Typha Angustifolia Research Articles

Application of dairy wastewater as substrate for bioremediation of coal mine drainage in planted horizontal flow constructed wetland

Coal mine drainage (CMD) is an environmental threat due to its high volume, low pH, presence of toxic metals, and absence of biodegradable organics. The present study aims to treat CMD in a horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetland (CW) using dairy wastewater as an organic source. CW was planted with Typha angustifolia. Characteristics of synthetic CMD were (except pH, all unit mg/L) pH 1.9; Fe: 100, SO 4 2 − : 1,000, Mn: 6, Zn: 5, Co: 1, Ni: 1, and Cr: 1. CMD was mixed with synthetic dairy wastewater (pH: 5.05, COD: 2,700 mg/L, BOD: 1,600 mg/L) in the ratio of 3:1. Alkalinity of 120–190 mg/L CaCO3 was generated and effluent pH improved from 2.2 to 6.6. Metals precipitated as metal sulfide or hydroxide. Sulfate removal was hindered due to the synergistic toxicity of several metals. Except for Mn, all other effluent parameters were within the discharge limit for disposal in inland surface water.

Features of distribution of a number of rare and protected plant species in the territories of oligotrophic and mesotrophic mires within oil fields of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area – Yugra

The technogenic transformation of oligotrophic and mesotrophic mires, which occurs during the functioning of the infrastructure of oil fields, leads to the emergence of new habitats with fundamentally different conditions, previously uncharacteristic for these biogeocenoses. Expansion of areas of eutrophicated soils, pollution with oil and chlorides, subsequent reclamation measures, the formation of embankments from mineral soil – all these disturbance types create the preconditions for the disappearance of rare plants, however, in parallel, the introduction of new species that also have a protected status is noted. Transformed areas of mires can become refugia for endangered and protected plants. Three groups of plants can be distinguished, related to the nature of the technogenically transformed substrates on which they settle. The first group includes plants that settle exclusively on peat, the second includes species found on mineral substrates introduced into mires, the third group includes species that can grow both on mineral substrates and technogenically eutrophicated peat soils. The article provides characteristics of a number of transformed habitats that arose in the mire areas of the – Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area – Yugra, within which rare and protected species were found. Among the plants whose distribution in the mires of the district is largely due to the expansion of human economic activity, mention should be made of Thelypteris palustris, Lycopodiella inundata, Typha angustifolia, liverwort Heterogemma laxa, etc.

Pharmacological Potential and Electrochemical Characteristics of Typha angustifolia Pollen

Typha angustifolia L. (TA) pollen has been utilized as a traditional Chinese medicine for treating various internal and external traumas. Moreover, bioactive compounds possess diverse pharmacological activities. This study aims to evaluate the antiviral properties of TA based on its ability to generate bioenergy, capable of inhibiting viruses. TA pollens were extracted using water and ethanol solvents. These extracts were utilized to identify the phytochemical contents and correlate with the antioxidant activity via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. HPLC analysis was conducted to identify its electron-shuttling compositions. The bioenergy-generating characteristics were determined via microbial fuel cells. The water extract (TA-W) showed higher antioxidant activity due to a higher phenolic and flavonoid content compared to the ethanol extract (TA-E). Quercetin-3-O-(2G-α-L-rhamnosyl)-rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-neohesperidoside, and quercetin are the electron shuttles (ES) identified out of the 11 compounds. TA obtained a 1.39 ± 0.10 amplification factor of power generation that indicates potential bioenergy-generating and associated antiviral characteristic properties. The findings may provide a foundation for developing antiviral medications specifically designed to target virus-related diseases, while minimizing the risk of drug toxicity and reducing the costs of drug development.

