Typha Orientalis Presl Research Articles

Research on biogas production potential of aquatic plants

This paper is to explore the biogas production potential of wetland aquatic biomass plants. 7 species of wetland aquatic biomass plants are used in the study, which include 4 plants with more fiber carbohydrate, Acorus calamus Linn, Typha orientalis Presl, Pontederia cordata and Canna indica, and 3 plants with more starch carbohydrate, Colocasia tonoimo Nakai, Thalia dealbata and Hydrocotyle vulgaris. In the experiment, these plants were treated by anaerobic fermentation in batch mode at 37 °C. The results show that the anaerobic biogas production potential (ABP, mL·g−1 VS) of aquatic biomass plants is different for different components content (%TS). The correlation between ABP and hemicellulose content is significant and negative (R = −0.784, 0.01 < p < 0.05), and the correlation between ABP and starch carbohydrate content is significant and positive (R = 0.767, 0.01 < p < 0.05). The multiple stepwise regression equation with cross variable can roughly meet the statistical model to reflect the coeffect of hemicellulose, cellulose, starch carbohydrate and lignin on ABP of aquatic biomass plants, y = 238.62 + 2.60x1 + 28.55x2−2.08x2x3 + 12.67x3, (Adj-R2 = 0.962, p(intercept) = 0.034, p(x1) = 0.101, p(x2) = 0.036, p(x2x3) = 0.066, p(x3) = 0.031, p = 0.025, SD = 9.95), y represents ABP (mL g−1 VS), x1, x2 and x3 represents the cellulose, lignin and starch carbohydrate content (%TS) respectively.

Assessing the Eutrophication Status of Qixing Wetland and the Effect of Plants

The comprehensive trophic level index has been applied to assess eutrophication status of QiXing Wetland. The five subzones of QiXing Wetland with different vegetation pattern have different eutrophication status. The comprehensive trophic level index is mainly affected by TN and TP at high concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus. Therefore, the plant communities can significantly influence on eutrophication status of the wetland through removing nitrogen and phosphorus in water. Three mainly dominant plants in wetland are Phragmites australis, Nelumbo nucifera and Typha orientalis Presl. The ability to remove nitrogen and phosphorus of these three plant communities were investigated. Typha orientalis Presl community has the maximum efficiency in removing nitrogen and phosphorus in water. Therefore, Typha orientalis Presl is more suitable for the purification of the water.

Absorptive Extraction of Pb by Cattail Plant

A kind of cattail (Typhaorientalis Presl) were collected from a tailings of Pb mine and cultivated in a hydroponic solution containing different concentrations of Pb (NO3)2 in order to identify whether T.orientalis is potential for phytoremediation of Pb. The results showed that cattail collected from the Pb mine had a strong accumulation of Pb: the average Pb concentrations in the leaves and roots are 619 mg kg-1 and 1233 mg kg-1, respectively; the translocation factors were high ranging from 0.48 to 0.52; the growth of this cattail was not affected by Pb up to 300 mg L-1. The Pb concentrations in the leaves and roots increased with the increase of Pb level in the nutrient solution and the maximum Pb concentrations in the leaves and roots were 16190 mg kg-1 and 64405 mg kg-1, respectively. This study suggests that T.orientalis could accumulation Pb with great efficiency and is potential for phytoremediation.

Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Seven Medicinal Herbs including Tetrapanax papyriferus and Piper longum Linne

In this study, we analyzed the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of seven medicinal herbs. All extracts of the tested herbs, Euryale ferox Salisbury, Echinops setifer Iljin, Amomum cardamomum Linne, Tetrapanax papyriferus, Illicium verum Hook. f., Typha orientalis Presl, and Piper longum Linne, exhibited potent anti-oxidative activity as confirmed by DPPH radical scavenging capacity. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced nitric oxide (NO) production, in the RAW 264.7 cell line, was also ameliorated by all extracts' treatments in a dose dependent manner. NO suppressive activity originated from the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression by the extracts. Three extracts, E. ferox S., I. verum Hook. f., and P. longum L., possessed suppressive activity against, not only iNOS, but also cycloxygenase 2 (COX-2) protein expression. These three extracts may then serve as potential candidates for non steroidal analgesic inflammation drugs (NSAIDs). Furthermore, all extracts induced anti-oxidative enzyme, heme oxygenase 1, protein expression. Taken together, these results provide an important new insight into the fact that various medicinal herbs possess potent anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities and might be utilized as promising agents in the field of health products. Further studies for the identification of the active compounds from medicinal herbs are clearly needed.

