Typhoon Approaches Research Articles

Impacts of Along-Strait Winds on Sea Level, Sea Surface Temperature, and Current in the Jeju Strait During Summer 2022

The along-strait wind in the Jeju Strait (JS) significantly impacts the sea level, surface temperature, and currents on its northern and southern coasts. During the summer of 2022, the winds in the JS were characterized by strong easterly winds that occurred before the approach of several typhoons. A strong correlation of 0.61 was found between the along-strait wind and the difference in sea level anomaly between the strait’s south and north coasts. A more robust correlation of 0.71 was estimated between the along-strait wind and the difference in sea surface temperature anomaly. When the positive (eastward) wind blows along the strait, it causes upwelling along the north coast, resulting in cold anomalies there and warm anomalies along the south coast, and vice versa. In addition, a positive correlation (r = 0.39–0.50) was estimated between the along-strait wind and along-strait surface current, with a negative correlation (r = −0.68 to −0.44) for the cross-strait current in most observation stations of the JS, except near the coast of Jeju Island. The positive along-strait wind causes the sea level to fall on the north coast and strengthens the eastward surface current. In contrast, the negative (westward) along-strait wind has the opposite effect, causing the sea level to rise near Wando, then slowing down or reversing the eastward surface current. Overall, these findings show that Ekman dynamics can explain wind-induced coastal upwelling and downwelling on both coasts of the JS, providing valuable insights into the environmental conditions surrounding marine organisms in this coastal region.

Country-wide assessment of plastic removal rates on riverbanks and water surfaces

Plastic pollution in river basins poses a significant environmental challenge, particularly in Japan, located in the northwestern North Pacific, often referred to as a hotspot for plastics. This study quantified the annual recovery of anthropogenic plastic litter from riverbanks and water surfaces, utilizing a nationwide cleanup dataset provided by the Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. The dataset includes the amount of litter recovered through volunteer and administrative cleanup campaigns from 2016 to 2020 in 109 Japanese river basins. Total plastic recovery ranged from 763 to 1177 tons/year, averaging 938 tons/year. Basin-specific recovery was associated with extreme weather events, such as typhoon approaches and heavy rain, which caused significant flood damage in local regions. The estimated annual plastic recovery was an order of magnitude smaller than the previously estimated annual emission of land-based plastic.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF GRAVEL NOURISHMENT TO THE SEISHO COASTLINE IN JAPAN

It is feared that as a consequence of the potential future intensification of tropical cyclones due to ongoing climate change the patterns of coastal erosion around the world could change. In this study, the mesoscale meteorological model WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting), the third-generation stand-alone wave model SWAN (Simulating WAves Nearshore), and the coastal deformation model XBeach (eXtreme Beach behavior) are combined to calculate the short-term coastal deformation caused by high waves during the approach of Typhoon No.21 (Paolo) in 2017 to the Seisho Coast and Niigata Coast in Japan (Nishida and Shibayama, 2020). The model is then applied to predict future patterns of coastal erosion. Potential countermeasures to prevent future coastal erosion are then examined. The construction of detached breakwaters, which are currently used as a countermeasure against coastal erosion in many parts of the world, is often opposed by local residents due to the changes they can produce on the fishing environment and landscape. Therefore, it is often desirable to stabilize the beach without constructing structures offshore. Thus, gravel nourishment is proposed as a countermeasure against the short-term erosion that can be caused high waves, and its benefits and impacts were verified through numerical simulations.

Strategy for the Prediction of Typhoon Wind and Storm Surge Height Using the Parametric Typhoon Model: Case Study for Hinnamnor in 2022

The parametric typhoon model is a powerful typhoon prediction and reproduction tool with advantages in accuracy, and computational speed. To simulate typhoons’ horizontal features, the longitude and latitude of the typhoon center, central pressure, radius of maximum wind speed (Rmax), and background states (such as surface air pressure and wind speed) are required. When a typhoon approaches or is predicted to affect Korea, the Korea Meteorological Agency (KMA) notifies the above-mentioned parameters, except for the Rmax and background state. The contribution of background wind and pressure is not very significant; however, Rmax is essential for calculating typhoon winds. Therefore, the optimized Rmax for the typhoons over the past five years was estimated at each time step compared with the in situ wind observation record. After that, a fifth-order polynomial fitting was performed between the estimated Rmax and the radius of strong wind (RSW; >15 m/s) provided by the KMA. Finally, the Rmax was calculated from the RSW via the empirical equation, and the horizontal fields of typhoon Hinnamnor (2211) were reproduced using a parametric model. Furthermore, the ocean storm surge height was adequately simulated in the surge model.