Synergistic biodegradation of trichloroethylene-contaminated soil using Typha angustifolia L. and an anaerobic degrading bacterial consortium

Plant-microorganism combined bioremediation is a highly efficient and environmentally sustainable method for the remediation of contaminated soils. Despite its potential, the synergistic effects of wetland plants and anaerobic microbial consortium on the removal of chlorinated hydrocarbons (CAHs) from soil remain inadequately understood. In this study, an anaerobic bacterial consortium, capable of completely dechlorinating trichloroethylene (TCE), was enriched and screened from long-term CAH-contaminated soil. Subsequently, the combined effects of the wetland plant Typha angustifolia L. and the degrading bacterial consortium on the removal of TCE from soil were investigated, along with the underlying microbial mechanisms. The results demonstrated that the bacterial consortium was able to completely convert 0.5 mM TCE to vinyl chloride (VC) within 7 days, and subsequently degrade VC to ethylene within 48 days. The integration of Typha angustifolia L. with the degrading bacterial consortium significantly enhanced both the removal and complete dechlorination of TCE from the soil compared to either treatment alone. Furthermore, this combination substantially increased the diversity and richness of soil bacterial communities, enriched dechlorinating microorganisms, and elevated the relative abundance of dehalogenating enzymes and peroxidases involved in pollutant degradation. In addition, the combination resulted in a more complex soil bacterial community, closer microbial interactions, and a more stable microbial co-occurrence network. This study extends the scope of plant-microorganism combined bioremediation for CAH- contaminated soils.

Mechanistic investigation of azo dye removal from carbon-deficient dyeing wastewater using horizontal-vertical constructed wetlands

Azo dye degradation can be achieved by simulating a series of anaerobic and aerobic conditions within the constructed wetland (CW) system. The current investigation evaluated the effectiveness of a baffled horizontal-vertical CW system, planted with Typha angustifolia, simulating anaerobic-aerobic conditions to treat carbon-deficient synthetic dyeing wastewater containing 100 mg/L Reactive Yellow 145 (RY145) azo dye. In the absence of an available carbon source in dyeing wastewater, an optimum quantity of sodium acetate was supplemented as the substrate for microbial degradation of RY145. Influent dyeing wastewater characteristics were 5555 ADMI colour, 461 mg/L chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 39 mg/L total nitrogen (TN). During the operation period, the CW system achieved 97% colour, 87% COD, 95% ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) and 71% TN removals at 4 d hydraulic retention time (HRT). Favourable environmental conditions, such as low redox conditions and substrate availability in horizontal CW, contributed to a significant reduction in colour (96%). Most TN reduction (67%) happened in horizontal CW by denitrification and plant assimilation. The metagenomic study revealed that Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi and Firmicutes were responsible for pollutant degradation within horizontal CW. The UV–visible spectra and high-resolution liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer (HR-LCMS) analysis confirmed that dye degradation intermediates generated from the breakage of azo bonds were eliminated in vertical CW with high redox conditions. The results of the phytotoxicity and fish toxicity experiments demonstrated a substantial toxicity reduction in the CW system-treated effluent.

Agricultural Runoff Effects on Leaf Litter Decomposition: A Comparative Study in Natural and Constructed Deltaic Mediterranean Wetlands

Wetlands, widely distributed and hotspots of biodiversity, play a crucial role in global biogeochemical cycles and human well-being. However, despite their ecological importance, wetlands worldwide are under threat due to widespread conversion into agricultural fields, leading to changes in hydrology, increased salinity, and more frequent eutrophication. In response to these challenges, constructed wetlands are created to treat agricultural wastewater and mitigate eutrophication. This study aims to assess the effect of natural vs. constructed wetlands on ecosystem functioning (organic matter decomposition of the dominant vegetation: Phragmites australis and Typha angustifolia). We conducted this study in the Ebro River Delta (NE Spain), which represents a deltaic wetland affected by agricultural land-use changes, examining two constructed and two natural wetlands. Our findings indicate that the influence of agricultural runoff on the decomposition process was similar in both types of wetlands, suggesting that freshwater agricultural runoff has a consistent effect on ecosystem functioning, regardless of its origin, natural vs. constructed. Differences in macroinvertebrate communities associated with leaf litter were likely due to specific conductivity but did not impact decomposition rates. The estimated time required to decompose 95% of the T. angustifolia litter produced annually in the studied wetlands ranged from 288 to 856 days. In constructed wetland, this decomposition time exceeded one year, contributing to soil formation and carbon sequestration in wetland ecosystems. Our study suggests that the utilization of constructed wetlands for treating agricultural runoff can aid in mitigating the impacts of agricultural land use in these areas.

