using stochastic storm transposition (SST)-based intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) estimates with various temporal and spatial structures under different return periods. The results show that there is significant variability in the storm magnitude within the transposition domain across different durations, highlighting the spatiotemporal heterogeneity over the coastal area. Moreover, the probability of random storm transposition exhibits an uneven distribution. The frequency of typhoon rainfall events within the transposition domain is notably high, and there is considerable variability in the structure of rainfall. Typhoon rainfall amplifies the intensity of design storms, and its contribution increases with return periods. The variability in design storms increases accordingly. Based on the advantages of SST, which retains the spatiotemporal structure of the rainfall in the generated scenarios, the overall framework provides an effective way to examine the impact of diverse characteristics of typhoon rainfall on frequency analysis and facilitate a deeper exploration of the direct impact of various types of extreme storms on the intensity, spatial, and temporal distributions of design storms amidst evolving environmental conditions over this metropolitan region.

Analyzing determinants of long-rotation plantation decisions by local households in Quang Tri Province, Vietnam with Bayesian Networks

Vietnam is one of the most dynamic furniture industries in the world. However, the domestic raw wood is struggling to meet the demands of the booming furniture industry in quantity and quality. Long-rotation plantations are expected to be a potential solution to improve local livelihoods and mitigate climate change impacts. In this study, we used binary logistic regression to analyze four groups of factors that affect the adoption of long-rotation plantations, including household characteristics, socio-economic factors, biophysical and technical factors, and institutional and policy factors using data collected from 315 households in Vinh Linh and Cam Lo districts, Quang Tri province, Vietnam. We also developed a Bayesian Network model to identify key drivers influencing small-scale forest planters' adoption of long-rotation plantations. The study results indicated that FSC participation, assurance of seedling source, understanding of the long-rotation timber market, and distance from house to plantation site positively influence households' decision on long-rotation plantation. In contrast, the lack of capital in years 4 to 5 and the typhoon impact rate negatively affect long-rotation plantations. The research findings suggest that supporting policies that provide forest planters with better access to FSC projects, low-interest credit systems, and better-quality planting material and equipment could encourage local households to adopt long-rotation plantations in the coming years.

Assessing the Influence of Typhoons on Salt Intrusion in the Modaomen Estuary within the Pearl River Delta, China

Salt intrusion presents a significant environmental challenge in numerous estuaries around the world, including the Modaomen Estuary in China. This phenomenon typically occurs during the winter season due to reduced freshwater flow. However, an unusual salt intrusion event was observed during the autumn of 2022, coinciding with a typhoon. In this study, we assess the response of the Modaomen to Typhoon Nesat in 2022 and examine the influence of the typhoon on salt intrusion using the Semi-implicit Cross-scale Hydroscience Integrated System Model (SCHISM). The model results reveal that salt intrusion during a typhoon event is primarily driven by the storm surge and landward Ekman transport. Northeasterly winds enhance stratification between saltwater and freshwater in the Modaomen. Moreover, with the typhoon’s passage, the Denglongshan Station recorded a peak salinity of 17 psu, with salt intrusion stretching 29 km further. This escalation led to salinity levels surpassing the local drinking water standard of 0.5 psu across all freshwater intake points in Zhuhai City. Numerical experiments indicate that if Typhoon Nesat had occurred during spring tides, the salt intrusion would have been less severe. Furthermore, the study revealed that regulating the upstream runoff could potentially alleviate the effects of typhoon-induced salt intrusion on ensuring a safe water supply. With a runoff increase to 4000 m3/s, the impact of typhoons on Modaomen’s drinking water supply can be managed, and at 6000 m3/s, the influence of typhoons on water supply becomes negligible.

