Typha Research Articles

낙동강 지류의 하천 습지에 자생하는 수생식물에서 분리된 내생균류의 다양성

낙동강 지류의 하천에 자생하는 5종류의 수생식물인 마름, 물억새, 미나리, 부들, 및 줄을 채집하였다. 수생식물의 뿌리에서 분리된 34균주의 내생균류는 ITS영역 염기 서열을 분석하였다. 분리된 모든 내생균류들에 대하여 다양성 지수와 계통분석을 수행하였다. 내생균류는 17속으로서, Acremonium속, Alternaria속, Aspergillus속, Cladosporium속, Emericellopsis속, Fusarium속, Galactomyces속, Leptosphaeria속, Microsphaeropsis속, Penicillium속, Peyronellaea속, Phoma속, Pseudeurotium속, Rhizomucor속, Talaromyces속, Trematosphaeria속, Zalerion속 등이 분리되었다. 5종류의 수생식물에서 Alternaria, Talaromyces속의 균류들이 비교적 많이 분포하고 있었다. 본 연구는 낙동강 지류의 하천 습지에 자생하는 수생식물 군락에서 공생하는 내생균류의 다양성에 대한 연구이다. Endophytic fungal strains were isolated from 5 aquatic plant species (Trapa japonica, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Oenanthe javanica, Typha orientalis and Zizania latifolia) native to river wetland of tributary in Nakdong river. Total 34 strains were purely isolated, and then its internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were amplified. After that, phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences and deduction of diversity indices were done. Fungal isolates were belonged to 17 genera, concretely in Acremonium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Emericellopsis, Fusarium, Galactomyces, Leptosphaeria, Microsphaeropsis, Penicillium, Peyronellaea, Phoma, Pseudeurotium, Rhizomucor, Talaromyces, Trematosphaeria and Zalerion. Especially, fungal isolates were distributed intensively in genera Alternaria and Talaromyces. This study deals with the diversity of endophytic fungal species that showing symbiotic relationship with their host aquatic plants.

Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus removal by a surface-flow constructed wetland for polluted river water treatment.

The characteristics of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) removal were studied during the 2-year operation of a free water surface flow wetland of 900 m² with hydraulic loading of 0.1 m/d to evaluate its potential to treat water from an urban stream polluted with municipal and industrial wastewater. Attention was focused on the removal of dissolved N and P by harvesting plants (local Phragmites australis and Typha orientalis) at the end of each growing season. According to findings, the removals of N and P increased from 47.1% and 17.6%, respectively, in the 1st year to 52.3% and 32.4%, respectively, in the 2nd year. Increments of N and P removal were largely attributable to plant biomass, which increased from an average dry weight of 1.77 kg/m² in the 1st year to 3.41 kg/m² in the 2nd year. The amount of nutrients assimilated by plants in the 2nd year was almost double that of the 1st year. Increasing biomass in the 2nd year also improved redox conditions in the substrate layer, which contributed to increasing the efficiency of N removal. Compared with T. orientalis, P. australis was more competitive and adapted to conditions in the wetland better; it regenerated more vigorously and contributed more to nutrient removal.

Typha orientalis Presl (Typhaceae): a new species record for India

Typha orientalis C. Presl (Typhaceae) is recorded for the first time from the Kashmir Himalaya, India.and for the first time in the entire Indian sub-continent. A detailed taxonomic description and photographs of the diagnostic characters are provided to facilitate its identification in the field. Also provided are diagnostic characters used to distinguish T. orientalis C. Presl from T. latifolia L.