The complete chloroplast genome of Typha angustifolia and its phylogenetic position in Typhaceae

Typha angustifolia, commonly known as narrowleaf cattail, is a marginal, semi-aquatic, herbaceous perennial species with both ecological and edible values. In this study, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of T. angustifolia was assembled using the next-generation sequencing technology. The whole cp genome was 161,597 bp in length, consisting of a large single copy (LSC, 89,119 bp) and a small single copy (SSC, 18,550 bp) separated by two copies of inverted region (IR, 26,964 bp). The genome encoded 113 unique genes, including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, four rRNA genes, with 19 duplicated genes in the IR regions. Phylogenetic analysis showed that T. angustifolia is sister to Typha orientalis in the family Typhaceae. The cp genome of T. angustifolia is reported for the first time, which will provide essential and important genetic resources for future phylogenetic investigation within the genus Typha.

Features of Accumulation of Some Elements of Soil Nutrition by Phytoremediant Plants of Technogenically Polluted Wastewater from Mining Companies

The possibility of using phytoremediant plants as a source of the most important elements of soil nutrition and to obtain fertilizers with a valuable composition of microelements has been considered. Data have been presented on the accumulation of potassium, calcium and ferrum in the tissues of phytoremediant plants Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud., Typha angustifolia L., Typha latifolia L., used in the treatment of technogenically polluted wastewater from mining companies. It has been concluded that these plants have a high phytoextractive ability to extract elements of soil nutrition and can be used to create green fertilizers.

The dynamics of heavy metals and metalloids accumulation in oxbow bottom sediments of the Sok River

The article analyzes the dynamics of heavy metals (V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Cd, Pb) and metalloids (As, Se) accumulation in the bottom sediments of the low-flow oxbow of the Sok River. This oxbow was formed as a result of the Saratov reservoir creation and located within the Krasnoglinsky District of the Samara city. The study was conducted in 2021 and 2022. Four trial plots were established in the oxbow of the river; the control plot was a sample area allocated in the Saratov reservoir, in the immediate vicinity of the oxbow. The quantitative determination of heavy metals and metalloids content in bottom sediments was carried out using inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. The results obtained showed that specific conditions arise in each research period that affect the studied elements accumulation in the oxbow bottom sediments. These processes are influenced by the location of the sample plot in the oxbow, the flow degree, the spring flood nature, the anthropogenic transformation and the overgrowth of Typha angustifolia L. For all sample plots located in the oxbow, higher concentrations of most of nalyzed elements were detected in 2022. Heavy metals and metalloids accumulated especially actively in the bottom sediments of sample plot 4, located in the oxbow behind an artificial dam and characterized by the weakest flow. The soil cover of Samara city posesses weak and moderate effect on the quantitative characteristics of metal accumulation in the oxbow bottom sediments. Compared to the control, the studied elements accumulated more actively in the bottom sediments of all oxbow sample areas, which confirms the accumulative nature of river oxbow of varying degrees of isolation.

The potential application of Czenspinskia transversostriata in biological control.