Effects of vertical nonlinearity on the superconducting gravimeter CT #036 at Ishigakijima, Japan

One of the characteristic features of the gravity recordings produced by the superconducting gravimeter CT #036 at Ishigakijima, Japan, is that it indicates gravity increase when a typhoon (hurricane) approaches the island. Since we are trying to detect small gravity signals associated with the long-term slow slip events in this region, it is very important in the interpretation of the observed data whether such gravity changes are of natural or instrumental origin. In this paper, we investigate whether or not nonlinearity in the sensor of the superconducting gravimeter is responsible for this phenomenon. Here we take the same theoretical approach as taken by our previous study which investigated the effect of coupling between horizontal and vertical components of the gravity sensor in order to understand the noise caused by the movements of a nearby VLBI antenna. From theoretical and experimental approaches, we prove that the gravity increase observed by CT #036 at the times of high background noise level cannot be explained by instrumental effects, such as the nonlinearity in the vertical component or the coupling between horizontal and vertical components of the gravity sensor. This implies that the observed gravity increases are real gravity signals of natural origin.Graphical

A comparative study to reveal the influence of typhoons on the transport, production and accumulation of O<sub>3</sub> in the Pearl River Delta, China

Abstract. The Pearl River Delta (PRD) region in South China is faced with severe ambient tropospheric ozone (O3) pollution in autumn and summer, which mostly coincides with the occurrence of typhoons above the Northwest Pacific. With increasingly severe O3 pollution in the PRD under the influence of typhoons, it is necessary to gain a comprehensive understanding of the impact of typhoons on O3 transport, production and accumulation for efficient O3 reduction. In this study, we analysed the general influence of typhoons on O3 pollution in the PRD via systematic comparisons of meteorological conditions, O3 processes and sources on O3 pollution days with and without typhoon occurrence (denoted as the typhoon-induced and no-typhoon scenarios, respectively) and also examined the differences in these influences in autumn and summer. The results show that the approach of typhoons was accompanied by higher wind speeds and strengthened downdraughts in autumn, as well as the inflows of more polluted air masses in summer, suggesting favourable O3 transport conditions in the typhoon-induced scenario in both seasons. However, the effect of typhoons on the production and accumulation of O3 were distinct. Typhoons led to reduced cloud cover, and thus stronger solar radiation in autumn, which accelerated O3 production, but the shorter residence time of local air masses was unfavourable for the accumulation of O3 within the PRD. In contrast, in summer, typhoons increased cloud cover, and weakened solar radiation, thus restraining O3 formation, but the growing residence time of local air masses favoured O3 accumulation. The modelling results using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model for the typical O3 pollution days suggest increasing contributions from the transport processes and sources outside the PRD for O3 pollution, confirming enhanced O3 transport under typhoon influence in both seasons. The results of the process analysis in CMAQ suggest that the chemical process contributed more in autumn but less in summer in the PRD. Since O3 production and accumulation cannot be enhanced at the same time, the proportion of O3 contributed by emissions within the PRD was likely to decrease in both seasons. The difference in the typhoon influence on O3 processes in autumn and summer can be attributed to the seasonal variation of the East Asian monsoon. From the meteorology–process–source perspective, this study revealed the complex influence of typhoons on O3 pollution in the PRD and their seasonal differences. To alleviate O3 pollution under typhoon influence, emission control is needed on a larger scale, rather than only within the PRD.

