Types Of Waste Research Articles

Preliminary results in the manufacture of anodic electrodes for potential use in microbial fuel cells.

Abstract Microbial fuel cells are a bioelectrochemical technology that uses different types of waste as fuel sources to generate sustainable and environmentally friendly electricity. Various MFCs have been developed, with the electrode used being a crucial problem due to its high manufacturing cost. This research shows that electrodes can be manufactured quickly and economically using activated carbon (100 g), sugar (80 g), ethanol (250 ml), and pine resin (200 g). For its demonstration, grape waste was used in a single-chamber MFC for 35 days. The manufactured electrode generated a Rint. of 18.471 ± 2.475 Ω, whose current density was 8.348 ±0.768 mW/cm2 at a current density of 5.166 A/cm2. The electrical potential shown was 0.889 ± 0.017 V and 4.571 ± 0.061 mA, with an ORPmax of 81.495 ± 1.874 mV, operating at a pH of 7.26 ±0.19. The micrographs made by scanning electron microscopy showed porous surfaces with carbonaceous substances in the final monitoring stage. These preliminary results showed excellent performance of the electrodes, showing their potential for use in MFCs in an economical way.

The potential of flip-flops waste as an environmentally friendly sound-absorbing material

Abstract Rubber flip-flops waste is a type of waste that is difficult to decompose, it needs to be recycled into useful items to reduce the negative impact on the environment. This research aims to test the sound absorption coefficient of waste flip-flops as a basic material for making environmentally friendly acoustic panels. The method used is simulation and modeling, making samples by mixing flip-flops rubber particles and the binding material as neoprene glue. Tests were carried out on two samples of acoustic panels with particles measuring 3 mm and 7 mm using animpedance tube. The research results show that panels with a particle size of 7mm can achieve a higher level of sound absorption in the frequency range of 200 Hz - 1600 Hz compared to particles measuring 3 mm. The conclusion is that used flip-flops have the potential to become acoustic panels that can absorb sound. This research offers an environmentally friendly solution for managing flip-flop waste and processing it as an acoustic panel product that effectively reduces disturbances.

Composition Study for Obtaining Medium-Light Mortars by Using Spent Mushroom Substrate

Abstract Besides other lignocellulose waste resulting from agriculture, spent mushroom substrate is a major concern due to the high amount of waste, usually improper disposed. Also, sand-based mortars require the use of this non-renewable and exhaustive aggregate and problems of environment protection arise. The study aims to analyze the possibilities of sand replacement in mortars composition with grounded substrate. The ratio between cement and sand in the studied compositions was 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4. The hardened mortars are analyzed in terms of colorimetric changes, density decrease, mechanical strength, hydrophobic properties, and freeze-frost resistance. Thus, medium-light mortars for applications that requires moderate strengths, with ecological implications results when up to 15% of sand is replaced with spent mushroom substrate. The results can be used for a deepen research, considering also a detailed life cycle assessment of the waste and, secondly, combining the replacement material with other waste types.

Oil-based drilling cutting pyrolysis residues- phosphogypsum foamed ceramics: Basic properties, microsintering mechanism and heavy metals solidification

Oil-based drilling cutting pyrolysis residues(ODPR) and phosphogypsum(PG) are typical types of industrial solid waste in China, characterized by low utilization rate and high output. The large amount of untreated accumulation will release heavy metals(HMs) and other pollutants, posing risks to the environment. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a high value-added building material product that can reduce environmental hazards while improving utilization rate. Based on this background, this study uses ODPR and PG as raw materials to explore their potential applications in the field of foamed ceramics. Research has shown that different sintering processes have a significant impact on the appearance and performance of products. By adjusting the preparation process, foamed ceramic products with excellent performance can be prepared. When the sintering temperature is 925℃, the foaming agent dosage is 3 %, and the raw material ratio ODPR:PG:Borax=35:45:20, a foamed ceramic product with a porosity of 60.95 %, water absorption rate of 3.4 %, compressive strength of 4.8 MPa, thermal conductivity of 0.8016 W/(m·k), and acid and alkali resistance of 98.57 % and 99.44 % can be prepared. The product meets the relevant requirements of “Fired heat preservation brick and block (GB/T 26538)” and “ General Specification for porous ceramic products (GB/T 16533)”. The HMs content test showed that the Ni and Pb contents in the pre-sintered blanks were the highest, at 0.6308 mg/kg and 0.3182 mg/kg, respectively. However, after high-temperature calcination, the solidification rate of HMs could reach up to 98.93 %, and the leaching amount was significantly reduced. The three further evaluation methods indicate that HMs in the pre-sintered blanks and foamed ceramic products do not pose significant ecological risks. The research results provide a green inorganic insulation material in the field of solid waste control and building materials.