Phytoseiid predatory mites are one of the most important groups of biocontrol agents, commonly used in biological control. The ability to produce these predatory mites economically, at high density on cheap factitious food sources, is a major contributor to their success. Astigmatid mites are the most widely used factitious food for this purpose. In this study, we investigated the potential application of the leaf-dwelling astigmatid mite Czenspinskia transversostriata (Oudemans) (Acari: Winterschmidtiidae) as a prey mite in biological control. We tested whether C. transversostriata is a suitable food source for the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae), both in the laboratory and on cucumber plants. Based on a reproduction trial, C. transversostriata proved to be an equally good food source compared to both pollen of Typha angustifolia L. (Poales: Typhaceae) and a frequently used prey mite Carpoglyphus lactis L. (Acari: Carpoglyphidae). In a pre-establishment trial on cucumber plants, populations of A. swirskii reached equally high densities when supplemented with C. transversostriata, compared to C. lactis. Lastly, we show that C. transversostriata is capable of feeding and reproducing on powdery mildew growing on cucumber plants, thereby slowing down the development of the pathogenic fungus. Results derived from this study show that C. transversostriata may have multiple potential applications in biological control programs.

Improving treatment performance in mature wetlands: The impact of emergent plant species

Improving the treatment performance of mature surface flow constructed wetlands (SFCWs) is critical for long-term sustainability. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of plant species affecting the treatment performance of mature SFCWs remain largely unexplored. In this study, three 6-year-old field-scale SFCWs were subjected to orthogonal tests, with Nelumbo nucifera, Typha angustifolia, and Zizania latifolia as plant species. The aim was to understand how the emergent plant species selected for the newly constructed wetlands influenced the nitrogen and phosphorus treatment performance at maturity. The results showed that plant species significantly affected total nitrogen (TN) treatment performance through dissolved oxygen and water temperature. Typha and Zizania had larger above-ground biomass and denser canopies than Nelumbo, significantly increasing anaerobic zones and water temperature. Therefore, SFCWs with Typha or Zizania had the best organic nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen treatment performance compared to those with Nelumbo. However, the integrated ability of microbes and plants to remove ammonia nitrogen was not affected by internal factors in mature wetlands. Plant species significantly affected total phosphorus (TP) treatment performance through local flow patterns. Although plant species did not significantly affect general hydraulic performance, Zizania had denser tillers and thicker stalks than Nelumbo and Typha, increasing flow velocity near the wetland bottom. Therefore, SFCWs with Nelumbo or Typha were more capable of TP removal than those with Zizania. Overall, Typha was the optimal plant species compared to Nelumbo and Zizania for efficient removal of TN and TP. Therefore, appropriate plant species for newly constructed wetlands are crucial for enhancing nitrogen and phosphorus treatment performance at maturity. From a long-term perspective, SFCWs should be planted with emergent plants with large above-ground parts and sparse tillers. This study provides a mechanistic understanding of the plant species affecting nitrogen and phosphorus in mature SFCWs.

Macrophyte assisted phytoremediation and toxicological profiling of metal(loid)s polluted water is influenced by hydraulic retention time.

The present study reports findings related to the treatment of polluted groundwater using macrophyte-assisted phytoremediation. The potential of three macrophyte species (Phragmites australis, Scirpus holoschoenus, and Typha angustifolia) to tolerate exposure to multi-metal(loid) polluted groundwater was first evaluated in mesocosms for 7- and 14-day batch testing. In the 7-day batch test, the polluted water was completely replacedand renewed after 7days, while for14days exposure, the same polluted water, added in the first week, was maintained. The initial biochemical screeningresults of macrophytes indicated that the selected plants were more tolerant to the provided conditions with 14days of exposure. Based on these findings, the plants were exposed to HRT regimes of 15 and 30days. The results showed that P. australis and S. holoschoenus performed better than T. angustifolia, in terms of metal(loid) accumulation and removal, biomass production, and toxicity reduction. In addition, the translocation and compartmentalization of metal(loid)s were dose-dependent. At the 30-day loading rate (higher HRT), below-ground phytostabilization was greater than phytoaccumulation, whereas at the 15-day loading rate (lower HRT), below- and above-ground phytoaccumulation was the dominant metal(loid) removal mechanism. However, higher levels of toxicity were noted in the water at the 15-day loading rate. Overall, thisstudy provides valuable insights for macrophyte-assisted phytoremediation of polluted (ground)water streams that can help to improve the design and implementation of phytoremediation systems.