Selection of aquatic plants for phytoremediation of heavy metal in electroplate wastewater

The remediation of heavy metal-contaminated sites using plants is a promising alternative to current methodologies. In this study, small-scale wetlands were constructed to search for new plant species that are suitable and hold potential for phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated wastewater originating from an electroplating plant. Ten macrophyte species [Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin., Typha orientalis Presl, Lythrum salicaria Linn., Arundo donax Linn. var. versicolor Stokes, Typha minima Funk, Juncus effusus L., Pontederia cordata L., Cyperus alternifolius Linn. subsp. flabelliformis (Rottb.) Kukenth., Acorus calamus Linn., and Iris pseudacorus Linn.] were investigated and compared for their shapes, biomass, roots, and ability to accumulate heavy metals. Acorus calamus Linn., T. orientalis Presl, P. australis (Cav.) Trin., T. minima Funk, and L. salicaria Linn. exhibited the highest levels of metal tolerance, whereas P. cordata L., I. pseudacorus Linn., and C. alternifolius Linn. subsp. flabelliformis (Rottb.) Kukenth. had the lowest. Some plants accumulated higher concentrations of metals in the tissues compared with other species such as T. minima Funk, P. australis (Cav.) Trin., L. salicaria Linn., A. donax Linn. var. versicolor Stokes, P. cordata L., and A. calamus Linn., whereas T. orientalis Presl and C. alternifolius Linn. subsp. flabelliformis (Rottb.) Kukenth. had poor capacity to accumulate heavy metals. The results showed that, of the 10 species, P. australis (Cav.) Trin., A. calamus Linn., T. minima Funk, and L. salicaria Linn. are the most suitable and promising plant materials for phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated wastewater.

Effect of pollutant concentrations on growth characteristics of macrophytes in a constructed wetland treating municipal combined sewage

Abstract Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been used for contaminated water treatment for more than three decades. However, the ecological effects of the pollutant loading on CWs are not well known. In this study, five wetland plants (Phragmites karka (PK), Typha orientalis Presl (TO), Cyperus malaccensis Lam (CM), Schoenoplectus mucronatus (SM), Hygrophila pogonocalyx Hayata (HP)) were chosen and three study sites (42 × 42 cm) were used in a CW in Taiwan. The bioaccumulation of vegetation and effects on wetland ecosystem were tested with different pollutant concentrations of municipal combined sewage. The mean concentrations of BOD5, NH4-N, and total phosphorus (TP) at the three study sites were 12.1 ≈ 44.3 mg l−1, 3.6 ≈ 19.8 mg l−1, and 0.4 ≈ 1.9 mg l−1, respectively. The results show that higher nutrient concentrations led to higher bioaccumulations of wetland plants, and the amount of biomass are significantly different in each species. The highest growth rate is observed in CM, in 5314 g-biomass (dry weight) m−2. The drying ratio (wet weight/dry weight) increases with the growth of all five species. The conclusion is that the input of nutrients within the polluted water will increase the production of wetland plants, but may possibly decrease the biodiversity due to higher competition around different species at the same time.

