Types Of Cybercrimes Research Articles

Dr. Phish: Phishing Website Detector

Phishing is a common attack on credulous people by making them disclose their unique information. It is a type of cyber-crime where false sites allure exploited people to give delicate data. This paper deals with methods for detecting phishing websites by analyzing various features of URLs by Machine learning techniques. This experimentation discusses the methods used for detection of phishing websites based on lexical features, host properties and page importance properties. We consider various data mining algorithms for evaluation of the features in order to get a better understanding of the structure of URLs that spread phishing. To protect end users from visiting these sites, we can try to identify the phishing URLs by analyzing their lexical and host-based features.A particular challenge in this domain is that criminals are constantly making new strategies to counter our defense measures. To succeed in this contest, we need Machine Learning algorithms that continually adapt to new examples and features of phishing URLs.

Current issues of international law in terms of crimes in the field of computer information

This article attempts to reveal such a phenomenon as cybercrime at the present stage of its development. In particular, such types of cybercrime as cyberterrorism and cyberbullying require appropriate regulatory regulation at the national and international level. The problem of cybercrime is multifaceted, requiring a clear and coordinated response from law enforcement agencies. It is worth noting the growing role of transnational and non-governmental organizations, which have become the most important tool for combating and investigating cybercrime. The gradual integration of artificial intelligence as a preventive measure is seen as an effective method of combating crimes in the field of computer information.

Analysis of Cyber Bullying on Facebook Using Text Mining

Cyberbullying is a type of cybercrime that involves the use of the internet and other information technology resources to deliberately insult, embarrass, harass, bully, and threaten people online. The ubiquity of internet connectivity has enabled an increase in the volume and pace of cyberbullying activities because the criminals no longer need to be physically present when committing the crime. This work aims to analyze and predict cyberbullying on Facebook using Naïve Bayes algorithm. The score accuracy, classification report, and confusion matrix are also employed to assess the performance of the classifier. The accuracy of the classifier is 0.95(95%) which means the model can predict 95 of every 100 instances correctly. Also, the result of the experimental analysis shows that Naïve Bayes is effective in classifying a word into a bully or non-bully word and can identify the category of the bully word that is being sent online.

Toward Mitigating, Minimizing, and Preventing Cybercrimes and Cybersecurity Risks

Cybercrime and cybersecurity are emerging fields of research, shaped by technological developments. Scholars in these interconnected fields have studied different types of cybercrimes as well as victimization and offending. Increasingly, some of these scholars have focused on the ways in which cybercrimes can be mitigated, minimized, and even prevented. However, such strategies are often difficult to achieve in reality due to the human and technical factors surrounding cybercrimes. In this issue of the International Journal of Cybersecurity Intelligence and Cybercrime, three papers adequately address such challenges using college student samples and nationally representative samples, as well as a framework through which cybersecurity can be better managed. Theoretically speaking, these studies use traditional criminological theories to explore different types of cybercrimes and cybersecurity while enhancing our understandings of both. The issue is concluded with a book review of a work about computer crime that was published before the Internet age and offers useful insights for current and future cybercrime studies.

Криминальные угрозы электронной коммерции: международные и национальные аспекты

Economic criminality, being driven by the digitalization of economic relations, switches to the area of electronic commerce and uses all the advantages emerging with the development of information and telecommunication technologies, which requires modern regulation of such relations by the state and international community. The authors consider electronic commerce as various economic relations that use electronic, telecommunication, information resources and technologies. Electronic commerce can potentially offer many advantages as compared with a more traditional trade, although its use also has some negative consequences and faces real threats of cybercrime mentioned in this article; electronic trade may be subject to money laundering. The authors identify the following: categories of cybercrime in the area of electronic commerce; types of cybercrimes using computers; types of cybercriminals; lines (levels) and key tasks of combating crimes in the area of electronic commerce.