Study on the applicability of a stochastic typhoon model for probabilistic forecasting of storm surge induced by a typhoon

ABSTRACT This study investigates the applicability of a stochastic typhoon model, STM, for probabilistic forecasting of storm surge induced by a typhoon. When a typhoon forms and approaches the coast, the present STM generates a number of virtual typhoons with initial conditions specified by the recent history of the actual typhoon. Storm surge is then computed for each of the generated typhoons, and the probabilistic characteristics of the estimated storm surges are investigated. The present STM is based on the higher-order autoregressive model, which can account for the history of the characteristics of individual typhoons. The concept of minimal pressure was introduced to improve the predictive skills of the statistical characteristics of extreme typhoons. The model was applied to the cases of Typhoons Jebi and Trami, which hit Japan in 2018. The present system reasonably explained the contrasting characteristics of Jebi and Trami in terms of their peak storm surge levels in the inner part of Osaka Bay. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis of the present probabilistic forecasting system suggested that a relatively large number of virtual typhoons are needed for forecasting of the worst storm surge conditions induced by the arbitrary actual typhoons approaching the target coast.

Development of Typhoon Damage Prediction Function Using a Logistic Distribution

The purpose of this study is to develop a typhoon damage prediction function considering the correlation between damage amount due to typhoons and hydrometeorological factors estimated from disaster statistics in coastal districts. As a typhoon approaches, heavy rain, gale, and storms jointly and simultaneously cause severe damage. A total of 32 variables were selected to derive the function, such as factors that affect rainfall-runoff, maximum wind velocity, and central typhoon pressure. As observed, typhoon damages have a wide range-from hundreds of thousands of KRW to more than KRW 1 trillion-and accordingly have been classified into large and small groups depending on the amount of damage; thereafter, the typhoon damage prediction function was developed for each group. The logistic regression analysis was used for group classification of typhoon damages. Furthermore, the principal component regression analysis was employed for the typhoon damage prediction function. The principal component analysis effectively solved the problem of multicollinearity due to high correlation between 32-dimensional independent variables and rainfall-runoff related variables. According to the results of the typhoon damage prediction function, the Normalized Root Mean Squared Error (NRMSE) of the large group was 12.4%, while that of the small group was 18.5%. Keywords: Typhoon Damage Prediction Function, Logistic Regression, Principle Component Analysis, Coastal District

Determination of Rain-/Wind-Dominant Type for Typhoons Approaching South Korea Based on Satellite-Estimated Rainfall and Best-Track Data

Kim, H.-J. and Moon, I.-J., 2019. Determination of rain-/wind-dominant type for typhoons approaching South Korea based on satellite-estimated rainfall and best-track data. In: Jung, H.-S.; Lee, S.; Ryu, J.-H., and Cui, T. (eds.), Advances in Remote Sensing and Geoscience Information Systems of Coastal Environments. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, No. 90, pp. 340-345. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208Typhoons are one of the most influential natural hazards in South Korea. When a typhoon approaches the Korean Peninsula (KP), detailed disaster plans are needed to prevent typhoon-induced damage. In general, the official forecast in South Korea provides basic information on the track and the intensity of the typhoon, but the forecast does not provide detailed information on the impact of the typhoon on the KP based on the type of damage (i.e., rain-, wind-, or rain-wind-dominant). Impact-based information is crucial to prevent disasters, because preparations for an approaching typhoon should be planned differently depending on the type. Based on satellite-estimated rainfall and best-track wind data, this study developed an algorithm for estimating the rainfall and maximum wind speed (MWS) percentiles induced by a typhoon, compared to those induced by previous tropical cyclones (TCs) that have moved through the same area, at intervals of 1° latitude. This information is used to determine the dominant types of typhoons along their tracks. From the estimated rainfall and MWS percentiles, all TCs that approached the KP during 2001–2016 were classified as wind-, rain-, and wind-rain-dominant types. As a result, Maemi in 2003 was the most wind-dominant type, while Nabi in 2005 was the most rain-dominant type. This result has important implications for providing a guidance tool based on impact-based TC prediction for decision makers preparing disaster prevention plans based on real-time satellite-estimated rainfall data.