비점오염원 처리를 위한 자유수면형 인공습지에서 수생식물의 영양염류 흡수특성 평가

본 연구는 비점오염원 처리를 위한 자유수면형 인공습지인 복내 바이오파크 인공습지에서 수생식물에 의한 영양염류의 흡수특성을 평가하고자 하였다. 복내 바이오파크 인공습지내 주요 우점종은 달뿌리풀, 수련, 부들, 갈대 및 줄이었으며 최대건물생산량을 보인 8월의 주요 우점식생의 한 주당 건물생산량은 부들(54.27 g/plant) > 달뿌리풀(44.30 g/plant) <TEX>${\geqq}$</TEX> 갈대(39.60 g/plant) <TEX>${\geqq}$</TEX> 줄(37.80 g/plant) <TEX>${\fallingdotseq}$</TEX> 수련(36.75 g/plant) 순으로 높았다. 복내 바이오파크 인공습지내 수생식물의 질소 함량은 지상부의 경우 달뿌리풀, 수련, 부들, 갈대 및 줄이 각각 1.80~2.06%, 1.94~2.14%, 2.07~2.57%, 2.20~2.33% 및 2.20~2.33% 범위로 부들이 다른 수생식물에 비해 약간 높았으나 시기별로 큰 차이 없었으며 지하부의 질소 함�c도 이와 유사한 경향이었다. 복내 바이오파크 인공습지내수생식물의 인 함량은 지상부에서는 달뿌리풀(9400~9900 mg/kg 범위) 및 지하부에서는 줄(4964~6452 mg/kg 범위)이 다른 수생식물에 비해 약간 높았으나 시기에 따른 수생식물의 인 함량은 큰 차이 없이 비슷하였다. 복내 바이오파크 인공습지내 수생식물의 최대 질소 흡수량은 8월에 달뿌리 풀이 773 mg/plant, 수련이 625 mg/plant, 부들이 1206 mg/plant, 갈대가 754 mg/plant 및 줄이 768 mg/plant 이었다. 수생식물의 최대 인 흡수량은 8월에 달뿌리풀이 397 mg/plant, 수련이 177 mg/plant, 부들이 411 mg/plant, 갈대가 261 mg/plant 및 줄이 229 mg/plant이었다. 복내 바이오파크 인공습지내 수생식물 중 부들의 영양염류 흡수량이 가장 많았다. 이상의 결과는 향후 비점오염원 처리를 위한 인공습지 시공시 습지특성에 맞는 최적의 수생식물을 선정하는데 활용될 수 있을 것이다. BACKGROUND: Generally, water plants may play an important role in nutrients(N, P) removal in constructed wetlands(CWs). Previous studies considered nutrients uptake by water plants in various CWs for treating point source pollution. On the other hand, few studies considered nutrients uptake by water plants in free water surface(FWS) CWs for treating non-point source pollution. METHODS AND RESULTS: To investigate characteristics of nutrient uptake by water plants in FWS CWs, dry weights, nutrients content and nutrients uptake by water plants were investigated from April, 2008 to October, 2008. Dominance plants were Phragmites japonica STEUD (PHRJA), Nymphaea tetragona ANGUSTA(NTMTE), Typha orientalis PRESL(TYHOR), Phragmites communis TRINIUS(PHRCO) and Zizanis latifolia TURCZ(ZIZLA) in FWS CWs. The dry weights of water plants in August were higher in the order of TYHOR(54.27 g/plant) > PHRJA(44.30 g/plant) <TEX>${\geqq}$</TEX> PHRCO(39.60 g/plant) <TEX>${\geqq}$</TEX> ZIZLA(37.80 g/plant) <TEX>${\fallingdotseq}$</TEX> NTMTE(36.75 g/plant). The T-N and T-P contents by water plants were not significantly differences regardless of cultivation period. The maximum amount of T-N uptake by water plants in August were 773 mg/plant for PHRJA, 625 mg/plant for NTMTE, 1206 mg/plant for TYHOR, 754 mg/plant for PHRCO and 768 mg/plant for ZIZLA. The maximum amounts of T-P uptake by PHRJA, NTMTE, TYHOR, PHRCO and ZIZLA were 397, 177, 411, 261 and 229 mg/plant in August, respectively. CONCLUSION(s): The results of this study suggest that optimum water plant was Typha orientalis PRESL in free water surface constructed wetlands.