Penegakan Hukum terhadap Tindak Pidana Peretasan sebagai Bentuk Kejahatan Mayantara (Cyber Crime)

Along with technological developments, there are a lot of facilities available in cyberspace. The development of this technology can also provide opportunities for criminals, especially crimes in cyberspace. Cybercrime is a new form or dimension of a crime that is currently receiving a lot of attention from the international community. One type of cybercrime is hacking. Based on this background, this research was conducted with the aim of describing law enforcement against criminal acts of hacking and the efforts to deal with cybercrime. This research was conducted using normative legal research methods and statutory approaches. The results of this study showed that law enforcement against criminal acts of hacking is regulated in Law Number 19 of 2016 amending Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions. The perpetrator will be given criminal sanctions in the form of imprisonment and fines for violations in the field of hacking. In addition, efforts to eradicate cybercrime refers to the Law on Information and Electronic Transactions which is carried out with preventive and repressive measures. Therefore, the criminal act of hacking which is included in the realm of cybercrime has been regulated in Article 30 paragraph (1), (2) and (3) of the ITE Law, while the punishment is regulated in Article 46 paragraph (1), (2), and ( 3) of the ITE Law. In this regard, the government has taken various countermeasures in the form of preventive and repressive measures.

The Causes of Cyber Crime

Cybercrime involves a computer and a network and a computer is an object used for crime. The computer also can be used as a tool to commit an offense. The computer can also be the target of the crime. The internet is a wonderful place to engage us with a lot more of activities……but for whom? There is a possibility that many of us can become victims of the criminals hacking the internet. This paper highlights the overview of cybercrime, the main causes of cybercrimes, the different types of cybercrimes, and their prevention methods.

Kebijakan Kriminal Dalam Menghadapi Perkembangan Kejahatan Cyber Adultery

Salah satu masalah yang sangat meresahkan dan mendapat perhatian berbagai kalangan adalah masalah cyber crime di bidang kesusilaan. Jenis cyber crime di bidang kesusilaan yang sedang diungkapkan adalah cyber pornography (khususnya child pornography) dan cyber sex, salah satu kajian terhadap Cyber Adultery. Permasalahan dalam artikel ini adalah: (1). Apakah cyber adultery dapat dijaring dengan ketentuan pidana mengenai delik perzinahan? (2). Bagaimanakah kebijakan kriminal dalam menghadapi perkembangan kejahatan cyber adultery di masa mendatang? Dalam penelusuran tulisan ini digunakan metode penelitian hukum normative, yakni membahas persoalan norma yang masih kabur dalam pengertian bahwa ketentuan KUHP hanya mengisyaratkan adanya perzinahan secara riil. Namun bagaimana dengan perilaku yang dilakukan melalui cyber atau dunia maya. Delik kesusilaan adalah delik yang berhubungan dengan (masalah) kesusilaan. Namun tidaklah mudah menetapkan batas-batas atau ruang lingkup delik kesusilaan karena pengertian dan batas-batas kesusliaan itu cukup luas dan dapat berbeda-beda menurut pandangan dan nilai-nilai yang berlaku di dalam masyarakat. Terlebih karena hukum itu sendiri pada hakikatnya merupakan nilai-nilai kesusilaan yang minimal, sehingga pada dasarnya setiap delik atau tindak pidana merupakan delik kesusilaan. Secara yuridis, delik kesusilaan menurut KUHP yang berlaku saat ini terdiri dari dua kelompok tindak pidana yaitu kejahatan kesusilaan. Ketentuan hukum pidana positif yang terkait dengan tindak pidana di bidang kesusilaan termasuk cyber adultery, antara lain terdapat dalam : (a) KUHP; (b) UU No 36 Tahun 1999 Tentang Telekomunikasi; (c) UU Pers (UU No. 40/1999); (d) UU Penyiaran (No. 32/2002); dan (e) UU Perfilman (No. 8/1992). Dari berbagai UU tersebut, ketentuan hukum pidana dapat dikaitkan atau terkait dengan masalah kesusilaan. Walaupun adultery, sex, porno dilakukan di alam maya (cyberspace).

Criminals Work from Home during Pandemics Too: a Public Health Approach to Respond to Fraud and Crimes against those 50 and above.

This paper uses the public health framework to address the apparent impact of the coronavirus on the victimization experiences with a specific focus given to those over the age of 50. The bulk of attention is given to fraud victimization, with consideration also given to parent abuse, partner violence, and patient abuse. A review of data from the Federal Trade Commission shows that reports of most types of fraud grew significantly in the first three months of 2020 in comparison to the same time period in 2019. Differences between fraud experiences based on age are considered. Older persons lost much more to fraud than younger persons, and far more in 2020 than 2019. In addition, they reported being targeted more often for certain types of cybercrime (i.e., tech support scams). While devastating to everyone, it is concluded that the coronavirus will potentially have a more significant impact on the financial health of older persons than younger persons. It is concluded that minimizing the consequences of all forms of crimes targeting older adults will be best achieved by using a public health approach.