Quality Assessment of Aluminum Alloys for Automotive Rims

Abstract This paper presents experimental research conducted at a factory specializing in the development of aluminum alloys and the semi-continuous production of bars intended for rim manufacturing. The semi-finished products are made of 6082 aluminum alloy and undergo forging processes to obtain rims. The charge load consists of various types of aluminum waste and primary aluminum in different proportions, depending on the quality of the waste in the experimental recipes. The elaboration of the aluminum alloy takes place in melting furnaces with a capacity of 80 tons, equipped with two chambers. The casting is performed using a semi-continuous casting installation, and the cast semi-finished products undergo further heat treatment. The casting process involves the addition of alloying elements, in the form of wire, which serve to refine the structure. Experimental data were processed, and correlations between the qualitative characteristics of the alloy and the elements in the chemical composition, as well as grain size, were analyzed. From the obtained correlation analysis, it is observed that the alloying elements refine the grain size, while the grain size and quality of the resulting product are of interest for industrial practice.

Relationship of CO2 adsorption performance and physicochemical property of biochar prepared by different types of biomass waste

The physicochemical property of biochar prepared by biomass waste is crucial for CO2 adsorption performance. However, the quantified relationship between the physicochemical property and CO2 adsorption capacity for biochar is still unclear. In this study, biochar samples with different physicochemical properties were prepared from six representative biomass of sewage sludge, chicken manure, apple and prickly ash branch, corn and rice straw. The quantitative investigation was conducted and the relationship between the physicochemical properties and CO2 adsorption capacity of biochar was analysed using Pearson correlation analysis method. The results showed that the biochar prepared from prickly ash branch at 800 °C pyrolysis exhibited a better CO2 adsorption capacity of 154.44mg/g and larger specific surface area of 160.83 m2/g, compared with other biochars. According to the quantitative data about physicochemical properties of twenty-four kinds of biochar samples, the correlations between CO2 adsorption capacity and microcrystalline structure, surface functional groups, nitrogen content and specific surface area were obtained. The CO2 adsorption capacity showed a significant positive correlation with the specific surface area (SBET),stacking height of aromatic layers (Lc), number of aromatic layers (N) and nitrogen content, and the correlation order was SBET >N >Lc = nitrogen content. Moreover, the CO2 adsorption capacity showed a negative correlation with diameter of aromatic planes (La), C=O, O-H and index of aromaticity (Aal/Aar), and the order of correlation was C=O > O-H >La >Aal/Aar. The effect mechanism of physicochemical properties on CO2 adsorption of biochar was that microcrystalline structure had an influence on CO2 adsorption by van der Waals force, and nitrogen, oxygen-containing functional groups, and so on by Lewis acid-base interaction and hydrogen bonding.

Alkali-fusion as an effective method for activating low-reactivity silicate wastes: A comparative study

Silicate wastes are used as supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) in Portland cement production, and as precursors to produce alkali-activated materials such as geopolymers to lower the environmental impact of construction. The high crystallinity of some of these wastes lowers their reactivity and hence the production of cementing hydrates. This paper includes a comparative analysis of the efficiency of alkali-fusion to activate three distinct types of silicate waste sourced from diverse sectors. The paper underscores the robustness of this method and its applicability in a wide composition range. It provides a solid foundation for the application of alkali-fusion across a wide spectrum of industrial waste types. Fly ash (FA), crop bottom ash (CBA) and aluminium processing sludge (APS); were fused with NaOH at 600 °C. XRD and FTIR analyses revealed that alkali-fusion disrupts highly cross-linked Si-O-Si structures transforming them into more reactive phases (sodium aluminosilicate and sodium silicates). Alkali-fusion is efficient even at low NaOH dosage(15 %). 15 % NaOH-fusion increased the mechanical activity index of FA, CBA and APS by 108.19 %, 494.61 % and 27.96 % respectively. The mineral composition of the wastes changed at 50 % alkali content: quartz was largely digested, and sodium silicate emerged as the dominant phase. After alkali-fusion, dense and compact matrices with rich hydrates were found evidencing the enhancement of the pozzolanic reaction. Alkali-fusion at relatively low temperature (600 °C) is successful in activating low-reactivity silicate waste, transforming the waste into valuable SCMs.