비점오염원 저감을 위한 신평천 인공습지의 수생태학적 특성 평가

비점오염원 저감을 위한 신평천 인공습지의 수생태적 특성을 평가하기 위해 수질내 영양염류 처리효율, 수생식물의 무기성분 흡수량 그리고 퇴적물내 화학적 특성을 평가하였다. 유입원수의 BOD, COD, SS, T-N 및 T-P의 함량은 각각 0.07~1.47, 0.60~2.65, 0.50~4.60, 1.38~6.26 및 <TEX>$0.08{\sim}0.32mg\;L^{-1}$</TEX> 범위이었으며, 평균 처리효율은 BOD, COD, SS, T-N 및 T-P가 각각 14, 6, 18, 24 및 10%로서 전반적으로 영양염류의 처리효율이 낮았다. 수생식물내 T-N 흡수량은 8월에 갈대가 <TEX>$2^{nd}$</TEX> 처리조에서 <TEX>$813mg\;plant^{-1}$</TEX> 부들이 <TEX>$3^{rd}$</TEX> 처리조에서 <TEX>$1,172mg\;plant^{-1}$</TEX> 로 최대 흡수량을 보였고, T-P 흡수량도 8월에 갈대가 <TEX>$2^{nd}$</TEX> 처리조에서 <TEX>$247mg\;plant^{-1}$</TEX>, 부들이 <TEX>$3^{rd}$</TEX> 처리조에서 <TEX>$359mg\;plant^{-1}$</TEX> 로 최대 흡수량을 보였다. 퇴적물내 O.M, T-N 및 T-P 함량은 <TEX>$1^{st}$</TEX> > <TEX>$2^{nd}$</TEX> > <TEX>$3^{rd}$</TEX> 처리조 순으로 높았으며, 시기별로는 큰 차이 없이 유사한 경향이었다. 퇴적물내 처리단계별 microbial biomass C/N/P의 비율은 <TEX>$1^{st}$</TEX>, <TEX>$2^{nd}$</TEX> 및 <TEX>$3^{rd}$</TEX> 처리조에서 각각 78~110/3~6/1, 73~204/1~6/1 및 106~169/1~6/1이었다. 이상의 결과를 미루어볼 때 신평천 인공습지는 수생태적 측면에서 전반적으로 유입수의 오염부하량이 낮아 습지생태계 유지를 위한 영양영분이 부족하여 향후 수생태계의 미생물과 수생식물 안정화를 위한 운영방안이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. To evaluate the aquatic ecological characteristics in Sinpyongcheon constructed wetlands for treating nonpoint source pollution, the removal rates of nutrients in water, the total amounts of T-N and T-P uptakes by water plants, and chemical characteristics of T-N and T-P in sediment were investigated. The concentrations of BOD, COD, SS, T-N and T-P in inflow were 0.07~1.47, 0.60~2.65, 0.50~4.60, 1.38~6.26 and <TEX>$0.08{\sim}0.32mg\;L^{-1}$</TEX>, respectively. The removal rates of BOD, COD, SS, T-N, and T-P were 14%, 6%, 18%, 24%, and 10%, respectively. The maximum amount of T-N uptake by water plants in August was <TEX>$813mg\;plant^{-1}$</TEX> for Phragmites communis TRIV in <TEX>$2^{nd}$</TEX> bed, <TEX>$1,172mg\;plant^{-1}$</TEX> for Typha orientalis PRESL in <TEX>$3^{rd}$</TEX> bed, respectively. The maximum amount of T-P uptake by water plants in August was <TEX>$247mg\;plant^{-1}$</TEX> for Phragmites communis TRIV in <TEX>$2^{nd}$</TEX> bed, <TEX>$359mg\;plant^{-1}$</TEX> for Typha orientalis PRESL in <TEX>$3^{rd}$</TEX> bed, respectively. Organic matter, T-N, and T-P contents in sediments were high in the order of <TEX>$1^{st}$</TEX> bed > <TEX>$2^{nd}$</TEX> bed > <TEX>$3^{rd}$</TEX> bed. Microbial biomass C/N/P ratios in sediments in <TEX>$1^{st}$</TEX>, <TEX>$2^{nd}$</TEX>, and <TEX>$3^{rd}$</TEX> were 78~110/3~6/1, 73~204/1~6/1, and 106~169/1~6/1, respectively.

Nutrient removal in wetlands with different macrophyte structures in eastern Lake Taihu, China

A natural wetland of about 12 000 m 2 along the east coast of Lake Taihu was separated into five subzones with different macrophyte structures to investigate their nutrient removal dynamics. Wastewater was continuously pumped into the wetland from July 2008 to June 2009 at an average rate of 22 m 3/h. Neighboring natural wetland with high density of macrophyte was chosen as a comparison site. The removal of TN, TDN, TP, and TDP in the experimental wetlands as a whole was about 79.3, 54.5, 4.5, and 3.4 kg, respectively. The decrease of nitrogen concentration was more pronounced in winter (January–March) 2009, representing a respective reduction of 46.4%, 48.0%, and 47.9% in TN, TDN, and NH 4–N concentration. Results reveal a higher nutrient removal potential in wetland dominated by Typha orientalis Presl, Zizania latifolia Turcz, and Hemarthria sibirica under high nutrient load. However, areas dominated by Zizania latifolia Turcz, Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn, and Ceratophyllum demersum L. had better purification performance when the above-water-surface macrophytes were harvested frequently. Dissolved oxygen, pH, and oxidation–reduction potential decreased with the increase of the percentage of Zizania latifolia Turcz-dominated macrophytes. High nutrient concentration in the comparison site and net increase of NH 4–N in Z1 indicate the possibility of water re-pollution by intense macrophyte decomposition. Furthermore, results suggest that harvesting macrophytes has potential ability in nitrogen, especially ammonium nitrogen removal, and hence could be considered in wetland construction for lake restoration.