Characteristics of growth and radial oxygen loss of eight wetland plants

湿地植物是人工湿地的核心部分,筛选优良的植物种类,将有利于充分发挥湿地植物的功能,提高人工湿地污水处理的能力.分析4种须根型植物香蒲(Typha orientalis)、美人蕉(Canna indica)、灯芯草(Juncus effusus)、纸莎草(Cyperus papyrus)和4种根茎型植物菖蒲(Acorus calamus)、再力花(Thalia dealbata)、芦竹(Arundo donax)、黄菖蒲(Iris pseudacorus)在厌氧、水培条件下的生长状况及根系泌氧特性;比较它们的根和茎叶生物量、相对生长速率(RGR)、根长、根孔隙度和泌氧量(率)等生理生态特性.结果表明,8种湿地植物在厌氧条件下生长状况良好;其中,须根型植物的生物量、RGR和泌氧能力均显著优于根茎型植物.在相同光照条件下,灯芯草的泌氧率最大,为192.62μmol O₂/(d·g (DW_root)),而黄菖蒲的根系泌氧率最小,仅为68.81μmol O₂/(d·g(DW_root)).各植物根系泌氧率大小为:灯芯草> 纸莎草> 香蒲> 美人蕉> 菖蒲> 再力花> 芦竹> 黄菖蒲.方差分析显示:植物根系泌氧率与根孔隙度呈极显著正相关,而植物泌氧量与RGR、各生物量呈极显著正相关,但与根茎比呈显著负相关.;Plant is the core component of constructed wetland. Selecting the superior varieties of wetland plants would make full use of their functions in constructed wetland, and then improve the efficiency of sewage water treatment. To investigate the growth characteristics and radial oxygen loss(ROL) from roots of wetland plants under extreme condition, 8 species of wetland plants which were cultured with synthetic water under anaerobic condition were collected for comparison. 8 wetland plants could divided into two groups, fibril-root plant(Typha orientalisl, Canna indica, Juncus effusus, Cyperus papyrus) and rhizomatic-root plant(Acorus calamus, Thalia dealbata, Arundo donax, Iris pseudacorus). The eco-physiological characteristics, such as biomass, relative growth rate(RGR) root length, root porosity, root ROL were compared. Results showed that 8 kinds of wetland plants all grown well under anaerobic conditions. Fibril-root plants had greater biomass, higher RGR and ROL than rhizomatic-root plant. Under the same illumination, Juncus effuses had the maximum ROL which reached 192.62μmol O₂/(d·g (DW_root)), while Iris pseudacorus had the minimum, which was only 68.81μmol O₂/(d·g (DW_root)). The ranking order of ROL of the 8 species wetland plants was: Juncus effuses> Cyperus papyrus> Typha orientalis> Canna indica> Acorus calamus> Thalia dealbata> Arundo donax> Iris pseudacorus. ANOVA analysis indicated that Rate of ROL was positively correlated with root porosity. The ROL was positively correlated with both of RGR and biomass,while negatively related to root/shoot ratio.