Impact of atomizer design on slurry fuel atomization behavior

The paper presents experimental findings on the atomization characteristics of coal–water slurries with and without petrochemicals. The fuels were based on flame coal filter cake (slime), which is a typical coal processing waste, flame coal of different particle sizes, wood biomass (sawdust), used transformer oil, and water. The atomized flow characteristics—droplet size and velocity as well as jet angle—were found to depend on the atomizer dimensions and slurry rheology. The experimental data were used to calculate the slurry atomization efficiency factor. The findings were generalized to provide a mathematical description of how the slurry composition and atomizer geometry affect the slurry atomization behavior. Approximations were obtained for atomization characteristics that can be used to predict the jet angle as well as droplet radii and velocities. The developed mathematical tool can be employed to calculate the spraying characteristics when using devices like external-mix twin-fluid atomizers. The approach proposed for data generalization can be applied to adapt the set of approximation equations to other types of nozzles.

Unravelling heterogenous adsorption performance of hydrochar particle and key properties in heavy metal immobilization relative to corresponding residual bulk hydrochar

Immobilization performance of released hydrochar particle (HP) to metal is largely unknown and hinder accurate estimation to immobilization effect in hydrochar application. Herein, HPs derived from typical biomass, food waste (FW), and blue algae (BA), were collected to investigate their adsorption abilities, mechanisms towards typical Cd(II) relative to residual bulk hydrochar (BH) and unravel corresponding properties of this heterogeneity. The results were: 1) the micro-sized HP with poor porous structure, less O-containing functional groups (OFGs) and negative surface charge induced inferior adsorption capacities (0.65-0.81 times) but quicker adsorption rate (3.09-10.08 times) towards Cd(II) compared with BH, 2) cation bridge interaction in coagulation and settling processes unexpectedly facilitated adsorption performance of micro-sized and negative charged FWHPs added with counterions, 3) HP facilitated its electrostatic attraction with Cd(II) rather than common pore filling and surface complexation, especially bare aromatic structure in HP formed another cation-π interaction with Cd(II) highlighted by density functional theory (DFT) method. The special coagulation process and cation-π interaction of HP will facilitate its vertical co-migration ability but weaken immobilization stability towards metals. The distinct heterogeneities of adsorption ability of HP and BH and underlying key properties provide an in-depth understanding of hydrochar application for remediation of metal contaminants in soil/water environment.

An overview on analytical methods and the occurrence of organic pollutants in cigarette litter

Cigarette litter, such as cigarette ash, cigarette butts, and cigarette butt leachates, can contain organic pollutants similar to those in cigarette smoke, but studies on these waste types are still relatively limited. This review article compiles information from studies published over the past four decades on organic pollutants in cigarette ash, cigarette butts, and leachates from cigarette butts, to provide insights into quantitatively analytical methods and the presence of these toxicants in cigarette litter. The main organic pollutants found in cigarette litter include: volatile organic compounds (VOCs), semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nicotine, and aromatic amines. Gas chromatography or liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry detection have been the most frequently used methods to characterize organic pollutants in cigarette litter. Toxic substances in improperly disposed cigarette waste can pollute the environment through evaporation into the air or leakage through leachates into the water environment, seepage into soil, accumulate in sediment, and cause negative effects on organisms. Further studies on analytical method development, pollution monitoring, and risk assessment related to organic pollutants in cigarette waste are needed.

The Effect of Compressive Strength Paving Blocks Utilizing Polypropylene Plastic Waste

Waste is a big problem for every country in the world, including cities. Currently, the city of Balikpapan is experiencing rapid economic and population growth, of course the growth also brings challenge in waste management, especially plastic waste. The type of plastic waste than we often encounter especially in coffe shops is Polypropylene (PP). In this research, pp type plastic waste is recycled as a substitute for cement in paving blocks with a composition of 30%, 40%, 50% to sand. The test conducted on this research is compressive strength. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of PP plastic melt mixture on paving block mortar on increasing compressive strength. From the research results obtained the maximum compressive strength value for the composition of 50% Polypropylene : 50% sand with a compressive strength value of 11,83 Mpa. Similiarly, with the composotion of 40% Polypropylene : 40% sand, this value of is included in the quality D which can be used for parks according to SNI 03-0691-1996. While the 30% composition is not included in the quality.