생약복합물의 지방세포형성억제 기전규명을 위한 전사체 분석

생약복합물인 SH21B는 황금(Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi), 행인(Prunus armeniaca Maxim), 마황(Ephedra sinica Stapf), 석창포(Acorus gramineus Soland), 포황(Typha orientalis Presl), 원지(Polygala tenuifolia Willd), 하엽(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner)의 혼합(비율 3:3:3:3:3:2:2)으로 이루어졌다. SH21B는 예로부터 한의학에서 비만의 치료에 사용되어 왔으나 자세한 분자적 메커니즘과 효능에 대한 연구는 이루어지지 않았다. 본 연구진은 선행연구를 통해 SH21B가 지방세포의 분화에서 adipogenesis (지방세포형성)와 관련된 유전자를 조절하여 중성지방의 축적을 억제함을 밝혔다. 본 연구에서는, microarray 기술을 이용하여 adipogenesis의 in vitro 모델인, 3T3-L1 세포에서 SH21B에 의한 지방세포형성 억제의 분자적 기작을 보다 상세하게 연구하고자 하였다. 전지방세포, 분화된 세포 그리고 SH21B에 의해 분화가 억제된 세포의 각각의 유전자 발현을 분석하기 위해 각 시료들에서 total RNA를 분리하여 cDNA를 합성한 후 microarray에 적용시켰다. 그 결과, 각각의 시료들의 비교에서 2배 이상의 유의한 발현 변화를 가지는 2,568개의 유전자를 확보하였다. 이 유전자들에 대해 Hierarchical clustering과 K-means clustering 분석을 진행하였고 서로 다른 양상을 가지는 9개의 군집(cluster)들을 분류하였다. 그 중, SH21B의 첨가에 의해 뚜렷하게 감소(cluster 4, cluster 6 및 cluster 9)하거나 반대로 뚜렷하게 증가(cluster 7와 cluster 8)하는 양상을 보이는 군집들을 따로 선별하여 그 군집들에 포함되어 있는 유전자들을 분석하였다. 선택 된 5개의 군집에는 지방세포형성과 세포증식에 관련된 유전자가 다수 포함되어 있었다. Cluster 4, cluster 6 그리고 cluster 9에는 peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma <TEX>$\gamma$</TEX> (<TEX>$PPAR{\gamma}$</TEX>), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein <TEX>$\alpha$</TEX> (C/<TEX>$EBP{\alpha}$</TEX>), sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1), adiponectin (ADIPOQ), fatty acid synthase (FASN), lipoprotein lipase (LPL) 등의 지방세포형성 유도 및 관련 인자와 B-cell leukemia/lymphoma6 (BCL6), retinoblastoma 1 (RB1), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2C (CDKN2c), ras homolog gene family, member B (RHOB) 등의 많은 세포증식 억제 유전자가 포함되었다. 이와는 반대로, cluster 7과 cluster 8에는 <TEX>$\beta$</TEX>-catenin, cyclin D1 (CCND1), WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein 2 (WISP2) 등과 같은 지방 세포형성 억제 조절자와 MARCKS-like1 (MARCKSL1), colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1), discoidin domain receptor family, member 2 (DDR2), leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) 등의 세포증식을 유도하는 조절자가 다수 포함되었다. 결론적으로, 이러한 결과들은 SH21B가 지방세포형성과 관련된 조절자 및 세포증식과 관련 된 조절자들의 유전자 발현을 조절하여 지방세포형성을 억제함을 제시한다. SH21B is a natural composition composed of seven herbs: Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Prunus armeniaca Maxim, Ephedra sinica Stapf, Acorus gramineus Soland, Typha orientalis Presl, Polygala tenuifolia Willd and Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner (Ratio 3:3:3:3:3:2:2). In our previous study, we reported that SH21B inhibited adipogenesis and fat accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells through modulation of various regulators in the adipogenesis pathway. The aim of this study was to analyze the transcriptome profiles for the anti-adipogenic effects of SH21B in 3T3-L1 cells. Total RNAs from SH21B-treated 3T3-L1 cells were reverse-transcribed into cDNAs and hybridized to Affymetrix Mouse Gene 1.0 ST array. From microarray analyses, we identified 2,568 genes of which expressions were changed more than two-fold by SH21B, and the clustering analyses of these genes resulted in 9 clusters. Three clusters among the 9 showed down-regulation by SH21B (cluster 4, cluster 6 and cluster 9), and two clusters showed up-regulation by SH21B (cluster 7 and cluster 8) during the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells. It was found that many genes related to cell proliferation and adipogenesis were included in these clusters. Clusters 4, 6 and 9 included genes which were related with adipogenesis induction and cell cycle arrest. Clusters 7 and 8 included genes related to cell proliferation as well as adipogenesis inhibition. These results suggest that the mechanisms of the anti-adipogenic effects of SH21B may be the modulation of genes involved in cell proliferation and adipogenesis.