震旦鸦雀在镶嵌型芦苇收割生境中的巢址选择

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 震旦鸦雀在镶嵌型芦苇收割生境中的巢址选择 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201312132949 作者: 作者单位: 辽宁大学,辽宁大学生命科学院,辽宁大学生命科学院,北京师范大学 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家青年科学基金项目(31301888); 国家重点基础研究发展计划(2006CB403305); 辽宁大学青年基金项目(2012LDQN11) Nest-site selection of reed parrotbills in the mosaic reed harvesting habitats Author: Affiliation: Liaoning University,,,Beijing Normal University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:大规模的芦苇收割会对在该生境中繁殖的鸟类产生严重影响。为降低芦苇收割对鸟类繁殖的负面影响,许多地区的湿地管理者逐渐采用了镶嵌型的芦苇收割方式。但是,这种新的芦苇管理方式对鸟类繁殖期生境选择的作用机理尚不清楚。震旦鸦雀是一种主要分布在我国东部、完全依赖芦苇生境而生存的珍稀鸟类,已被IUCN定为全球性近危物种。大规模的芦苇收割导致其适宜生境丧失,被认为是该物种面临的一个主要威胁。选择山东黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区为研究地区,采用AIC 信息准则法,从巢址微生境、巢域斑块和全模型3个水平上对可能影响震旦鸦雀巢址选择的生境因子进行了逻辑斯蒂回归分析,并重点探讨芦苇镶嵌收割对其巢址选择的影响以及不同水平的相互效应。结果发现,震旦鸦雀的巢址选择受巢址微生境和巢域斑块尺度双重水平的影响,但巢址微生境因子的影响要大于巢域斑块因子。在巢址微生境水平上,影响震旦鸦雀巢址选择的因素有:1.5-2.5 m旧芦苇的密度、2.5 m以上新芦苇的密度、香蒲密度和巢的可见度;在巢域斑块水平上,影响因素包括芦苇生境类型、旧芦苇斑块面积的比例和植被盖度;在综合模型中,影响因素有1.5-2.5 m旧芦苇的密度、2.5 m以上新芦苇的密度、香蒲密度、巢的可见度和植被盖度。综上,震旦鸦雀倾向于在植被盖度较高、具有一定比例(18.3%)旧芦苇面积、1.5-2.5 m旧芦苇密度较高、可见度较低的生境斑块中筑巢。研究中,78.7%(n=141)的震旦鸦雀将巢筑在新旧芦苇混合的微生境中,其中36.9%的巢址附近旧芦苇的比例在一半以上;53.2%(n=111)的巢筑于新、旧两种芦苇茎秆之上,22.3%的巢的支撑芦苇中旧芦苇所占比例在一半以上。研究结果表明,旧芦苇在震旦鸦雀巢址选择和筑巢过程中发挥了重要作用。由于大范围的芦苇收割在微生境水平上可降低1.5-2.5 m旧芦苇的密度,在巢域斑块尺度上可降低旧芦苇斑块面积的比例,因此建议,在震旦鸦雀的繁殖地,未来的芦苇收割应采用镶嵌收割的形式,并至少应保留面积在20%以上的结构较好的旧芦苇斑块,以供震旦鸦雀选择巢址和繁衍后代。 Abstract:The impact of an ongoing loss and fragmentation of reedbeds on reed-inhabiting passerine birds has received much attention in recent years. In addition, global commercial reed harvesting is another important anthropogenic factor threatening the existence of passerine birds. According to previous studies, large-scale winter reed cutting has greatly reduced the number of reed-inhabiting passerine birds across the world. Thus, a new reed harvesting method called 'mosaic reed cutting' has been introduced in many natural reserves to reduce the impact that reed harvesting has on the reed-inhabiting birds. However, the precise impact of the mosaic reed cutting on the habitat use by passerine birds, especially the nest-site selection, has not been well studied. Reed parrotbill (Paradoxornis heudei) is an endemic reedbed-inhabiting bird that is native to East China, and it is currently listed as "near threatened" mainly because of the loss of the wintering and breeding habitats due to the ongoing over-harvesting. In this study, we chose the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve as a study site to assess the effect of mosaic reed cutting on the nest-site selection and habitat use by reed parrotbills. As habitats can be destroyed by reed harvesting on different spatial scales, we measured 17 variables to determine the nest-site selection of reed parrotbills in the microhabitat (eight variables), territorial patch (nine variables), and full model scales. In total, 141 nests were found and the nest-site characteristics of all the nests were measured during 2008 and 2011-2012. One unused control plot was randomly chosen for each nest and the corresponding habitat variables were also measured. We investigated the nest-site selection of reed parrotbills using binomial logistic regression that was based on two different levels, microhabitat nest-site and nesting patch. The relevant factors for each level were selected based on the Akaike's Information Criterion. The results showed that the nest-site selection of reed parrotbills depended largely on the scales of both microhabitat and nesting patch. However, microhabitat appeared to exert a stronger impact than the nesting patch. In the microhabitat, the nest-site selection positively correlated to the density of dry reed with stems 1.5-2.5 m high, but it was negatively affected by the density of green reed with stems over 2.5 m high, the density of cattail (Typha orientalis), and the visibility of the nest. In nesting patch, the nest-site selection was positively associated with the percentage of dry reed-patch area and vegetation cover, as well as the reed habitat type. However, by combining the two levels, the ultimate factors included all of the above, except for the percentage of dry reed-patch area and reed habitat type. Therefore, reed parrotbills preferred to nest on higher-density dry reed with stems 1.5-2.5 m high, in the microhabitat with lower nest visibility, higher percentage of dry reed-patch area, and habitats with higher vegetation coverage of nesting patch. Thus, 78.7% (n = 141) of birds built their nests in mixed habitats that included both dry and green reed stems and the percentage of dry reeds exceeded 50% in 36.9% of the nests; 53.2% (n = 111) of birds built their nests on substrates formed by both dry and green reeds, and the percentage of dry reeds in these substrates exceeded 50% in 22.3% of the nests. Thus, we concluded that the dry reed left during the mosaic reed harvesting is critical to the nest-site selection and nesting of reed parrotbills, in which both the density of dry reed stems in the microhabitat and the percentage of dry reed-patch area in nesting patch can be significantly reduced by extensive reed harvesting. We further recommended that future reed management should ensure that the reedbed retains at least 20% of dry reed to provide a sustainable nesting habitat for reed parrotbills. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Tagging truncated proteins with CAT tails