Recycling steel slag as aggregate in developing an ultra-thin friction course with high comprehensive road performance

The demand for skid-resistant and wear-resistant alternative aggregates in the preparation of ultra-thin friction course (UTFC) asphalt mixtures is a key direction for achieving high durability and low-carbon development in pavement maintenance. As a typical industrial waste, steel slag with high alkalinity and strong adhesion can facilitate the mechanical property of asphalt mixtures. However, few researches focused on the impact of steel slag on the comprehensive road performance of UTFC mixtures. Hence, the issue merits systematic exploration. In this study, the chemical components, microstructure and morphological characteristics of three steel slags (GXSS, HBSS and IMSS) obtained from different sources were surveyed. Then the stone matrix asphalt (SMA)-5 and open-grade friction courses (OGFC)-5 mixtures with different steel slags were fabricated. And their comprehensive road performances were quantitatively explored via the improved radar chart. The results indicate that steel slag with approximately 40 % Ca content, about 20 % Fe content, irregular shapes and tiny pores endows its wear resistance and strong adhesion. IMSS demonstrates the largest average angularity and form 2D values of 3850 and 7.28, respectively, representing its significant crowding function and interlocking structure. Incorporating steel slag remarkably reinforces the rutting resistance, skid resistance and anti-interlayer shear performance of UTFC. While the effect of water stability and crack resistance of UTFC depend on the category of steel slag. All three steel slags manifest the improvement function on the comprehensive assessment indexes (CAI) of OGFC-UTFC. IMSS-OGFC reveals the optimal comprehensive road performance, achieving the highest CAI of 0.9909. It is inferred that steel slag is more suitable for OGFC-UTFC than SMA-UTFC due to its relatively high CAI and consistent performance regardless of the steel slag type.

Thermal removal of binder from waste glass wool intended for recycling

AbstractGlass wool waste constitutes a large amount of waste both in the production process and after the demolition of buildings. The storage of these materials in landfills is associated with their large volume and low mass which results from their low density. Considering the principle of a life cycle assessment, the possibility of recycling this type of waste should be ensured. The basic problem with the recycling process is the removal of the binder that connects the glass wool fibres before returning it to the production process. The paper presents the results of research on the process of heat treatment of glass wool with various temperatures and heating rates. The process of sinter formation and the possibilities of avoiding their formation were analysed. For this purpose, a series of tests in the field of thermal analysis were carried out, in which the temperature ranges in which heat was released were identified. Furthermore, a series of tests were carried out on cube samples with dimensions of 20 × 20 × 20 mm in a chamber furnace. Based on the research conducted, assumptions were developed for the heat treatment process of glass wool waste, which allows the removal of organic substances and prevents the formation of sinters.

Implementasi Deteksi Objek Real-Time Sebagai Media Edukasi dengan Algoritma YOLOv8 pada Objek Sampah

Waste is one of the complex global issues and is one of the points of the SDGs indicators related to municipal waste, food waste, hazardous waste and recycling systems that cannot be resolved. According to data from SIPSN in 2022, waste generation in Indonesia will reach 35,289,535.55 tons/year while about 47.32% of waste handling is done, which is 16,697,790.76 tons/year. The National Research and Innovation Agency said that currently there are still few Indonesians who have the awareness to start sorting waste from their own homes. As many as 80% of Indonesians do not sort their waste. To overcome these problems, everyone needs to make changes early on by making waste management a habit so as to change people's skeptical attitude towards waste management. Thus, research was conducted to identify the type of waste using the YOLOv8 algorithm, with a dataset of 17,617 data which was then analyzed by creating a yolov8 model. The best accuracy results were obtained by using the yolov8l variant as well as 16 batch sizes and the SGD optimizer with a learning rate value of 0.001 as a parameter. The model training process was then evaluated using confusion matrix with a percentage reaching 86.5%.

Photocatalytic Degradation of Acetaminophen Using Carbon-TiO2 Nanocatalyst Extracted from Hibiscus Flower under Visible Light

In today’s world pharmaceutical waste in the Environment has become a worldwide issue. These compounds are used in living beings to cure diseases and prevent them. But the disposal of these types of waste was not disposed of properly. In this study, the pharmaceutical compound – “Acetaminophen” (ACT) was degraded using photocatalytic degradation which is one among the pharmaceutical waste. The Compound is much harmful to living beings and causes severe disorders like vomiting and nausea. In this paper, the Acetaminophen is degraded using the carbon-TiO2 nanocatalyst. The Carbon-TiO2 nanocatalyst was synthesized and characterized such as particle size, zeta potential, FTIR, Surface area analyzer, EDX, and SEM images. The Acetaminophen was degraded by using Photocatalytic degradation under transparent condition. The analysis of disintegration was performed by using the UV-vis spectrophotometer. The results obtained indicated the maximum degradation efficiency of around 87% obtained. Hence, C-TiO2 can be utilized under visible light to effectively degrade Acetaminophen.

