Typha Angustifolia Research Articles

Organics and phosphorus removal in circular flow corridor constructed wetland system

In the present study, the performance of a circular flow constructed wetland (CFCW)11CFCW: Circular flow constructed wetland. system was assessed for organics and total phosphorus removal from fertilizer plant effluent. The CFCW system has five media compartments containing gravel, slag iron, and a mixture of sand and zeolite as the media substrates. Synthetic fertilizer wastewater having initial COD 520.98 ± 8.27 mg/L, was fed to the wetland, maintaining hydraulic loading rate of 6.945 L/m2-h. Typha angustifolia was used as the wetland vegetation. The Phase 1 of the study included three cycles, with influent phosphorus concentrations 10, 20, and 30 mg/L, respectively without step feeding and effluent recirculation. The Phase 2 of the study included two cycles with influent phosphorus concentrations of 20 and 30 mg/L, and application of step feeding and effluent recirculation strategies. The average phosphorus removal efficiencies of the system in three cycles of Phase 1 were 85.16 %, 88 %, and 81.95 %, respectively, along with average COD removal of 87.48 %, 87.65 %, and 86.84 %, respectively. The average phosphorus removal efficiencies of the system in two cycles of Phase 2 were 89.01 % and 90.22 % respectively, along with average COD removal of 91.6 % and 91.23 %, respectively. The step feeding and effluent recirculation strategies have shown satisfactory improvement in organics and total phosphorus removal performance of the CFCW system. However, future long-term studies are recommended involving an unplanted control system, step feeding and effluent recirculation in varying compartments, and varying combination of media substrates for improving the design and performance of the CFCW systems.

Influence of Aquatic Plants and Flow Rate on Physico-chemical Characteristics of Sewage Effluent Treated through Constructed Wetland Technology

Aims: To evaluate the influence of aquatic plants and flow rate on physico-chemical properties of sewage effluent with constructed wetland technology.
 Study Design: Randomized block design
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of Environmental Sciences, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 03 and June 2020 – Dec 2020
 Methodology: Constructed wetland (CW) model was designed and three different aquatic plants viz., Canna indica, Arundo donax, and Xanthosoma sagittifolium were used for the study. Two different flow rates viz., 5ml/min and 10 ml/min were compared for assessing their influence in treating sewage effluent in the constructed wetlands. 
 Results: Among the aquatic plants, the pollutants like BOD, COD,TDS and TSS in the sewage effluent were declined and found to be 320, 1220, 666, 22 mg L-1 in Canna indica and 340, 1380, 866, 36 mg L-1 in Xanthosoma sagittifolium and 340, 1380, 866, 36 mg L-1 in Typha angustifolia utilized treatments at flow rates 5 ml/min respectively during 7th day retention time. Similar decreasing trend was observed in BOD, COD, TDS and TSS of the sewage effluent at flow rates of 10 ml/min.
 Conclusion: Based on the study, it was evident that constructed wetland (CW) with Canna indica, Xanthosoma sagittifolium and Typha angustifolia found to perform better under flow rate of 5 ml/min for treating sewage effluent at the retention time of 7 days.

Patterns of pollen dispersal and pollen capture in the hybridizing cattails,Typha latifoliaandTypha angustifolia

Pollen dispersal regulates the formation of the invasive, wind-pollinated hybrid cattail Typha × glauca Godron, the F1offspring of the broadleaf ( Typha latifolia L.) and narrowleaf ( Typha angustifolia L.) cattail. An earlier study suggested that pollen dispersal by T. latifolia might be spatially restricted, with most dispersal occurring over distances less than 2 m. Restricted pollen dispersal would imply that hybrid formation primarily occurs within mixed stands of cattails. Hybrid formation might also be affected by preferential receipt of conspecific pollen, but this has not been investigated for cattails. We compared patterns of pollen dispersal for T. latifolia and T. angustifolia using a wind tunnel. We then tested whether patterns of pollen receipt were biased toward the capture of conspecific versus heterospecific pollen using monospecific cattail stands with a single local pollen source. Results from the wind tunnel partially supported the previous finding of spatially restricted pollen dispersal for T. latifolia, the paternal parent of F1hybrids. Pollen receipt by T. angustifolia was biased toward the capture of conspecific pollen. Localized pollen dispersal by T. latifolia and preferential conspecific pollen capture by T. angustifolia should reduce rates of hybrid formation below that expected under random mating.