Cyber crimes in the banking sector: Case study of Vietnam

The technological revolution 4.0 brings great opportunities, but also cybercrimes to economic sectors, especially to banks. Using secondary data and survey results of 305 bank clients, the main findings of this paper are: (i) there are several types of cybercrimes in the banking sector; (ii) Vietnam is one of the top countries worldwide having hackers and being attacked by hackers, especially the banking sector. Three most common attacks are skimming, hacking and phishing. Number of cybercrime attacks in Vietnam are increasing rapidly over years; (iii) Vietnamese customers are very vulnerable to cybercrime in banking, as more than 58% seem to hear about cybercrimes, and how banks provide services to let them know about their transactions. However, more than 50% do not have any deep knowledge or any measures for preventing cybercrime; (iii) Customers believe in banks, but do not think that banks can deal with cybercrime issues well. They still feel traditional transactions are more secure than e-transactions; (iv) the reasons for high cybercrimes come from commercial banks (low management and human capacity), supporting environment (inadequate), legal framework (not yet strong and strict enough on cybercrimes), and clients (low level of financial literacy). Therefore, several solutions should be carried out, from all stakeholders, for improving the cybersecurity in Vietnamese banks.

CYBER GROOMING AND LIABILITY FOR IT

In the 21st century, the Internet is accessible to everyone without exception, in this regard there is no doubt that this creates ideal conditions for the development of cybercrime. According to Interpol, the increase of crime rates in the global computer network is the largest compared to other types of crime, including drug and arms traffi cking.Although along with the development of the Internet, there is a growing interest in crimes, and more precisely, in the unlimited possibilities of committing crimes against sexual freedom and sexual inviolability in cyberspace, the domestic law remains ambiguous regarding the penalization of the latter. The article emphasizes on the achievement of scientifi c and technological progress, the development of information technology, in particular the Internet as a powerful and dangerous tool, which is used in committing crimes against sexual freedom and sexual inviolability of minors. Here the Ukrainian and international legislation, judicial practice, and scientifi c research are analyzed; reasonable conclusions are made that are of both theoretical and practical signifi cance for the outlined issue. Unfortunately, Ukraine is already late in shaping a policy for protecting children in the digital environment. On counteraction to off enses related to cyber grooming, the national legislation has no explicit provisions aimed at implementing article 23 of the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse. Therefore, at the current stage of national implementation of international law, it would be worthwhile to adopt relevant legislative acts and amend the Criminal Code of Ukraine, in particular, to defi ne cyber grooming as a type of cybercrime at the legislative level; to determine the liability for cyber grooming through legislation; and for the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine to revisit the Law of Ukraine «On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine (regarding the implementation of the Unifi ed Register of Persons Convicted for Crimes Against Sexual Freedom and Sexual Inviolability of Minors, and on the Increase of Liability for Crimes Committed against Sexual Freedom and Sexual Inviolability of Minors)».

Cyber insurance: the current situation and prospects of development

The aim of the article is to analyze current trends in the development of cyber insurance. The following methods of scientific research were used in the preparation of the article: generalization, correlation analysis, comparative analysis. The authors analyze in detail the main trends in the spread of cybercrime. The correlation analysis between the number of registered cybercrimes in a particular country and its GDP, the number of business entities, indicated the lack of correlation between the studied indicators. It states that the most common types of cybercrime are: hacking, unauthorized access, accidental exposure, insider and physical theft. The sectoral analysis of the distribution of cybercrime has revealed a decrease in the share of financial companies while increasing the share of health care companies. It is noted that cyber insurance is one of the effective preventive measures that minimize the negative effects of cybercrime intervention. The article presents segmentation of the cyber insurance market by geography and size of insurance companies. The results of the analysis showed the dominance of US companies in the cyber insurance market. It is stated that the sectoral distribution of cybersecurity policy purchasers in general follows the trends of the sectoral distribution of cybercrime. The volume of cyber insurance, expenses of insured legal entities is analyzed. The main trends in the development of cyber insurance have been identified. The factors that hold back the development of cyber risk insurance have been identified. The main ones include the following: high level of information entropy in the process of cyber risk assessment, lack of a single standard for filling insurance services in the field of cyber insurance. It is noted that in the medium term the cyber insurance market is prospective for insurance companies. This is caused by the increasing scale of cyber threats and the costs associated with cyberattacks.