생약복합물에 의한 지방세포형성 조절자의 유전자 발현 연구

본 연구의 목적은 생약복합제제인 SH21B의 adipogenesis 억제 효능에 대한 상세한 분자적 메커니즘을 3T3-L1 지방세포를 이용하여 밝히는 데 있다. 실험에 사용된 SH21B는 7가지 생약성 천연물질인, 황금, 행인, 마황, 석창포, 포황, 원지 및 하엽으로 이루어졌다. 최근, 본 연구진에 의해 3T3-L1을 이용한 in vitro 연구와 마우스를 이용한 in vivo 연구에서 SH21B의 adipogenesis 억제효능이 밝혀진 바 있다. 본 연구에서는 3T3-L1 지방세포가 분화될 때 작용하는 다양한 지방세포형성 조절자들의 유전자 발현이 SH21B에 의해 어떻게 변하는지 살펴보고자 하였다. 실시간중합효소반응(real time PCR) 기술을 이용하여 SH21B를 처리한 지방세포와 그렇지 않은 지방세포를 비교한 결과, 최종마커인 ADIPOQ와 SLC2A4의 유전자 발현이 SH21B에 의해 급격하게 감소함을 알 수 있었다. 최종마커의 발현을 유도하는 핵심전사인자인 <TEX>$PPAR{\gamma}$</TEX>와 C/<TEX>$EBP{\alpha}$</TEX>의 유전자 발현 역시 SH21B의 처리 시 유의하게 억제되었다. 좀 더 상세한 분자적 메커니즘을 규명하기 위해, 핵심전사인자의 상위에 위치한 다양한 조절자들의 유전자 발현을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 여러 지방세포형성 유도조절자 중, Krox20과 KLF15의 유전자 발현이 SH21B 처리에 의해 유의하게 감소된 반면, C/<TEX>$EBP{\beta}$</TEX>와 KLF5의 유전자 발현은 SH21B 처리에 영향을 받지 않았다. 그리고 지방세포형성 억제조절자인 KLF2와 CHOP의 유전자 발현은 SH21B 처리에 의해 유의하게 증가되었다. 이러한 결과들은 SH21B의 지방세포형성 억제효능이 지방세포의 분화에 작용하는 다양한 상위조절자 중 지방세포형성 유도조절자인 Krox20과 KLF15 그리고 지방세포형성 억제조절자인 KLF2와 CHOP 등의 유전자 발현이 변화되면서 일어나는 복합적인 반응의 결과임을 제시한다. In our previous study, it was reported that an herbal mixture, SH21B, inhibits fat accumulation and adipogenesis both in vitro and in vivo models of obesity. SH21B is a mixture composed of seven herbs: Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Prunus armeniaca Maxim, Ephedra sinica Stapf, Acorus gramineus Soland, Typha orientalis Presl, Polygala tenuifolia Willd, and Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner (Ratio 3:3:3:3:3:2:2). The aim of this study was to investigate the detailed molecular mechanisms of the effects of SH21B on various regulators of the adipogenesis pathway. During the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells, SH21B significantly decreased the expression levels of central transcription factors of adipogenesis, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)<TEX>$\gamma$</TEX> and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)<TEX>$\alpha$</TEX>. To elucidate the detailed molecular mechanism of the anti-adipogenic effects of SH21B, we examined the expression levels of the various pro-adipogenic or anti-adipogenic regulators of adipogenesis upstream of <TEX>$PPAR{\gamma}$</TEX> and C/<TEX>$EBP{\alpha}$</TEX>. The mRNA levels of Krox20 and Kruppel-like factor (KLF) 15, which are pro-adipogenic regulators, were significantly down-regulated by SH21B treatment, whereas the mRNA levels of C/<TEX>$EBP{\gamma}$</TEX> and KLF5 were not changed. KLF2 and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), which are anti-adipogenic regulators, were significantly up-regulated by SH21B treatment. These results suggest that the molecular mechanism of the anti-adipogenic effect of SH21B involves both the down-regulations of pro-adipogenic regulators, such as Krox20 and KLF15, and the up-regulations of anti-adipogenic regulators, such as KLF2 and CHOP, which results in the suppression of central transcription factors of adipogenesis including <TEX>$PPAR{\gamma}$</TEX> and C/<TEX>$EBP{\alpha}$</TEX>.

SH21B, an anti-obesity herbal composition, inhibits fat accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and high fat diet-induced obese mice through the modulation of the adipogenesis pathway

Ethnopharmacological relevance SH21B is an anti-obesity composition composed of seven herbs: Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Prunus armeniaca Maxim, Ephedra sinica Stapf, Acorus gramineus Soland, Typha orientalis Presl, Polygala tenuifolia Willd and Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner. It has been used for the treatment of obesity in traditional medical clinics in Korea, but its anti-obesity effects and mechanism of action have not been studied until now. Aim of the study This study was conducted to confirm the anti-obesity effects of SH21B and to elucidate its mechanism of action. Materials and methods 3T3-L1 adipocytes and high fat diet-induced obese mice were treated with SH21B, and its effect on gene expression was analyzed using microarray technology, real-time PCR and western blotting experiments. Results SH21B significantly inhibited fat accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and reduced adipose tissue and serum triglyceride levels in high fat diet-induced obese mice. Microarray analyses showed that SH21B affected more genes in the adipogenesis pathway than any other pathway studied. SH21B significantly decreased the expression of major transcription factors of the adipogenesis pathway and resulted in the down-regulation of lipid metabolizing enzymes involved in the transport, uptake and synthesis of lipids. Conclusions SH21B inhibits fat accumulation by down-regulating the expression of genes involved in the adipogenesis pathway.