Ultrashort Hydraulic Retention Time of Aeration and Nonaeration Constructed Wetlands for a Large Volume of Primary-Treated Wastewater from a Medical Rubber Glove Factory

A substantial volume of primary-treated wastewater from a medical rubber glove factory caused public freshwater to become sewage. The ultrashort hydraulic retention time in constructed wetlands was urgently employed for wastewater remediation. Pilot-scale, aeration, and nonaeration horizontal surface flow constructed wetlands (HSFCWs) with emergent plants were designed, compared, and optimized. Activated carbon, coconut shells, and oyster shells were subsequently transferred into a plastic basket as a substrate layer, while Typha angustifolia L. was used as an emergent plant. The experiments were conducted at a hydraulic retention time of 2, 4, 6, and 8 hr. per effluent recirculation. Sampling data were collected for each of the four effluent recirculations. The removal efficiencies of BOD, COD, FOG, TKN, TSS, TDS, EC, and salinity in the aeration HSFCWs were high—53.25, 67.28, 97.93, 78.93, 95.87, 87.52, 86.36, and 90.38%—at the first effluent recirculation of sampling, respectively, while the removal efficiencies in the nonaeration HSFCWs were also high—55.12, 57.38, 94.62, 83.10, 95.95, 88.09, 89.54, and 93.46%, respectively. Increasing the hydraulic retention time increased removal efficiencies. The removal efficiency of BOD in aerated HSFCWs was higher than in nonaerated HSFCWs in the second effluent recirculation of sampling. This is because the oxygen supplied by aeration in the system increased the organic and inorganic pollutant removal efficiencies. Other pollutants were removed more effectively during the second effluent recirculation. Excluding BOD and COD, Duncan’s multiple test revealed that the number of effluent recirculations for removal efficiencies of FOG, TKN, TSS, TDS, EC, and salinity was nonsignificant at the p ≤ 0.001 level. These findings led to optimization of the medical rubber glove wastewater treatment at an ultrashort hydraulic retention time of 2–4 hr. This process and the control of CWs may be the best industrial wastewater treatment practice and a long-term solution for the industrial sector.

Combined interactions of amino acids and organic acids in heavy metal binding in plants

ABSTRACT This research focused on the different approaches to the transport and internal chelation of metals with amino acids and organic acids in plants. Therefore, in the first phase, the plants studied were identified the characteristics of the bioaccumulation factors. Steria pumila, Echium angustifolium, Typha angustifolia, Sisymbrium austriacum were identified as hyperaccumulators (Cd, Ni), accumulators (Pb, Sn, and Se), excluders (Cr, Hg). On the other hand, the Sisymbrium austriacum only showed the characteristic of the accumulator for Cr. In the second phase, the combined effects of amino acids and organic acids on the chelation of heavy metals in plants were tested by a multi-linear regression model. Related to our hypothesis, Amino acids; Gly and Leu (Cd), Trp and Ile (Pb), Asp, Ser, and Leu (Cr), Ser (Hg), Trp and Glu (Ni), Asp, Thr, and Gly (Sn), Asn and Leu (Se), Organic acids; Malonic and Malic acid (Cd), Malonic acid (Pb), Oxalic and Malic acid (Cr), Oxalic, Succinic, Citric and Butyric acid (Hg), Malonic and Malic acid (Ni), Malonic, Maleic, and Malic acid (Sn), Malonic and Citric acid (Se) were concluded that had combined effect for heavy metal’s phytochelation ability into plants.