Reporting cybercrime victimization: determinants, motives, and previous experiences

PurposeCybercrime rates have increased rapidly during the last couple of decades, resulting in cybercrimes becoming common crimes. However, most victims do not report cybercrimes to the police. Therefore, this study examines reporting cybercrime victimization and provides insights into the role of the police in this process.Design/methodology/approachA sample of 595 individuals was used. All respondents were shown three vignettes about hypothetical cybercrime victimization and were asked to imagine that this situation happened to them. Four crime and reporting characteristics were manipulated across vignettes. Respondents' intentions to report to the police and to other organizations were used as the dependent variables in regression analyses. Four random factors in the vignettes (i.e. type of crime, seriousness of crime, victim–perpetrator relationship, and reporting modality), as well as several characteristics of the respondents were included in the regression models as independent variables.FindingsThe type of cybercrime is the most important predictor for reporting behaviors. Other determinants are: more serious offenses were more often reported and offenses are less often reported in situations where the victim personally knows the perpetrator. Furthermore, there is large discrepancy between intended and actual cybercrime reporting. These findings provide valuable insights into the factors that influence reporting behavior in the real world. Only a fifth of respondents indicated that they would not report cybercrime victimization to the police. This implies that attempts at improving reporting rates should not solely be focused on improving people's attitudes, but also on removing obstacles to turn these attitudes into actions.Originality/valueIn the current study, the authors contribute to the existing literature by asking a large sample from the general population in the Netherlands about both their intended reporting behavior (i.e. a vignette study) and their actual reporting behavior (i.e. self-reports) of victimization of a wide variety of different types of cybercrime. Determinants of both reporting to the police as well as to other organizations are examined. Moreover, respondents are asked about motivations behind their decision to (not) report a cybercrime to the police. Last, people were asked about their past experiences with reporting cybercrime victimization to the police.

Laws in Sri Lanka to Prevent the Cyber-Attacks and Analyze Whether These Laws are Sufficient to Prevent a Cyber-Warfare in Future

The major concern of this research is to recognize the laws in Sri Lanka to act against the cyber-attacks and the way those legal guidelines can be enacted to get rid of the risk of a cyber-war in future. The research has a look at first have emphasized the types of cyber-crimes that pave the way to a cyber-conflict. A crucial analysis of the cyber law framework in Sri Lanka like computer crime act, cyber law act as well as intellectual property act has been explained within the evaluation of the research. This is a qualitative research effort that focused on discovering the capabilities of the present legal framework to avoid a cyber-warfare in the near future.

Comprehensive Review of Cybercrime Detection Techniques

Cybercrimes are cases of indictable offences and misdemeanors that involve computers or communication tools as targets and commission instruments or are associated with the prevalence of computer technology. Common forms of cybercrimes are child pornography, cyberstalking, identity theft, cyber laundering, credit card theft, cyber terrorism, drug sale, data leakage, sexually explicit content, phishing, and other forms of cyber hacking. They mostly lead to a privacy breach, security violation, business loss, financial fraud, or damage in public and government properties. Thus, this study intensively reviews cybercrime detection and prevention techniques. It first explores the different types of cybercrimes and discusses their threats against privacy and security in computer systems. Then, it describes the strategies that cybercriminals may utilize in committing these crimes against individuals, organizations, and societies. It also reviews the existing techniques of cybercrime detection and prevention. It objectively discusses the strengths and critically analyzes the vulnerabilities of each technique. Finally, it provides recommendations for the development of a cybercrime detection model that can detect cybercrimes effectively compared with the existing techniques.