Effects of EDTA on Mechanism of Lead Accumulation in Typha orientalis Presl

The effects of EDTA on the mechanism of accumulation under Pb2+ stress in Typha orientalis Presl were investigated. The results indicated that addition of the chelator with Pb limited metal phytotoxicity. The mean total chlorophyll concentration and protein content were increased with the addition of EDTA in Pb2+ solution. We also demonstrated a significant effect of EDTA on the reduced glutathione (GSH) content which was obviously increased both in leaves and caudices. It was supposed that EDTA elevated the tolerance of Typha orientalis Presl under Pb2+ stress primarily by increasing the GSH level.

Depth distribution of three Typha species, Typha orientalis Presl, Typha angustifolia L. and Typha latifolia L., in an artificial pond

AbstractThe depth distribution of the aquatic macrophyte Typha orientalis Presl was examined in comparison with two other Typha species: Typha angustifolia L. and Typha latifolia L. Vegetation surveys mapping the depth distributions were conducted at Ushigafuchi Pond, Tokyo, Japan, in autumn 2004 and 2005. All vegetation had been cleared from this artificial pond in spring 2003. In 2004 T. orientalis was distributed in shallow to deep water habitats between T. latifolia (shallow water regions) and T. angustifolia (shallow to deep water regions). However, by 2005 T. orientalis had almost disappeared from the pond. It had been replaced by Leersia japonica Makino at depths of 0–30 cm, by Schoenoplectus validus (Vahl) at depths of 30–60 cm and by T. angustifolia at depths of 60–100 cm. It appears that T. orientalis is not a strong competitor, particularly with taller species, but rather a pioneer species.

Interspecific differences in radial oxygen loss from the roots of three Typha species

A comparison was made of the radial oxygen loss (ROL) from the roots of three Typha species, Typha latifolia L., Typha orientalis Presl and Typha angustifolia L., which resemble each other in morphology. ROLs were evaluated in the laboratory for seedlings of T. orientalis and T. angustifolia in order to compare them with the ROL value for T. latifolia obtained in our previous study. Measurements were conducted using the highly oxygen-sensitive anthraquinone radical anion as an oxygen indicator, which enabled us to simulate the natural conditions in which the oxygen released from the root is immediately consumed by the soil. Among the three Typha species, the ROL was the highest in T. angustifolia, followed by T. latifolia and T. orientalis. Illumination significantly enhances the ROL of T. orientalis, and this effect was also observed for T. latifolia in our previous study, whereas it did not affect the ROL of T. angustifolia. These results indicate that ROL differs significantly between species, even among members of the same genus that are similar in morphology.

Application of Phytoremediation on Soil Contaminated by Pyrene

The purpose of this study was to treat soils contaminated by pyrene through phytoremediation. The plant species selected were Phragmites communis Trin., Typha orientalis Presl, Vetiveria zizanioides, Rohdea japonica (Thunb.) Roth et Kunth, Cyperus malaccensis. Lam. subsp. monophyllus (Vahl) T. Koyama, Bolboschoenus planiculmis (F. Schmidt) T. Koyama, and Bidens pilosa. The degradation of pyrene in soils was analyzed. The experimental results of this study indicated that the degradation efficiencies of pyrene from soils by V. zizanioides, R. japonica, and T. orientalis were 86, 84, and 77%, respectively, after 14 weeks. These values of degradation percentages were higher than those measured in the unplanted control experiment, which was found equal to 66%. In addition, the pyrene degradation efficiencies in summer were found to be higher than those in winter. The degradation percentages of pyrene sterilized soil with and without T. orientalis were found to be 59 and 55%, respectively. These values were fou...