Continuing expansion of Narrow-leaved Cattail (<i>Typha angustifolia</i>) and decline of a provincially rare fen in the Holland Marsh, Ontario

At the time of European settlement, an extensive graminoid wetland existed at the confluence of the East and West Holland Rivers at the southern end of Lake Simcoe, Ontario. However, by 1925, clearing and draining of the marsh for specialty agriculture (i.e., market gardens) had begun and, by the 1940s, ~46% of the wetland had been cleared and another 13% was lost before 2016. Concurrent with marsh conversion has been an increase in Narrow-leaved Cattail (Typha angustifolia) in the remnant wetland. This study documents the change in the Holland Marsh wetland by delineating boundaries between marsh, fen, and shrub communities on aerial photographs taken at ~10-year intervals between 1946 and 2015 and documenting vegetation change along transects running perpendicular to tributaries bisecting the wetland. The extent of fen habitat within the Holland Marsh has been decreasing since 1946 at an average rate of 0.24 ha/year because of increases in both shrub and marsh (i.e., T. angustifolia) communities. Typha angustifolia expansion has been predominantly from along the margins of the Holland River where soil phosphorus concentration is significantly higher than in the core of the fen. Beyond 30 m from the river, vegetation dominance shifts from T. angustifolia to sedges (Cyperaceae). Managing phosphorus loading from upstream land uses will be of critical importance in protecting this habitat, which is rare in southern Ontario.

Methanotrophs Contribute to Nitrogen Fixation in Emergent Macrophytes.

Root-associated aerobic methanotroph plays an important role in reducing methane emissions from wetlands. In this study, we examined the activity of methane-dependent nitrogen fixation and active nitrogen-fixing bacterial communities on the roots of Typha angustifolia and Scirpus triqueter using a 15N-N2 feeding experiment and a cDNA-based clone library sequence of the nifH gene, respectively. A 15N-N2 feeding experiment showed that the N2 fixation rate of S. triqueter (1.74 μmol h–1 g–1 dry weight) was significantly higther than that of T. angustifolia (0.48 μmol h–1 g–1 dry weight). The presence of CH4 significantly increased the incorporation of 15N-labeled N2 into the roots of both plants, and the rate of CH4-dependent N2 fixation of S. triqueter (5.6 μmol h–1 g–1 dry weight) was fivefold higher than that of T. angustifolia (0.94 μmol h–1 g–1 dry weight). The active root-associated diazotrophic communities differed between the plant species. Diazotrophic Methylosinus of the Methylocystaceae was dominant in S. triqueter, while Rhizobium of the Rhizobiaceae was dominant in T. angustifolia. However, there were no significant differences in the copy numbers of nifH between plant species. These results suggest that N2 fixation was enhanced by the oxidation of CH4 in the roots of macrophytes grown in natural wetlands and that root-associated Methylocystacea, including Methylosinus, contribute to CH4 oxidation-dependent N2 fixation.

Researches on Ecological Solidification and Melioration Effects of Plants on Silty Soft Soil

Dredged soil from river and lake is a typical silty soft soil, which has a high potential for farmland utilization. However, the newly dredged soil generally has high water content and poor engineering properties, therefore, it must be dehydrated and solidified before utilization. The traditional dehydration and solidification methods have disadvantages such as high energy consumption and secondary pollution risk. A method of soil solidification and amelioration by using plants is explored in this research. Four species of Pennisetum hydridum, Sorghum bicolor × Sorghum sudanense, Typha angustifolia, and Zea mays, were used as the research objects, planted in silty soft soil. The solidification and amelioration effects of different plants were studied by observing the changes in soil mechanics and physicochemical properties before and after the experiment. The results showed that: all the four tested species showed soil solidification effects in different degrees, the Pennisetum hydridum with 0.5m planting distance showed the best effect. The four tested species increased the soil organic matter content in varying degrees, among which the mix-planting of Pennisetum hydridum and Typha angustifolia showed the best effect. Pennisetum hydridum can increase the soil alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen(AH-N) content, Typha angustifolia can simultaneously increase the soil available phosphorus and available potassium content. In addition, the four tested species showed varying degrees of amelioration effects on physical properties. The Pennisetum hydridum shows the best amelioration effect, followed by Sorghum bicolor × Sorghum sudanense. In summary, it is feasible to use plants to solidify and ameliorate silt soft soil, which is beneficial to realize the resource utilization of dredged soil, especially suitable for agricultural land use.