A Dynamic Urban Mobility Index from Clustering of Vehicle Speeds in a Tourist-Heavy City

The rapid urbanization of cities often brings about complex mobility issues, such as traffic congestion that, when unplanned, results in decreased productivity and quality of life. While many cities have adopted smart city initiatives to capture and monitor mobility, applying these in a developing country context remains a challenge when infrastructure and high-resolution spatial and temporal data are lacking. In this work, we use GPS data obtained from probe vehicles (a mix of public and private transport vehicles) within the city of Baguio, The Philippines, to develop and propose the Zone-based Speed Index (ZSI), a mobility index based on the speed clusters observed in this city. The ZSI dynamically infers monthly speed thresholds to classify zones as fast or slow and successfully captures the decrease in vehicle mobility associated with the impact of typhoons and holidays. Thus, it can be used to characterize urban vehicle mobility with high (hourly) resolution. Insights from the use of our dynamic mobility index are useful in the development and optimization of transportation systems, in monitoring the ease of vehicle mobility, and in the performance assessment of smart city initiatives, which are much needed in tourism hotspots.

Emission of greenhouse gas from urban polluted river during different rainfall events: Typhoon and storm will promote stronger evasions

Urban rivers have been recognized as significant hotspots for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, the impact of storms or typhoons on GHG emissions from urban rivers is not well understood. Suzhou Creek located in the highly developed urban area of Shanghai was selected to investigate of changes in CO2, CH4, and N2O concentrations and diffusive fluxes during different rainfall events from May to October 2021. The findings showed that urban rivers were sources of GHG emissions during various events. The average diffusive fluxes of CO2, CH4, and N2O during typhoon events were 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than those during non–typhoon period, revealing that typhoon greatly promote GHG evasion. GHG CO2–equivalents were ranked as follows: during typhoon (3.93 g m–2h−1) > post–typhoon (0.89 g m–2h−1) > high precipitation (0.33 g m–2h−1) > non–precipitation (0.29 g m–2h−1) > small precipitation (0.25 g m–2h−1). Rainfall dilution, pump station drainage, sediment disturbance, and a high gas transfer coefficient induced by typhoons were the main factors affecting GHG emissions. Nutrients, chlorophyll-a, and dissolved oxygen in river water were important control parameters for GHG production. Overall, typhoon would release large amounts of GHG from urban rivers. Given the projected increase in the frequency and complexity of extreme weather events, this study highlights the importance of better understanding the dynamic response of urban river GHG to rainfall and typhoons.

Design Wave Height Estimation under the Influence of Typhoon Frequency, Distance, and Intensity

The extreme sea conditions caused by typhoons pose a threat to the design safety of marine and coastal engineering structures. In the past, design wave height calculation models that only considered the frequency of typhoons ignored the influence of other hazard factors of typhoons, resulting in lower design standards. In this paper, typhoon frequency, intensity, and distance are selected, and dimensional influences of different factors are eliminated through standardization processing. Based on the correlation between different hazard factors, we have obtained a multi-dimensional discrete joint probability distribution of typhoon hazard factors and constructed a new design wave height that considers the comprehensive effects of typhoon frequency, intensity, and distance. Our results show that the design wave height values of the 50-year, 100-year, and 200-year events are 12.59%, 8.10%, and 3.14% higher than the Gumbel distribution, which is more in line with the distribution of the wave height of waves under severe typhoon conditions. The new model can fully reflect the impact of typhoons on wave height, which can provide a reference for the design safety of marine engineering in the South China Sea.

Multi-scenario planning of pelagic island microgrid with generalized energy storage under the influence of typhoon

Stand-alone microgrid system consist of hybrid wind/photovoltaic/energy storage is one of the effective approaches to solve the problem for future pelagic island power supply. Also, the frequent typhoons have brought serious impact to the pelagic island microgrids. In this context, a multi-scenario planning model for pelagic island microgrid with generalized energy storage (GES) is proposed to address the issues of high-impact, low-probability typhoon events and insufficient flexibility in low-impact, high-probability situations. Given the impact of typhoons, the planning scenarios of island microgrids are divided into regular, typhoon and typhoon early warning scenarios. Meanwhile, the selection method for each type of scenario is given. In addition, this paper establishes the unified GES model which includes power to gas-gas storage-micro gas turbine (P2G-GS-MT), transferable loads, reducible loads, and electric energy storage. The proposed methodology has been validated on an enhanced microgrid, resulting in a cost reduction of 11.9% compared to traditional method. The results demonstrate that this approach reduces the planning capacity of equipment, cost reduction, and ensure uninterrupted power supply to important loads even during typhoon conditions.