Victimization of Facebook Users: An Empirical Study among Female Students in Tangail

Social networking site is an important area of research. It is a known fact that young adults and teenagers, especially students are the most avid users of online Social networking sites which have a great impact on their lives. Yet, little is known about the sardonic experiences of students in social networking sites. With approximate 22.880 million users Facebook holds its number one popularity rank. Therefore, this paper takes Facebook as commissar of these Social Networking sites and focuses to provide an insight on the victimization of Female student and tends to explore the current nature and causes of female Facebook victimization. Female students are opted because they are more vulnerable in these sites than male. This paper reports the findings of a research work that was carried out in the higher secondary educational institutions in Tangail by using a non-probability purposive sample of 15 to 26 years aged female students. 70 samples were collected through a structured questionnaire and the gleaned data was analyzed by using SPSS. This study demonstrates, although social networking site have opened up a new way of socialization, respondents had experienced several types of cyber crime in Facebok. Such experiences create a state of insecurity, depression, fear, isolation and to a very large extent suicide. It is relatively a new phenomenon and hopefully both the effective technical strategy along with public consciousness used as a useful tool to reduce female vulnerability in Facebook from individual to national level in Babgladesh.

Detection of Video and Multimedia Copy-Move Forgery using Optical Algorithm and GLSM Clustering

Digital Videos and multimedia copy-move forgery detection is a trending topic in multimedia forensics. Protecting videos and other digital media from tampering has become a cause of concern. Video copy-move forgery has increasingly become a type of cybercrime that is employed to using videos for various malicious purposes such as providing fake evidences in court rooms, spreading fake rumors, using it to defame a person. A lot of approaches have been proposed for detecting the traces left by any forgery caused due to the copy-move operation. In this paper, we conduct a survey on these existing approaches which are applied for the detection of copy –move videos and also for the identification forgery in the images. In some of the existing methods, the problem of copy-move video forgery has been addressed using different techniques. Techniques such as noise residue, motion and brightness gradients, optical flow techniques solve only part of the whole problem. This survey analyses the current solutions and what they offer to address this problem

Phishing Detection using Machine Learning Techniques

Phishing is a type of cyber-crime where spammed messages and false sites allure exploited people to give delicate data to the phishers. The obtained touchy data is along these lines used to take characters or access cash. To battle against spamming, a cloud-based framework Microsoft azure and uses prescient investigation with machine making sense of how to manufacture confidence in personalities. The goal of this paper is to construct a spam channel utilizing various machine learning techniques. Classification is a machine learning strategy uses that can be viably used to recognize spam, builds and tests models, utilizing diverse blends of settings, and compares various machine learning technique, and measure the exactness of a prepared model and figures a lot of assessment measurements. The present study compares the predictive accuracy, f1 score, precession and recall of several machine learning methods including Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), and Neural Networks (NNet) for predicting phishing emails and improves logistic regression technique by using feature selection methods and improves the accuracy to detect phishing.

Cyber Delinquency: Issues And Challenges Under Indian Legal System

Children are the shoulders which carry a nation to the future. It is important for a nation to develop that its youth are on the right tracks. But even if sometime a child shows a behavior which is uncalled for a society and delinquent in nature that does not means that he is no longer fit to be a part of the society. Children are a fragile mind and can be put on the right course of development through proper guidance. This paper aims at discussing the reason why minors are more and more involving themselves into committing offences with the aid of technology. Technology which is aimed at their development is in some case proving to be there enemy. The paper further focuses on various types of cyber crimes and how our legal system can control cyber crimes by minors.

Legislation on the New Types of Cybercrime and Its Application

The new types of cybercrime have different features from traditional “cumulative crimes.” The application of the relevant provisions of the Criminal Law has run into difficulties, and the relevant theoretical explanations of substantive preparatory crime and being an accomplice in crime find it hard to achieve self-consistency. Legislation on the new types of cybercrime is a legitimate response to recent changes in this area. Utilizing the particular techniques of cybercrime and the circumstantial requirement of limiting the amount of criminal harm is the key to satisfying the conditions for offences warranting criminal punishment. The harmfulness of the new types of cybercrime is not great; the law’s circumstantial requirements are flexible, and the criteria for judicial application are unclear, so the law’s provisions are seldom invoked and the sphere of criminal activity is unduly expanded. In order to give full play to the effectiveness of this legislation, we should formulate reasonable judicial rules that accord with the constitution of cybercrimes, narrow down the constituent elements of such crimes in a reasonable way, and categorize and limit the interpretation of circumstantial requirements.