Protein Synthesis During the translation of a messenger RNA (mRNA) into protein, ribosomes can sometimes stall. Truncated proteins thus formed can be toxic to the cell and must be destroyed. Shen et al. show that the proteins Ltn1p and Rqc2p, subunits of the ribosome quality control complex, bind to the stalled and partially disassembled ribosome. Ltn1p, a ubiquitin ligase, binds near the nascent polypeptide exit tunnel on the ribosome, well placed to tag the truncated protein for destruction. The Rqc2p protein interacts with the transfer RNA binding sites on the partial ribosome and recruits alanine- and threonine-bearing tRNAs. Rqc2p then catalyzes the addition of these amino acids onto the unfinished protein, in the absence of both the fully assembled ribosome and mRNA. These so-called CAT tails may promote the heat shock response, which helps buffer against malformed proteins. Science , this issue p. [75][1] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1259724

Protein synthesis. Rqc2p and 60S ribosomal subunits mediate mRNA-independent elongation of nascent chains.

In Eukarya, stalled translation induces 40S dissociation and recruitment of the ribosome quality control complex (RQC) to the 60S subunit, which mediates nascent chain degradation. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy structures revealing that the RQC components Rqc2p (YPL009C/Tae2) and Ltn1p (YMR247C/Rkr1) bind to the 60S subunit at sites exposed after 40S dissociation, placing the Ltn1p RING (Really Interesting New Gene) domain near the exit channel and Rqc2p over the P-site transfer RNA (tRNA). We further demonstrate that Rqc2p recruits alanine- and threonine-charged tRNA to the A site and directs the elongation of nascent chains independently of mRNA or 40S subunits. Our work uncovers an unexpected mechanism of protein synthesis, in which a protein--not an mRNA--determines tRNA recruitment and the tagging of nascent chains with carboxy-terminal Ala and Thr extensions ("CAT tails").

식생기반형 LID 시설의 식재식물 선정을 위한 내침수성 비교

본 연구는 식생기반형 LID 시설에 적합한 식물선정을 위해 수환경 적응도가 높은 10종의 식물을 반침수와 완전침수 조건에서 침수기간별 생육상태를 조사하여 내침수성을 비교하였다. 침수기간별 수고, 엽폭을 비교 분석한 결과, 내침수성은 원추리 > 골풀 > 노란꽃창포 > 갈대 > 부들 > 벌개미취 > 붓꽃 > 속새 > 창포 순으로 나타났다. 특히, 원추리, 골풀, 노란꽃창포는 두가지 침수조건에서 모두 양호한 생장을 보였으며, 붓꽃, 속새는 27일 전후로 고사되었으나 내침수성이 비교적 강한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 반침 수구 조건에서 21일 기준으로 완전침수구와 달리 노란꽃창포가 내침수성이 매우 강한 식물로 나타났으며, 벌개미취 또한 양호한 생장을 하며 내침수성이 강한 것으로 나타났다. 본 실험을 통해 식생기반형 LID 시설에 적합한 식물로 원추리, 골풀, 노란꽃창포가 선정되었으며, 벌개미취, 붓꽃, 속새 또한 침수기간에 따른 이용 가능성을 확인하였다. In this study, 10 species of plants with high adaptability to aquatic environments were compared for selecting plant species suitable for vegetation-based low impact development (LID) facilities. The flooding tolerances of the plants were tested by analyzing their growth status under half-immersion and full-immersion conditions, with varying durations of immersion. In decreasing order of flooding tolerance, the comparative analysis of plant height and leaf width is as follows: Hemerocallis fulva, Juncus effusus var. decipiens, Iris pseudoacorus, Phragmites communis TRIN, Typha orientalis C.Presl, Aster koraiensis Nakai, Iris sanguinea, Equisetum hyemale, Acorus calamus. Specifically, Hemerocallis fulva, Juncus effusus var. decipiens. Iris pseudoacorus showed excellent growth status under both immersion conditions. Iris sanguinea and Equisetum hyemale. withered to death by around day 27 of the experiment, but their flooding tolerance was confirmed to be relatively high. Iris pseudoacoru showed flooding tolerance under the half-immersion condition unlike under the full-immersion condition, when compared on day 21 of the experiment. Aster koraiensis Nakai also thrived better under the half-immersion condition, proving to be a highly immersion-resistant species. On the basis of the results of this experiment, Hemerocallis fulva, Juncus effusus var. decipiens and Iris pseudoacorus, Typha orientalis C.Presl were selected as species suitable for vegetation-based LID facilities.

Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from Typha orientalis leaves

Background In this study, activated carbon (AC) was prepared from Typha orientalis or commonly known as cattail leaves using physical and chemical activation phosphoric acid (H3PO4), as dehydrating agent. A two-stage process was used, i.e., semi-carbonization stage at 200 °C for 15 min as first stage followed by second stage activation, at 500 °C for 45 min. The precursor material with the impregnated agent was exposed straight away to semi-carbonization and activation temperature using a laboratory scale muffle furnace (Carbolite RHF 1500, England) under static condition in a self-generated atmosphere.

Species and Biogeochemical Cycles of Organic Phosphorus in Sediments From a River With Different Aquatic Plants Located in Huaihe River Watershed, China

The results of phosphorus fractionation in the sediments from a contaminated river containing different aquatic plants, analyzed by solution 31P-NMR for Organic Phosphorus, showed that the concentration of Inorganic Phosphorus dominated in all species and Organic Phosphorus accounted for over 20% of Total Phosphorus. In general, orthophosphate was dominant in all the sampling sites. The proportion of Organic Phosphorus accounting for the Total Phosphorus in the sediments with different plant decreased in the following order: Paspalum distichum > Typha orientalis > Hydrilla verticillata. Phosphorus-accumulation ability of Paspalum distichum was obviously stronger than Typha orientalis and Hydrilla verticillata. The Organic Phosphorus was in aquatic plants dominated by humic-associated P (Hu-P), which converted to Inorganic Ohosphorus more significantly in submerged plants than in emerged plants. The sediment dominated by Paspalum distichum abundantly accumulated Organic Phosphorus in the orthophosphate monoester fraction. The degradation and mineralization of orthophosphate monoester was the important source of high Inorganic Phosphorus concentration and net primary productivity in Suoxu River. The Organic Phosphorus derived from Typha orientalis and Hydrilla verticillata was dramatically converted to Inorganic Phosphorus when the environmental factors varied.

Water quality improvement with artificial floating islands

As the natural purification of the traditional artificial floating island is very slow, the purpose of this research is to explore the efficiency of the green energy artificial floating island (GAFI) to improve water quality. We constructed experimental models near the bank of Lize Lake at MingDao University in Taiwan, where the surrounding waters and wastewater from the dormitories served as the sources for water purification and treatment. In the field of the experimental model, three water tanks, each of which is 165cm in depth and 130cm in diameter, with 2 tons of water in total, were buried as the experimental containers. The GAFI area is 60×60cm equipped with three kinds of aquatic plants: Typha orientalis Presl, Eleocharis dulcis and Juncus effuses, as the vegetation purification plants, and an aerator device powered by solar power. According to our experimental results, GAFI can effectively break down stratified water into homogenized water and inhibit algae growth. The dissolved oxygen and oxygen reduction potential were increasing when the GAFI was used, and the NH3–N, NO3–N and NO2–N were effectively decreased. As GAFI can quickly enhance water quality, it is worth promoting its application for water landscapes and environmental conservation in the future.