Exploring compounds to be used as cosmetic agents that activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha.

ObjectiveThe human epidermis is formed by the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes adjacent to the basement membrane. The outermost layer, the stratum corneum, is equipped with a barrier function that prevents water evaporation, and intercellular lipids play an important role in this barrier function. When the barrier is functioning normally, evaporation is prevented; however, when barrier function is impaired, moisture evaporates, resulting in dry and rough skin. Therefore, maintenance of normal barrier function is critical for maintaining normal skin function. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α (PPARα) is mainly not only involved in lipid metabolism in the liver but is also expressed in the epidermis and is involved in inducing keratinocyte differentiation, promoting lipid production, maintaining barrier function and suppressing skin inflammation. Hence, compounds that activate PPARα are expected to control skin function. Therefore, we identified PPARα activators from among extracts of natural resources that have been approved for use in humans and analysed the effects of these extracts on skin function.MethodsFirst, extracts of 474 natural resources were screened using a PPARα activator screening cell line independently constructed in our laboratory. Next, reporter assays were performed using the Gal4‐chimera system to evaluate whether these extracts act as ligands for PPARα. We then analysed their effect on primary normal human epidermal keratinocyte cells by using real‐time RT‐PCR. Finally, we evaluated PPARα activation effect by the combination of these extracts.ResultsWe identified 36 extracts having the effect of activating PPARα. In particular, #419, a Typha angustifolia spike extract, showed concentration‐dependent transcriptional activation through PPARα‐LBD and was considered to be likely to contain a compound that is a ligand of PPARα. #419 increased the expression of PPARα target genes and genes related to skin function in primary cultured human epidermal keratinocytes. Finally, the use of #419 in combination with nine extracts increased PPAR activity more than twice as much as #419 alone treatment.ConclusionsThese results showed that the reporter cell line could be useful for discovering extracts of natural resources and that the identified Typha angustifolia spike extract could be used in cosmetics that activate PPARα, which expected to improve skin function.

Performance of Greywater Treatment Using Iron Removal Media (IRM) and Cattail Typha Angustifolia

Water is essential to support daily life, ecosystem, environment, and development. Due to rapid industrialisation, population growth, and economic development, the water demand increases worldwide. For this reason, research is being conducted to find alternative sources of water for non-potable purposes. Domestic greywater is receiving much attention worldwide as a possible alternative water supply for domestic and productive purposes. This study aims to determine the water quality index (WQI) for domestic wastewater and evaluate the effectiveness of Iron Removal Media (IRM) and Cattail Typha Angustifolia plants in treating greywater. The domestic wastewater used for treatment was wastewater from laundry activities. There are two types of models designed to obtain different data for both media. The first model design is used with Iron Removal Media and the second model is with Cattail Typha Angustifolia plants. After the greywater treatments, the efficiencies of different treatments were observed and compared to the WQI standard. It was found that the removal efficiencies were 25% for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 23% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), 12% for total suspended solids (TSS), and 9% for pH using IRM. When Cattail Typha Angustifolia media was used, the removal efficiencies of 57% for TSS, 46% for COD, 45% for BOD, and 10% for pH were achieved. This study showed that using Cattail Typha Angustifolia plants as media for the greywater treatment process could be more effective as compared to IRM.

Nest colonies of Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus (Linnaeus, 1766) on overhead power transmission cables in the agricultural landscape of Cuddalore and Villupuram districts (Tamil Nadu) and Puducherry, India