Effects of EDTA on Lead Uptake by Typha orientalis Presl: A New Lead-Accumulating Species in Southern China

A series of field investigations have been conducted at Yongzhou Pb/Zn/Cu mine tailings, Hunan Province, southern China. The specific aim was to search for new lead accumulators with fast growth rate and large biomass. The results of tissue analyses identified Typha orientalis Presl has a strong accumulation of lead. The average lead concentrations in the leaves and roots are 619 and 1,233 mg/kg, respectively. The growth and Pb content of the plant were also studied by hydroponic culture with different concentrations of Pb(NO(3))(2). Growth of the plant was not affected by Pb up to 300 mg/L. The Pb concentrations in the leaves and roots increased with increasing of Pb level in the modified Hoagland's nutrient solution. The maximum concentrations of Pb in the leaves and roots were 16,190 and 64,405 mg/kg, respectively. The study also demonstrated that EDTA not only increased the amount of Pb taken up by plants but also speeded up the metal translocation from roots to leaves.

Growth strategy of an emergent macrophyte, Typha orientalis Presl, in comparison with Typha latifolia L. and Typha angustifolia L.

The growth strategy of an emergent plant, Typha orientalis Presl, was examined in experimental ponds in comparison with two other Typha species distributed in Japan, Typha latifolia L. and Typha angustifolia L. T. orientalis showed the greatest ability of vegetative reproduction at the expense of growth in height. T. orientalis started to produce new ramets earlier than T. latifolia and T. angustifolia. These results suggest that T. orientalis should be a rather pioneer-like species and would be restricted to disturbed habitats.

자연정화공법에 의한 인공습지 하수처리장에서 최적 수생식물의 선정

Objectives of this experiment were to select of the optimum water plant and to investigate the removal efficiency of the major nutrients in the by natural purification method for municipal sewage treatment in the farming and fishing village. For the experiment we used constructed wetland which was consisted of aerobic (vertical filter system) and anaerobic systems (horizontal filter system). Both systems were filled with gravel and filter media, and grew water plants on top of them. And then, we investigated several items such as sewage treatment efficiency, growth status of water plants and the absorbed amount of inorganic element in water plants with periodical periods. In aerobic area, removal efficiencies of BOD, COD, T-N and T-P were over 92%, 74%, 25% and 57%, respectively, and then when the water is passed through anaerobic area, the efficiency was over 96%, 84%, 44% and 71%, respectively, which was increased more treatment efficiency than that of aerobic area. Absorption amount of nitrogen and phosphorous in Miscanthus sacchariflorus BENTH were the highest in the water plants as 17.7 and 2.41 g/plant in the aerobic area, respectively. Absorption amounts of nitrogen and phosphorous in Scirpus tabernaemontani GMEL were the highest in the water plants as 8.7 and 1.13 g/plant in the anaerobic area, respectively. For the selection of optimum water plants in the by natural purification method for municipal sewage treatment, it were observed that there were Miscanthus sacchariflorus BENTH, Phragmites japonica STEUD and Phragmites communis TRINIUS in the aerobic area and were Zizania latifolia TURCZ, Scirpus tabernaemontani GMEL, Typha orientalis PRESL, Iris pseudoacorus L and Cares dispalata BOOTT in the anaerobic area.

Application of a constructed wetland for industrial wastewater treatment: A pilot-scale study

The main objective of this study was to examine the efficacy and capacity of using constructed wetlands on industrial pollutant removal. Four parallel pilot-scale modified free water surface (FWS) constructed wetland systems [dimension for each system: 4-m (L) × 1-m (W) × 1-m (D)] were installed inside an industrial park for conducting the proposed treatability study. The averaged influent contains approximately 170 mg l −1 chemical oxygen demand (COD), 80 mg l −1 biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 90 mg l −1 suspend solid (SS), and 32 mg l −1 NH 3–N. In the plant-selection study, four different wetland plant species including floating plants [ Pistia stratiotes L. ( P. stratiotes) and Ipomoea aquatica ( I. aquatica)] and emergent plants [ Phragmites communis L. ( P. communis) and Typha orientalis Presl. ( T. orientalis)] were evaluated. Results show that only the emergent plant ( P. communis) could survive and reproduce with a continuous feed of 0.4 m 3 d −1 of the raw wastewater. Thus, P. communis was used in the subsequent treatment study. Two different control parameters including hydraulic retention time (HRT) (3, 5, and 7 d) and media [vesicles ceramic bioballs and small gravels, 1 cm in diameter] were examined in the treatment study. Results indicate that the system with a 5-d HRT (feed rate of 0.4 m 3 d −1) and vesicles ceramic bioballs as the media had the acceptable and optimal pollutant removal efficiency. If operated under conditions of the above parameters, the pilot-plant wetland system can achieve removal of 61% COD, 89% BOD, 81% SS, 35% TP, and 56% NH 3–N. The treated wastewater meets the current industrial wastewater discharge standards in Taiwan.