Examining El Niño–Southern Oscillation Effects in the Subtropical Zone to Forecast Long-Distance Total Rainfall from Typhoons: A Case Study in Taiwan

AbstractTyphoon rainfall predictions provide critical information that can be used for flood control and advanced disaster prevention preparations. However, total rainfall nowcasts (i.e., several days ahead) are not available in Taiwan when typhoons are distant. This paper proposes a long-distance total rainfall forecast (LTRF) model and presents a real-time forecasting process that can use the LTRF model to determine the formation and possible approach of typhoons in the future. The LTRF model was formulated using two designed climate scenarios. Scenario 1 considered El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) effects, whereas scenario 2 did not. Various raw sensor data, comprising climatological characteristics, sea surface temperature, satellite brightness temperatures, and total rainfall, were collected; moreover, attributes of the ENSO indices, including the Southern Oscillation index and the Niño-3.4 sea surface temperature anomaly, were reviewed. The scenario models were constructed using the C4.5 and random forest tree–based algorithms. Typhoon events occurring during 2001–13 and 2014–15 (specifically, Typhoons Matmo and Fung-Wong in 2014 and Soudelor and Dujuan in 2015) were examined for training and testing purposes, respectively. The Hualien Weather Station in Taiwan was selected as a study site, and the forecasting horizon was set at 6 h. Finally, the model simulations, observations, and Central Weather Bureau (Taiwan) nowcasts were compared. The simulation results showed that the proposed LTRF model, when ENSO effects were accounted for, can efficiently forecast total typhoon rainfall when typhoons are distant from Taiwan.

Modelling the effects of typhoons on morphological changes in the Estuary of Beinan, Taiwan

On average, Taiwan is subjected to three or four typhoon invasions each year. As a typhoon approaches, strong ocean waves from the sea, which are accompanied by flash floods on land, can considerably change the morphology of estuaries. Thus, knowing the effect of typhoons is important for coastal management. This study uses simulations and field surveys to analyze the processes of sediment transport near the Beinan Estuary in southeastern Taiwan. A model that is based on Eulerian and Lagrangian methods is used to simulate sediment transport from fluvial flows, waves, and currents. Typhoons of various intensities, different types of fluvial hydrographs, and seasonal effects are used to study their effects on the bathymetry. The relationships among the fluvial sediments, the wave loads, and the evolution of the estuary are derived from the results. The results indicate that the morphology of the Beinan Estuary is governed by typhoon events and that the process of erosion, transport, and deposition of sediment are short. The amount of fluvial sediments that is required to cause changes in the estuary is determined based on these results, and this estimate can be used for erosion protection in the future.

Development of a near real-time forecasting system for storm surge and coastal inundation

ABSTRACT Yoon, J.J. and Shim, J.S., 2016. Development of a near real-time forecasting system for storm surge and coastal inundation. In: Vila-Concejo, A.; Bruce, E.; Kennedy, D.M., and McCarroll, R.J. (eds.), Proceedings of the 14th International Coastal Symposium (Sydney, Australia). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, No. 75, pp. 1427 - 1431. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Climate change is resulting in an increase in disastrous effects, such as sea level rise, intensity and frequency of storms, abnormal waves, and storm surges, in densely populated coastal areas. In particular, the coast of Korea was repeatedly damaged by storm surge and subsequent inundation caused by the approach of strong typhoons. Therefore, it is desirable to accurately forecast storm surge height and coastal inundation. In this study, a rapid, near real-time forecasting system was developed for addressing coastal inundation. A primary study of this system for operational forecasting using typhoon advisories was ...

Cloud-Resolving Typhoon Rainfall Ensemble Forecasts for Taiwan with Large Domain and Extended Range through Time-Lagged Approach

Abstract In this study, the performance of a new ensemble quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) system for Taiwan, with a cloud-resolving grid spacing of 2.5 km, a large domain of 1860 km × 1360 km, and an extended range of 8 days, is evaluated for six typhoons during 2012–13. Obtaining the probability (ensemble) information through a time-lagged approach, this system combines the strengths of high resolution (for QPF) and longer lead time (for hazard preparation) in an innovative way. For the six typhoons, in addition to short ranges (≤3 days), the system produced a decent QPF at a longest range up to days 8, 4, 6, 3, 6, and 7, providing greatly extended lead times, especially for slow-moving storms that pose higher threats. Moreover, since forecast uncertainty (reflected in the spread) is reduced with lead time, this system can provide a wide range of rainfall scenarios across Taiwan with longer lead times, each highly realistic for the associated track, allowing for advanced preparation for worst-case scenarios. Then, as the typhoon approaches and the predicted tracks converge, the government agencies can make adjustments toward the scenario of increasing likelihood. This strategy fits well with the conventional wisdom of “hoping for the best, but preparing for the worst” when facing natural hazards. Overall, the system presented herein compares favorably in usefulness to a typical 24-member ensemble (5-km grid size, 750 km × 900 km, 3-day forecasts) currently in operation using similar computational resources. Requiring about 1500 cores to execute four 8-day runs per day, it is not only powerful but also affordable and feasible.