A case study on topsoil removal and rewetting for paludiculture: effect on biogeochemistry and greenhouse gas emissions from Typha latifolia, Typha angustifolia, and Azolla filiculoides

Abstract. Rewetting drained peatlands for paludiculture purposes is a way to reduce peat oxidation (and thus CO2 emissions) while at the same time it could generate an income for landowners, who need to convert their traditional farming into wetland farming. The side effect of rewetting drained peatlands is that it potentially induces high methane (CH4) emissions. Topsoil removal could reduce this emission due to the removal of easily degradable carbon and nutrients. Another way to limit CH4 emissions is the choice in paludiculture species. In this study we conducted a field experiment in the coastal area of the Netherlands, in which a former non-intensively used drained peat grassland is rewetted to complete inundation (water table ∼ +18 cm) after a topsoil removal of ∼ 20 cm. Two emergent macrophytes with high potential of internal gas transport (Typha latifolia and Typha angustifolia), and a free floating macrophyte (Azolla filiculoides), were introduced and intensive measurement campaigns were conducted to capture CO2 and CH4 fluxes as well as soil and surface water chemistry. Greenhouse gas fluxes were compared with a high-productive peat meadow as a reference site. Topsoil removal reduced the amount of phosphorus and iron in the soil to a large extent. The total amount of soil carbon per volume stayed more or less the same. The salinity of the soil was in general high, defining the system as brackish. Despite the topsoil removal and salinity, we found very high CH4 emissions for T. latifolia (84.8 g CH4 m−2 yr−1) compared with the much lower emissions from T. angustifolia (36.9 g CH4 m−2 yr−1) and Azolla (22.3 g CH4 m−2 yr−1). The high emissions can be partly explained by the large input of dissolved organic carbon into the system, but it could also be caused by plant stress factors like salinity level and herbivory. For the total CO2 flux (including C-export), the rewetting was effective, with a minor uptake of CO2 for Azolla (−0.13 kg CO2 m−2 yr−1) and a larger uptake for the Typha species (−1.14 and −1.26 kg CO2 m−2 yr−1 for T. angustifolia and T. latifolia, respectively) compared with the emission of 2.06 kg CO2 m−2 yr−1 for the reference site. T. angustifolia and Azolla, followed by T. latifolia, seem to have the highest potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions after rewetting to flooded conditions (−1.4, 2.9, and 10.5 t CO2 eq. ha−1 yr−1, respectively) compared with reference drained peatlands (20.6 t CO2 eq. ha−1 yr−1). When considering the total greenhouse gas balance, other factors, such as biomass use and storage of topsoil after removal, should be considered. Especially the latter factor could cause substantial carbon losses if not kept in anoxic conditions. When calculating the radiative forcing over time for the different paludicrops, which includes the GHG fluxes and the carbon release from the removed topsoil, T. latifolia will start to be beneficial in reducing global warming after 93 years compared with the reference site. For both Azolla and T. angustifolia this will be after 43 years.

Microorganisms Directly Affected Sediment Carbon–Nitrogen Coupling in Two Constructed Wetlands