Research on the Plant Selection of Buffer Zone and Pollutants Removal Ability of Plants in Ashi River Basin

Eight aquatic plant species commonly found in northern China were studied on their removal ability and enrichment ability of nitrogen and phosphor in root, stems and leaf through the pot experiments. The result shows that when the concentration of TP and TN in entering water is ranged from 0.29 to 0.46mg/L and 4.69 to 4.74mg/L respectively,Lythrumsalicaria,IrispseudacorusandTyphaangustifoliahave the higher removal rate of TP, which increased by 18.61%, 17.8% and 16.44%, respectively, compared with the blank;Typha orientalis Presl,Phragmitesaustralisand T.angustifoliahave the higher removal rate of TN, which increased by 21.10%, 21.81%, 21.64%, respectively, compared with the blank.L.salicariahas the best removal ability of TP, the removal rate of TP in root,stem and leaf arrived at 3.57%, 2.13% and 3.34% compared with control.T.orientalis Preslhas the best removal ability of TN. Among the test plant species,L.salicaria, T.orientalis Presl andT.angustifoliaare the best one for the water purification in Ashi River basin.

Nitrogen-doped nanoporous carbon nanosheets derived from plant biomass: an efficient catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction

Catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are crucial in fuel cells. Developing metal-free catalyst with high activity at low-cost and high-volume production remains a great challenge. Here, we report a novel type of nitrogen-doped nanoporous carbon nanosheets derived from a conveniently available and accessible plant, Typha orientalis. The nanosheets have high surface area (the highest surface area can be 898 m2 g−1), abundant micropores and high content of nitrogen (highest content of 9.1 at.%). The typical product exhibits an unexpected, surprisingly high ORR activity. In alkaline media, it exhibits similar catalytic activity but superior tolerance to methanol as compared to commercial 20% Pt/C. In acidic media as well, it shows excellent catalytic ability, stability and tolerance to methanol. This low-cost, simple and readily scalable approach provides a straightforward route to synthesize excellent electrocatalysts directly from biomass, which may find broad applications in the fields of supercapacitors, sensors, and gas uptake.

Study on the Effects of Wastewater Duress on Chlorophyll Content of 4 Species Wetland Plants

The research which is the species selection of constructed wetland plants and the resistance of the plants is the key to ecological wastewater treatment technology. This paper studies the change of chlorophyll content in 4 wetland plants (Phragmites communis, Typha orientalis, Arundo donax and Canna generalis) in different wastewater duress time. The results show: chlorophyll contents in Canna generalis and Arundo donax have less change, and their anti-stress capability are stronger.

Reconstructing atmospheric CO2 during the Plio-Pleistocene transition by fossil Typha.

The Earth has undergone a significant climate switch from greenhouse to icehouse during the Plio-Pleistocene transition (PPT) around 2.7-2.4 million years ago (Ma), marked by the intensification of the Northern Hemisphere glaciation (NHG) ~2.7 Ma. Evidence based on oceanic CO2 [(CO2)aq], supposed to be in close equilibrium with the atmospheric CO2 [(CO2)atm], suggests that the CO2 decline might drive such climate cooling. However, the rarity of direct evidence from [CO2]atm during the interval prevents determination of the atmospheric CO2 level and further assessment on the impact of its fluctuation. Here, we reconstruct the [CO2]atm level during 2.77-2.52 Ma based on a new developed proxy of stomatal index on Typha orientalis leaves from Shanxi, North China, and depict the first [CO2]atm curve over the past 5 Ma by using stomata-based [CO2]atm data. Comparisons of the terrestrial-based [CO2]atm and the existed marine-based [CO2]aq curves show a similar general trend but with different intensity of fluctuations. Our data reveal that the high peak of [CO2]atm occurred at 2.77-2.52 Ma with a lower [CO2]aq background. The subsequent sharp fall in [CO2]atm level might be responsible for the intensification of the NHG based on their general temporal synchronism. These findings shed a significant light for our understanding toward the [CO2]atm changes and its ecological impact since 5 Ma.