Association between typhoon and asthma symptoms in Japan.

A typhoon is a tropical cyclone that develops in the western Pacific or Indian Oceans and occurs yearly between September and October in Japan. In 2013, 31 typhoons developed and, of those, 10 were in close proximity to Japan and 2 struck Japan directly. Research has shown that an impending typhoon is a factor associated with asthma attacks [1]. In Okinawa, Hanashiro et al. analyzed the relationship between asthma attack outbreaks and typhoons [2]. They discovered that, as a typhoon approaches, changes in meteorological parameters, especially decreases in temperature and barometric pressure, are related to induction of asthma attacks. By contrast, in past reports, meteorological parameters of

Numerical experiments of storm winds, surges, and waves on the southern coast of Korea during Typhoon Sanba: the role of revising wind force

Abstract. The southern coastal area of Korea has often been damaged by storm surges and waves due to the repeated approach of strong typhoons every year. The integrated model system is applied to simulate typhoon-induced winds, storm surges, and surface waves in this region during Typhoon Sanba in 2012. The TC96 planetary boundary layer wind model is used for atmospheric forcing and is modified to incorporate the effect of the land's roughness on the typhoon wind. Numerical experiments are carried out to investigate the effects of land-dissipated wind on storm surges and waves using the three-dimensional, unstructured grid, Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM), which includes integrated storm surge and wave models with highly refined grid resolutions along the coastal region of complex geometry and topography. Compared to the measured data, the numerical models have successfully simulated storm winds, surges, and waves. Better agreement between the simulated and measured storm winds has been found when considering the effect of wind dissipation by land roughness. In addition, this modified wind force leads to clearly improved results in storm surge simulations, whereas the wave results have shown only slight improvement. The study results indicate that the effect of land dissipation on wind force plays a significant role in the improvement of water level modeling inside coastal areas.

Surface Wind Nowcasting in the Penghu Islands Based on Classified Typhoon Tracks and the Effects of the Central Mountain Range of Taiwan

Abstract The purposes of this study were to forecast the hourly typhoon wind velocity over the Penghu Islands, and to discuss the effects of the terrain of the Central Mountain Range (CMR) of Taiwan over the Penghu Islands based on typhoon tracks. On average, a destructive typhoon hits the Penghu Islands every 15–20 yr. As a typhoon approaches the Penghu Islands, its track and intensity are influenced by the CMR topography. Therefore, CMR complicates the wind forecast of the Penghu Islands. Six main typhoon tracks (classes I–VI) are classified based on typhoon directions, as follows: (I) the direction of direct westward movement across the CMR of Taiwan, (II) the direction of northward movement along the eastern coast of Taiwan, (III) the direction of northward movement traveling through Taiwan Strait, (IV) the direction of westward movement traveling through Luzon Strait, (V) the direction of westward movement traveling through the southern East China Sea (near northern Taiwan), and (VI) the irregular track direction. The adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN) were used as the forecasting technique for predicting the wind velocity. A total of 49 typhoons from 2000 to 2012 were analyzed. Results showed that the ANFIS models provided high-reliability predictions for wind velocity, and the ANFIS achieved more favorable performance than did the MLPNN. In addition, a detailed discussion on the interaction of the CMR with the Penghu Islands based on various track directions is provided. For class I, the CMR is observed to have significantly influenced variations in wind speed when typhoons approached the Penghu Islands. In addition, the winds on the Penghu Islands were observed to have been influenced by the distance from the typhoon center to the Penghu Islands for all classes except class II.