Clarifying the carbon–nitrogen coupling pattern in wetlands is crucial for understanding the driving mechanism of wetland carbon sequestration. However, the impacts of plants and environmental factors on the coupling of carbon–nitrogen in wetland sediments are still unclear. Sediment samples from plant (Typha angustifolia and Phragmites australis)-covered habitats and bare land were collected in two constructed wetlands in northern China. The contents of different forms of carbon and nitrogen in sediments and plants, and the sediment microbial community were detected. It was found that the sediment carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratios did not differ significantly in the bare sites of different wetlands, but did in the plant-covered sites, which highlighted the different role of plants in shifting the carbon–nitrogen coupling in different constructed wetlands. The effects of plants on the sediment carbon–nitrogen coupling differed in two constructed wetlands, so the structural equation model was used and found that sediment microorganisms directly affected sediment C/N ratios, while water and sediment physicochemical properties indirectly affected sediment C/N ratios by altering sediment microbial functions. Multiple linear regression models showed that water pH, sediment moisture content, water dissolved oxygen, and water depth had a greater influence on the carbon metabolism potential of the sediment microbial community, while sediment moisture content had the greatest impact on the sediment microbial nitrogen metabolism potential. The study indicates that variations in environmental conditions could alter the influence of plants on the carbon and nitrogen cycles of wetland sediments. Water environmental factors mainly affect microbial carbon metabolism functions, while soil physicochemical factors, especially water content, affect microbial carbon and nitrogen metabolism functions.

Dynamics of 137Cs content in higher aquatic plants of Kyiv and Kaniv Reservoirs

The study aimed to determine the temporal parameters of 137Cs specific activity in higher aquatic plants of Kyiv and Kaniv reservoirs. Parameters characterizing the dynamics of 137Cs content for hydrophytes (Potamogeton perfoliatus and Ceratophyllum demersum) and helophytes (Phragmites australis and Typha angustifolia) were determined based on the results of 137Cs specific activity determination in the aboveground plant organs. Plant samples were collected in 1989–2021 from a polygonal area in the upper part of Kyiv reservoir (shallow waters near Strakholyssia village) and in 2000–2021 from a polygonal area in the middle part of the Kaniv reservoir (shallow waters near Rzhyschiv and the Borispol islands). A model of specific activity of aquatic organisms was substantiated (or developed) in case of exponential decrease in radionuclide levels in the environment. The main parameter of the model is the period of resulting halving of organism specific activity due to the decrease in radionuclide concentration in water, its irreversible fixation in bottom sediments, and radioactive decay. During 1989–2021, the half-life period of 137Cs specific activity in Potamogeton perfoliatus, Ceratophyllum demersum, and Phragmites australis of Kyiv reservoir was 5.4 years. Two time intervals were identified, characterized by different intensities of radionuclide specific activity decrease. During the periods of 1989–1996 (1998), the specific activity of 137Cs in the studied plant species decreased by half in approximately 2 years. For the time interval of 2011(2012)–2021, the half-life period of 137Cs content in Potamogeton perfoliatus and Ceratophyllum demersum increased on average to 12 years. A tendency towards a slowdown in the rate of specific activity decrease was observed for Phragmites australis. During 1987–1996, the half-life period of maximum 137Cs specific activity in higher aquatic plants of Kaniv reservoir was 2.1 years. Thus, during the first decade after the accident, the rates of 137Cs content decrease in plants of Kyiv and Kaniv reservoirs did not differ. In 2000–2021, the rate of 137Cs specific activity decrease in Potamogeton perfoliatus and Ceratophyllum demersum of Kaniv reservoir corresponded on average to a half-life period of about 20 years. For Phragmites australis and Typha angustifolia, only a tendency to decrease in 137Cs activity was noted, corresponding to a half-life period of about 40 years. Over time, the half-life period of 137Cs specific activity in higher aquatic plants of Kyiv and Kaniv reservoirs increases, which is explained by the slowdown in the rate of decrease in volumetric activity of 137Cs in the waters of the Dnipro and Pripyat rivers. A model of 137Cs specific activity in higher aquatic plants of reservoirs for periods exceeding 20 years after accidental radionuclide entry into ecosystems of large plain reservoirs has been proposed. The parameters of the model describing the dynamics of 137Cs specific activity can be used for predictive assessments of 137Cs content in higher aquatic plants in the event of accidental radionuclide entry into ecosystems of large plain reservoirs.