Hybrid constructed wetlands for highly polluted river water treatment and comparison of surface- and subsurface-flow cells

A series of large pilot constructed wetland (CW) systems were constructed near the confluence of an urban stream to a larger river in Xi'an, a northwestern megacity in China, for treating polluted stream water before it entered the receiving water body. Each CW system is a combination of surface-and subsurface-flow cells with local gravel, sand or slag as substrates and Phragmites australis and Typha orientalis as plants. During a one-year operation with an average surface loading of 0.053 m3/(m2·day), the overall COD, BOD, NH3-N, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) removals were 72.7% ± 4.5%, 93.4% ± 2.1%, 54.0% ± 6.3%, 53.9% ± 6.0% and 69.4% ± 4.6%, respectively, which brought about an effective improvement of the river water quality. Surface-flow cells showed better NH3-N removal than their TN removal while subsurface-flow cells showed better TN removal than their NH3-N removal. Using local slag as the substrate, the organic and phosphorus removal could be much improved. Seasonal variation was also found in the removal of all the pollutants and autumn seemed to be the best season for pollutant removal due to the moderate water temperature and well grown plants in the CWs.

Research on biogas production potential of aquatic plants

This paper is to explore the biogas production potential of wetland aquatic biomass plants. 7 species of wetland aquatic biomass plants are used in the study, which include 4 plants with more fiber carbohydrate, Acorus calamus Linn, Typha orientalis Presl, Pontederia cordata and Canna indica, and 3 plants with more starch carbohydrate, Colocasia tonoimo Nakai, Thalia dealbata and Hydrocotyle vulgaris. In the experiment, these plants were treated by anaerobic fermentation in batch mode at 37 °C. The results show that the anaerobic biogas production potential (ABP, mL·g−1 VS) of aquatic biomass plants is different for different components content (%TS). The correlation between ABP and hemicellulose content is significant and negative (R = −0.784, 0.01 < p < 0.05), and the correlation between ABP and starch carbohydrate content is significant and positive (R = 0.767, 0.01 < p < 0.05). The multiple stepwise regression equation with cross variable can roughly meet the statistical model to reflect the coeffect of hemicellulose, cellulose, starch carbohydrate and lignin on ABP of aquatic biomass plants, y = 238.62 + 2.60x1 + 28.55x2−2.08x2x3 + 12.67x3, (Adj-R2 = 0.962, p(intercept) = 0.034, p(x1) = 0.101, p(x2) = 0.036, p(x2x3) = 0.066, p(x3) = 0.031, p = 0.025, SD = 9.95), y represents ABP (mL g−1 VS), x1, x2 and x3 represents the cellulose, lignin and starch carbohydrate content (%TS) respectively.

A comparison on the phytoremediation ability of triazophos by different macrophytes

The strategy of choosing suitable plants should receive great performance in phytoremediation of surface water polluted by triazophos (O,O-diethyl-O-(1-phenyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-base) sulfur phosphate, TAP), which is an organophosphorus pesticide widespread applied for agriculture in China and moderately toxic to higher animal and fish. The tolerance, uptake, transformation and removal of TAP by twelve species of macrophytes were examined in a hydroponic system and a comprehensive score (CS) of five parameters (relative growth rate (RGR), biomass, root/shoot ratio, removal capacity (RC), and bio-concentration factor (BCF)) by factor analysis was employed to screen the potential macrophyte species for TAP phytoremediation. The results showed that Thalia dealbata, Cyperus alternifolius, Canna indica and Acorus calamus had higher RGR values, indicating these four species having stronger growth capacity under TAP stress. The higher RC loading in Iris pseudacorus and Cyperus rotundus were 42.11 and 24.63 μg/(g fw·day), respectively. The highest values of BCF occurred in A. calamus (1.17), and TF occurred in Eichhornia crassipes (2.14). Biomass and root/shoot ratio of plant showed significant positive correlation with first-order kinetic constant of TAP removal in the hydroponic system, indicating that plant biomass and root system play important roles in remediation of TAP. Five plant species including C. alternifolius, A. calamus, T. dealbata, C. indica and Typha orientalis, which owned higher CS, would be potential species for TAP phytoremediation of contaminated water bodies.