Nesting habits of Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus with specific reference to overhead power transmission cables was studied between April and November 2021 in the agrarian landscape of 10 villages covering Cuddalore and Villupuram districts (Tamil Nadu), and Puducherry. A total of 408 nests of various stages (wad stage-35, ring stage-21, helmet stage-227, egg-chamber closed stage-49, complete nests-22, and abnormal nests-54) and 411 birds were enumerated on 25 nest colonies. The number of nests in each colony ranged from 1 to 82. Baya Weavers had selected power cables as nesting sites despite the availability of three nest-supporting trees (n= 2,255), such as Cocos nucifera, Borassus flabellifer, and Phoenix sylvestris within 500 m of nesting cables. Birds used leaves of sugarcane Saccharum officinarum, Indian Date Palm Phoenix sylvestris, and Narrow-leaf Cattail Typha angustifolia as a source of fibres for the construction of nests. Twenty-three out of 25 nest colonies were found on power cables running over sugarcane crops. Abnormal nests constituted 13.23% (n= 54) of the total nests and 92.91% (n= 223) helmet stage nests had clay deposits on the inner walls. A total of 285 fallen nests in various stages of development were scattered on the ground. There were opportunistic sightings of avian predators, such as House Crow Corvus splendens, Large-billed Crow Corvus macrorhynchos, Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda, and Shikra Accipiter badius found perched on power cables bearing nests and caused damages to eight nests.

Determination of Antimicrobial Activity from Various Plant Parts of <i>Typha angustifolia</i> Using Agar Disc Diffusion and Bioautography

Fruit, leaf, fruit stalk, and rhizome of Typha angustifolia, which is abundantly available in Thailand, were investigated for antimicrobial activities. The results showed that fruit ethanolic extract had high activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis similar to the fruit stalk and rhizome extracts whereas the lowest antibacterial activities was found in the leaf extract. Only rhizome extract had antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The fruit extract was chosen for furthur study because of its antibacterial action, ease of collecting, and preparation before usage. This fruit ethanolic extract was semi-purified by partition with petroleum ether, chloroform and ethylacetate, respectively and subsequently tested for antimicrobial activities by disc diffusion against S. aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Sarcina lutea, Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Micrococcus flavus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus pumillus, B. subtilis, Shigella somnei, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus valgalis, Alcaligenes fecalis, Serratia marcescens, Salmonella paratyphi A, Salmonella typhi, Escherechia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The inhibitory zone against gram-positive bacteria was broader in all partitioned fractions than in gram-negative bacteria and yeast. Furthermore, none of the fractions were able to prevent the development of S. marcescens, P. aeruginosa, or E. coli. The inhibition zone of the ethyl acetate fraction was larger than that of chloroform and petroleum ether. In comparison to the other fractions, the chloroform fraction demonstrated the broadest inhibition zone against B. subtilis. Based on the bioautography investigation, it was reasonable to conclude that there were at least five antibacterial chemicals against B. subtilis. Therefore, fruit of T. angustifolia has the potential for use in the discovery of new antibacterial agents.

The Role of Typha angustifilia Fiber-Matrix Bonding Parameters on Interfacial Shear Strength Analysis.

The microbond test of natural fibers tends to produce scattered interfacial shear stress (IFSS) values. The sources of this scattering are known, but the roles they play in producing high IFSS scattering remain to be investigated. In this study, a numerical method was used to simulate microbond testing and to examine the experimental parameters in a microbond test of Typha angustifolia fiber/epoxy. Three parameters were considered: fiber diameter, fiber length embedded in the epoxy, and the distance between the vise and the specimen. The geometries were modeled and analyzed by ABAQUS software using its cohesive zone model features. There were two types of contact used in this analysis: tie constraint and surface-to-surface. The results showcased the roles of the following experimental parameters: a larger fiber diameter from a sample increased the IFSS value, a longer embedded length reduced the IFSS value, and a shorter vise–specimen distance increased the IFSS value. The IFSS scattering in the microbond test could have originated from the interaction between these parameters. Of the three parameters, only the vise–specimen distance was found to be able to be reasonably controlled. When the IFSS value was atypically large, fiber diameter and/or embedded length potentially drove the scattering. This study advises further compilation and classification of the role of each experimental parameter in modulating the IFSS value.