Simulation of operational typhoon rainfall nowcasting using radar reflectivity combined with meteorological data

AbstractIn this study, a practical typhoon effective rainfall nowcasting (TERN) model was developed for use in real‐time forecasting. The TERN model was derived from a data‐driven adaptive network‐based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The model inputs include meteorological data and radar reflectivity data. The model simulation process begins with an online typhoon warning issued by the Central Weather Bureau (CWB) of Taiwan. It is then determined whether the typhoon approaches the study area according to the typhoon track predicted by the CWB. When a typhoon hits Taiwan, various data are received from sensor instruments, including the ground precipitation data, typhoon climatological data, and radar reflectivity factor by using Weather Surveillance Radar, 1988, Doppler (WSR‐88D) products. The study site was Shihmen Catchment. A maximum of 10 typhoon events from 2000 to 2010 were collected. Regarding the model construction, the input combinations of the ground precipitations and reflectivity factors over the catchment functioned as optimal input variables. To verify the practicability of the ANFIS‐based TERN model, Typhoon Krosa, which hit Taiwan in 2007, was simulated. The results demonstrated that the proposed methodology of real‐time rainfall forecasts during typhoon warning periods yielded favorable performance levels, reliably predicting results regarding 1 h to 6 h forecasting horizons.

Scale interaction between typhoons and the North Pacific subtropical high and associated remote effects during the Baiu/Meiyu season

AbstractThe interaction between typhoons and the North Pacific subtropical high and the associated remote impact on East Asian and North Pacific anomalous weather during the Baiu/Meiyu season have been investigated using the Japanese long‐term Reanalysis project data aided by the Japan Meteorological Agency Climate Data Assimilation System. The typhoons that appeared in July have been categorized into two primary tracks, the Hainan Island course (HC) and the Okinawa Island course (OC). A typhoon gives rise to negative absolute vorticity advection along its eastern periphery, which locally reinforces the western ridge of the North Pacific subtropical high, whereas the resultant anomalous high stimulates the westward (northward) migration of the HC (OC) typhoon through its combination with the background flow. A combined effect of the typhoon and its induced anomalous anticyclonic circulation increases the transportation of moisture into the Baiu/Meiyu frontal zone in the vicinity of Japan. Over the East China Sea and the Sea of Japan, northward or northeastward moisture flux is pronounced along the western periphery of the typhoon‐induced anticyclonic circulation anomaly in the HC category, triggering heavy rainfall on central Japan's Sea of Japan coast. Similar remote effects also operate in the OC category, which is responsible for the occurrence of extremely heavy rainfall along the Pacific coast of western Japan. When an OC typhoon approaches the Asian jet, it is capable of giving rise to anticyclonic vorticity within the jet, leading to the downstream development of stationary Rossby wave packets via the North Pacific waveguide.

비정규 유한체적 수치모형 FVCOM을 이용한 폭풍해일 및 침수범람 모의

The low-lying coastal area of Korea has often been damaged by storm surge and corresponding inundation as the approach of strong typhoons repeated every year. In this study, a systematic investigation of storm surge impact to the coasts of Korea peninsula has been conducted using the unstructured grid model, FVCOM. The model was applied to simulate the storm surge and corresponding inundation. Observations of surge and inland flooding data were used to validate the model with satisfactory results. The results of inundation simulations in this study showed correspondence with not only observed inundation area but also inundation depth to prove its ability as an inundation prediction model. And virtual inundation scenarios with enhanced tidal conditions were simulated to evaluate the possible maximum storm surge and inundation height. The simulation results for these scenarios are approximately 84~134 cm sea levels rising cases compared to typhoon MAEMI(2003)`s observation of surge and inland flooding. The possible inundation height was shown up to 4m in Masan and 1~2 m in Busan, Yeosu. The product of this study could be applied to coastal inundation prediction system and hazard mapping.

Estimation of storm surge inundation and hazard mapping for the southern coast of Korea

ABSTRACT Yoon, J.J., Shim, J.S., 2013. Estimation of storm surge inundation and hazard mapping for the southern coast of Korea The coastal area of Korea is damaged by the approach of typhoons every year. The most serious inundation damage, with loss of lives and properties, was caused by typhoon Maemi in September 2003. After this event, there has been increased interest in addressing these coastal zone problems. It is therefore desirable to accurately forecast the storm surge height. In this study, using a numerical finite-volume coastal ocean model (FVCOM), a storm surge was simulated to investigate its inundation characteristics for the coastal area at Masan, Yeosu and Busan cities on the southern coast of Korea. In the model, a moving boundary condition (wet-dry treatment) was applied to examine inundation propagation by storm surge. The model grids were extended up through the lowland area by applying the DEM, made by precisely combining the airborne-LiDAR survey and bathymetry data. A minimum 30 m r...