Valorization of rice straw and vascular aquatic weeds for sustainable prebiotic hemicellulosic autohydrolysate production: Extraction, characterization and fermentability.

This study describes the extraction and characterization of the hemicellulosic autohydrolysates (HAHs) derived from rice straw (RS) and vascular aquatic weeds like Typha angustifolia (TA) and Ceretophyllum demersum (CD). It further explores their capacity to sustain the proliferation of selected lactic acid bacteria (i.e., prebiotic activity) isolated from milk samples. To fractionate HAH from RS, TA and CD hot water extraction (HWE) method was used and RS, TA, and CD biomasses yielded 6.8, 4.99 and 2.98% of HAH corresponding to the hemicellulose extraction efficiencies of 26.15 ± 0.8%, 23.76 ± 0.6%, and 18.62 ± 0.4% respectively. The chemical characterization of HAH concentrates through HPLC showed that they comprised galactose, arabinose, xylose and glucose. The total phenol content of the RS, TA and CD-derived HAH concentrates were 37.53, 56.78 and 48.08mg GAE/g. The five lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates Q1B, Q2A, Q3B, G1C and G2B selected for prebiotic activity assays generated mixed responses with the highest growth in RS-HAH for Q2A and the least in TA-HAH for Q3B. Further, the isolates Q2A, Q3B, G1C, and G2B, which showed the highest growth performance, were identified through MALDI-TOF and 16S rRNA sequencing as Lactobacillus brevis. All the tested LAB isolates showed diauxic growth in crude HAH preparations to maximize the utilization of carbon resources for their proliferation. This suggests that the selected LAB isolates are efficient degraders of hemicellulosic sugars. This paves the way for the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass to produce prebiotic hemicellulosic autohydrolysate and consequently enhances environmental sustainability by improving resource efficiency.

Biofuel production from macrophytes

The depletion of natural resources and minerals is leading to slower economic growth in many countries. Sustainable economic development requires rational resource management and waste reduction, as disposal or incineration pollutes fertile soils, the atmosphere, and water bodies. This study aimed to develop methods for obtaining the technology of liquid biofuel (bio-oil) production by hydrothermal revitalization of the biomass of macroalgae and aquatic macrophytes. The thermal properties and caloric content of aquatic plant biomass, specifically Phragmites australis, Scirpus lacustris, Typha angustifolia L., and Sparganium erectum L., were investigated, and the optimal parameters for hydrothermal revitalization of their biomass were identified. The biomass of P. australis and S. lacustris was shown to have optimal thermal properties, having an ash content of 7.6% and 6.6%, respectively, and a maximum mass loss temperature of 351 °C and 345 °C, respectively. The production regimes for liquid biofuel (bio-oil) were established. The properties of fuel derived from P. australis biomass were evaluated, including the content of easily boiling fractions and coke residue. The magnitude of fuel yield from biomass P. australis was found to be correlated with the quality of bio-oil. Thus, obtaining biofuels from aquatic plants is one of the promising areas of plant biomass processing.

Synergic Usage of Pistia stratiotes sp., Eichhornia crassipes sp., Typha angustifolia sp., and Lepironia Articulata sp. Plants for Sewage Treatment via Phytoremediation Technology