芦苇、香蒲和藨草3种挺水植物的养分吸收动力学研究

The emergent plants may differ in their capacity to assimilate nutrients from eutrophic water bodies,so the utilization of suitable emergent plants is the key part for successful restoration of shallow eutrophic lakes. This research applied the depletion method after plants were grown for 4 weeks in 1 /8 Hoagland nutrient solution to study the kinetics of uptake of nutrient( H2PO-4,NH+ 4,NO-3) by the three emergent aquatic plants Phragmites australis,Typha orientalis and Scirpus triqueter dominated in the littoral zones of Wuliangsuhai Lake( 40°36'—41°03'N,108°43'— 108°57'E),a shallow eutrophic lake located in Urat Front Banner of Bayannaoer city,Inner Mongolia. The maximum uptake rate( Imax), Michaelis-Menten constant( Km),and Minimum equilibrium concentration( Cmin) were estimated by the ion consumption dynamics equation. The Imaxfor H2PO-4of Phragmites australis,Typha orientalis,and Scirpus triqueter are 0.3895 μmol g-1( dry weight,DW) h-1,0.3053 μmol g-1DW h-1,and 0.6330 μmol g-1DW h-1,While the Kmfor H2PO-4are 0. 0637 mmol / L,0.0645 mmol / L,and 0.0702 mmol / L,respectively. Results indicated that the Scirpus triqueter has a significantly higher uptake rate of H2PO-4than Phragmites australis and Typha orientalis,but no differences have been found in the adaptation( tolerance) of the three species to low H2PO-4concentrations. The Imaxfor NH+ 4of Phragmites australis,Typha orientalis,and Scirpus triqueter are 8.995 μmol g-1DW h-1,5.584 μmol g-1DW h-1,and 13.819 μmol g-1DW h-1,While the Kmfor NH+ 4are 1. 882 mmol / L,1. 787 mmol / L,and 1. 874 mmol / L,respectively. The Imaxfor NO-3of Phragmites australis,Typha orientalis,and Scirpus triqueter are 3.374 μmol g-1DW h-1,2.544 μmol g-1DW h-1,and 10.146 μmol g-1 DW h-1,While the Kmfor NO-3are 0.924 mmol / L,0.884 mmol / L,and 0.847 mmol / L,respectively. Results indicated that Scirpus triqueter had also highest uptake rates of NH+ 4and NO-3,was tolerant to low NO-3concentrations but did not adapt to( tolerate) low NH+ 4concentrations. By contrast,Typha orientalis dislayed the strongest affinity to NH+ 4and the highest uptake at low NH+ 4concentrations,which the Cminis 1.724 mmol / L lower than Phragmites australis( 1.865 mmol / L) and Scirpus triqueter( 1.833 mmol / L). Overall the three emergent plants showed higher uptake capacity for NH+ 4than for NO-3. Nutrient uptake characteristics of the emergent plants are species-specific and influenced by the structure of roots. Outcomes of this research suggest that Scirpus triqueter suits best as pioneering species for ecological restoration of water bodies with high NH+ 4and NO-3concentrations,while Typha orientalis suits well for stabilizing improved water quality conditions.

Phytosociology of invasive alien therophytic flora of Peddagattu, the proposed site for uranium mining in Nalgonda district, Telangana, India.

ABSTRACT:The present investigation reflects the findings of invasive alien species and phytosociological attributes at Peddagattu (Lambapur), Nalgonda district, Telangana, India. Phytosociology studies on Invasive alien species were collected during 2010-2012. Of 30 species of taxa are belonging to 29 genera and 17 families. Compositae is the most dominant family representing  with 6 species (20%) followed by Malvaceae 4 species (13%), Solanaceae 3 species (10%), Amaranthaceae and Leguminaceae with 2 species (7% each). About 60% of these alien species were introduced from Tropical America followed by Tropical Africa (13%), and Trop. C. America (7%). Among the species, Tridax procumbens shows the highest IVI value (12.94) and followed by Cleome viscose (7.12), Waltheria indica (6.13) and Parthenium hysterophorus (5.57) and Typha angustata (5.22).