Preparation and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from lembang (Typha angustifolia L. )

The study of preparation and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from the Lembang / narrowleaf cattail (Typha angustifolia L.) has been carried out. Alkalinization was done to remove lignin and hemicellulose compounds. The bleaching process was done by adding 4 M HCl at 65 oC for 3 hours and then sonicated for 10 minutes. The cellulose yield obtained was 32.2%. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra indicated the appearance of some specific functional groups (O-H, -C-H, =C-H and C-O, and C-O-C). Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) showed that the structure of cellulose is a long crystalline with a diameter of 3.1 µm. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed decomposition at higher temperatures of 349.13, 366.66 and 353.24 oC for cellulose after hydrolysis, cellulose before hydrolysis, and TaL powder. Crystalline index and crystalline size of microcrystalline cellulose analyzed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) were 71.1% and 2.4 nm, respectively.

Use of Typha angustifolia L. as Biosorbent to Remove Chloramphenicol in Aqueous Samples

The identification and quantification of different contaminants in natural waters have been widely disseminated in scientific journals. In the last two decades, removal from aqueous samples of drugs and their metabolites, also called emerging contaminants, have been highlighted. The problem of their existence in the environment, besides its persistence, is related to the occurrence of more resistant bacteria, being a serious risk to health. Thus, the objectives of this project were characterization of cattail leaves, Typha angustifolia L. in natura, and its application for the removal of the antibiotic chloramphenicol in aqueous samples. The material was characterized by Fourier Transform in the Infrared Region (FTIR), Point of Zero Charge (PZC), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), as well as surface area measurements (Brunauer, Emmett, Teller-BET). Batch experiments were performed considering the influence of pH, contact time and analyte concentration, whose supernatant solution was quantified by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC). Both results, regarding FTIR spectrum and NMR analysis, corroborated by identifying functional chemical groups that promote interaction between biosorbent and analyte. The pHPZC, estimated around 5.75, was considered to choose the ideal pH of the medium that favors adsorption. By means of SEM images, the material was characterized by parallel plates with large number of channels (heterogeneous surface). Type II isotherm was obtained from BET method, with low surface area, nonporous or macroporous, mono and multilayer adsorption. Pseudo-second order was the model that best fit the adsorption kinetics, while for determining the maximum capacity, the Freundlich model showed the highest agreement.

A pilot system integrating a settling technique and a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland for the treatment of polluted lake water

An integrated system was tested at pilot-scale for treating polluted water from the Marriot Lake in Egypt, comprising a settling technique followed by three parallel horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HFCWs) units operating under a continuous flow mode; one HFCW unit was planted with Typha angustifolia and contained a perforated pipes network for enhanced passive aeration (CWA), one unit was planted without the perforated pipe network (CWR) and one served as a Control unit (unplanted and without perforated pipes). Changes in physicochemical parameters, BOD5, nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus), microbial community, and trace metals at different hydraulic retention times (HRT; 0.5–6 h) and hydraulic loading rates (HLR; 750, 1000, 1250, and 2000 L/m2/d) were monitored. The CWA unit had an overall better performance than the CWR unit, while both planted units outperformed the Control unit. CWA showed the highest performance at HLR of 1000 L/m2/d and 4-6 h-HRT with 95.3% removal for turbidity, 83% for BOD5, 99.3% for ammonia nitrogen (NH4–N), 70.8% for Total Nitrogen (TN), and 66.7% for Total Phosphorus (TP), while higher NO3–N and NO2–N effluent concentrations were observed. Trace metals levels were significantly reduced and accumulated in plant tissues. Microbial communities’ densities fluctuated in the CWA unit. The integrated system with the settling stage and the planted CWA unit was proved to achieve a high removal efficiency and reached the national discharge limits, thus representing a novel nature-based solution for the sustainable remediation of polluted lake water.