Introduction Domestic wastewater management is challenging on a worldwide level. The discharge of a large amount of nitrogen and phosphate from sewage accelerates pollution can lead to reduced oxygen levels, excessive algal blooms, the expansion of aquatic weed plants, and the destruction of the aquatic environment. As a result, the right wastewater treatment is required prior to discharge into natural water bodies in order to prevent contamination and fulfill the wastewater acceptable limits established by the government and environmental protection agencies. For Previous studies, most of the research is carried out in a controlled environment within a small time frame. Phytoremediation offers a viable alternative by harnessing the natural capabilities of plants to enhance the degradation and removal of pollutants in sewage. Aims The objective of this study is to evaluate the phytoremediation performance using Pistia stratiotes sp., Eichhornia Crassipes sp., Typha angustifolia sp., and Lepironia Articulata sp. in treating real domestic wastewater. Methods The phytoremediation system conducted continuous treatment at the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) effluent at Selangor, Malaysia. To the best of our knowledge there are no studies conducted on the phytoremediation plant in real STP using 4 types of aquatic plants in a row to achieve a high percentage removal of pollutants. This research observation was conducted by collecting data every 2 weeks for 4 consecutive months including the maintenance terms. In terms of pollutant removal, the phytoremediation system showed the highest removal efficiency in all tested parameters. Results The highest removal efficiency recorded for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS) and ammoniacal nitrogen (AN) were 68.38%, 70.95%, 59.21% and 25.00%, respectively. Conclusion Following the guidelines of the Environmental Quality (Sewage Effluent) Regulation 2009 Malaysia, synergic usage of the aquatic plant had successfully achieved Standard A for sewage discharge after applying the phytoremediation technology while it has been proven that the environmentally friendly technologies can reduce the risk of water pollution by using the selected plant and may solve the water shortage with a cost-effective and efficient solution to wastewater treatment.

Metal and nutrient uptake by natural wetland plants in a tropical man-made wetland of Sri Lanka

Phytoremediation of contaminated soil is an environmentally-friendly approach to minimize the impacts of nutrients and heavy metals on an ecosystem. Hence, selecting appropriate plants with phytoextraction potential is paramount to remediatie contaminated soils. This study aimed to investigate the nutrient and metal contents of four natural aquatic plants, including Cyperus rotundus, Eleocharis dulcis, Typha angustifolia, and Schoenoplectus grossus. They were grown in the meadow of a small reservoir in Sri Lanka to assess their phytoextraction ability using plant and soil samples collected at 32 sampling points in the meadow. Their biological concentration (roots/soil), accumulation (shoots/soil), and translocation (shoots/roots) factors were determined to assess element mobility and phytoextraction ability. Total K, Na, Mg, Ca, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, As, Pb, and Cd contents of plants and soil samples were measured using an Inductivity Couple Plasma Optical Emission Spectrophotometer. ANCOVA was used as a statistical test to assess the best plant type in terms of nutrient and metal absorption. Plant shoots exhibited significantly greater values for P, Na, Mg, Zn, Cd, and Fe than their roots. Their biological concentration, accumulation and translocation factors were not different among the four plant species. However, these values were >1 for all the species, indicating their potential to be used as hyperaccumulators. T. angustifolia, with its high potential for nutrient and metal accumulation and the highest aesthetic appeal, was selected as the best overall wetland species for phytoremediation purposes.

Rare flavanone-diarylheptanoid hybrids from Typha angustifolia shows anti breast cancer activity via activating TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway

Four new flavanone-diarylheptanoid hetero dimers, typhatifolins A−D (1−4), were separated from the pollen of a widely distributed medicinal plant Typha angustifolia. Structures of these rare hybrids were elucidated by detailed interpretation of spectroscopic data, and their absolute configurations were determined on the basis of Mosher's method and ECD analyses. All the four compounds showed moderate to significant cytotoxicities against a panel of tumor cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 0.67 to 12.48 μM. Further in vitro antitumor evaluation for typhatifolin B (TTB, 2) on two breast cancer cells (4T1 and MDA-MB231) revealed that it could remarkably induce cell apoptosis and G0/G1 cycle arrest, as well as block cell migration and invasion. Mechanistically, TTB could exert its antitumor effect via activating the TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor beta 1) signaling pathway as evidenced by RNA-seq analysis and immunoblotting experiments, which was further corroborated by treating cancer cells with a TGF-β signaling inhibitor. Lastly, the in vivo anti breast cancer activity was demonstrated by applying the mixture of typhatifolins A−D to a preclinical animal model.