Aspergillus sydowii and Typha angustifolia as useful tools for combined bio-processes of PCP removal in wastewater

Aspergillus sydowii and Typha angustifolia as useful tools for combined bio-processes of PCP removal in wastewater

Effectiveness of combined tools: adsorption, bioaugmentation and phytoremediation for pesticides removal from wastewater

The aim of this study was the comparison of two process in pentachlorophenol (PCP: 100 mg L−1) removal by combined process bioaugmentation-adsorption and bioaugmentation-phytoremediation in secondary treated wastewater (STWW). The phytoremediation procedure was conducted by using two plants such as Typha angustifolia and Schoenoplectus acutus, and the bioaugmentation procedure was operated by Pseudomonas putida HM 627618 as a plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPR). The adsorption process was performed by palm date activated carbon. The PCP monitoring was assessed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the optical density determination at 600 nm (OD600). The performance of the two processes was observed by the determination of total bacteria, chlorophylls and physical and chemical analysis (COD, pH, conductivity, chloride, and organic carbon). The alfalfa seed germination test was conducted to assess the two operational performance procedures. According to the results obtained from the physical and chemical analysis of the treated STWW, there was no significant differences in the pH and in the EC content of the bioaugmentation-phytoremediation treatment, while a significant increase of the EC content was observed in the bioaugmentation-adsorption to 5.08 mS cm−1. The COD value significantly decreased up to 1320 mg L−1 in bioaugmentation-adsorption treatment (control value 2400 mg L−1) and 98 mg L−1 in bioaugmentation-phytoremediation treatment (control value 98 mg L−1). Microbial biomass monitoring of P. putida shows significant greater in both processes in the order of 9.18 and 7.01 Log CFU mL−1 for bioaugmentation-adsorption and bioaugmentation-phytoremediation, respectively. The chlorophyll content in Typha angustifolia and Schoenoplectus acutus significantly decreased after 144 h with the exception of the chlorophyll a content of Schoenoplectus acutus in which the content increased up to 3.31 mg mL−1. Comparing the performance of these two treatments, it was found according to HPLC analysis that the bioaugmentation-adsorption process was more efficient in removing about 97% of PCP after 48 h, against around 90% of PCP after 72 h for the phytoremediation-bioaugmentation. The alfalfa seeds showed a germination rate after the 5th day of incubation of 100% and 95%, respectively for the PCP-non-contaminated and treated STWW, while for wastewater containing PCP the germination was totally inhibited.

Phytochemical composition and their Pharmaceutical potential of Typha angustifolia: A review

Typha angustifolia is a monocot plant with a great source of allelochemicals. It is extensively grown in the temperate and tropical zones of the world primarily in wetlands, marshes, and aquatic regions of different depths. All parts of the plants are bioactive including its pollen which are employed to treat various disorders such as abscesses, dysentery, kidney stone, diarrhea, unusual uterine bleeding. T. angustifolia is highly active against various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. This review discusses the traditional importance, medicinal value, bio-remediating properties, and other important biological activities of this plant.

Aqueous selenium removal and distribution in cattail and duckweed in constructed wetland microcosms

AbstractSelenium (Se)‐affected stormwater runoff raises concerns about potential downstream impact of Se on aquatic ecosystems. Unplanted (UNP) detention ponds augmented with cattail (Typha angustifolia L.; CAT) and duckweed (Lemna minor L.; DWD) may provide a solution for continuous, rapid abatement of Se‐affected runoff. This research was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of CAT or DWD and determining the distribution of Se within a continually flooded detain and drain system. Microcosms containing 3 kg of soil planted to either one CAT, 25 g fresh DWD, or left unplanted (UNP, control) were flooded with a 3‐L solution at 40 μg Se L−1, as sodium selenate (Na2SeO4), or a zero Se control. Over two 10‐d flood–discharge cycles (FDCs), plants in microcosms were evaluated in growth chambers maintained at 30 °C under a 12‐h photoperiod with 400 μmol m−2 s−1 irradiance. Initial and final water, soil, plant, and granular activated charcoal (GAC) were analyzed for total [Se] with inductively coupled plasma–mass spectroscopy (ICP–MS). Data were analyzed with PROC GLM (SAS EG 7.1) at α = .05. Within 10 d after Se application, CAT and DWD decreased aqueous Se from 40 μg Se L−1 to below the 11.8 μg Se L−1 threshold. Selenium recovery ranged between 75 and 100% of the applied Se. In continually flooded systems, the primary elimination pathway appears to be associated with the soil solid phase. Cattail and DWD are suitable species for constructed wetland phytoremediation of Se‐affected runoff. The microcosm design presented may be useful for future evaluations.