Lightweight Deep Learning Algorithm for Sorting Medical Waste Embedded System

The recent COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increased number of hospitalized patients, and in some countries, the overwhelming problem has even caused the collapse of the healthcare system. Thus, the associated waste generated and inadequate waste disposal may have deleterious impacts on public health and the surrounding environment. This paper aims to design and implement an automatic medical waste identification and sorting mechanism that can distinguish the items disposed of via a series of image processing procedures. Specifically, the system can classify, sort, and calculate the disposed items based on their visual appearance. To establish this, both software and hardware systems have been devised. Particularly, the vision system for object detection and classification is constructed based on several popular pre-trained convolutional neural networks. Upon verifying the type of waste (i.e., general infection, dangerous infection, and general garbage), an automatic sorting mechanism will be triggered to dispose of the object in the corresponding garbage bin. The experimentation has been validated on a total of self-collected 2025 images from 3 categories, and the best accuracy attained is 99.34% when adopting GoogLeNet as the backbone architecture.

PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT MELALUI DIGITALISASI PENGOLAHAN DATA NASABAH di BANK SAMPAH KEMUNING, JATI MELATI, KOTA BEKASI

Household waste in RW 12, Jati Melati, Pondok Melati, Bekasi City if not managed properly will result in piles of garbage that pile up and cause unpleasant odor pollution. This problem can be overcome by the presence of the Kemuning Waste Bank in the local environment. The impact of the waste bank, household waste can be reduced because some of the waste is deposited into the waste bank and provides economic value for the depositor. However, there is a problem faced by the Kemuning Waste Bank, namely in terms of recording customer data which is still done manually because it does not have technological devices that support digital recording. This makes it difficult for officers to recapitulate customer data reports, present information on the amount of waste obtained based on the category and type of waste, and calculate customer savings payments when due. This activity uses the method of designing a data input system, socialization, training and mentoring. The results of Community Service Activities show that officers have the competence to input, process and present data on the same day as the day of deposit and weighing customer waste.

Urgent Need of Plastic Waste Management: A Review

Plastic waste has emerged as an environmental challenge globally and has become a critical issue with widespread impacts on the environment, produces chemical pollution, creates micro-plastics, kills terrestrial wildlife, human health and animals, choking our oceans, killing and harming marine life and requires an immediate action. Plastic contaminates the air, soil, and water without appropriate collection and disposal methods, harming ecosystems and humans in the process. Plastic persists in the ecosystem for long, endangering species and dispersing pollutants. The use of plastic also fuels global warming. The majority of plastics comprises of chemicals derived from the combustion of fossil fuels including coal, oil, and gas. The paper examines types of plastic wastes and their sources; it's environmental and socio-economic impacts and the current state of PWM practices and strategies worldwide. It examines the current methods for gathering, recycling, and disposing of plastic garbage while seeking ways to improve them. Plastic pollution can modify natural processes and habitats, making ecosystems less able to adapt to climate change. This has a direct impact on the social well-being, food production, and livelihoods of millions of people. Plastic garbage is causing terrible issues and other serious health problems, especially in urban areas. These challenges have raised alarming public concerns leading to implementation of policies aimed at minimizing the amount of plastic waste generated in the environment. Additionally, it also emphasizes on importance of collaboration between governments, industries and people to achieve meaningful progress. By reviewing existing literature and data, the paper aims to focus on the complexities of PWM and highlight the areas of improvement.

Odor emission pattern of the waste storage workshop of kitchen waste treatment plant and control strategy study with CFD simulation.

Odor emission has become a great issue for kitchen waste management plants. Among all, unorganized emission source such as waste storage tank is the key cause. It is necessary to understand the odor emission characteristics and provide a proper control solution. In this study, a typical kitchen waste treatment plant located in Guangdong Province of China was selected to investigate the odor emission characteristics. According to the survey, the main complaint due to odor emission is on waste storage workshop. Hence, its odor emission has been investigated in this study. The gas samples were collected from the workshop in different season. According to the results, the odor emission during summer is the worst. In total, 105 odorous gases were detected from the waste storage workshop. The main odorous gases can be categorized into sulfur compounds, oxygen-containing organic compounds and terpenes. In specific, ethanol, acetic acid, methylmercaptan, α-pinene, methioether and limonene were the major odorous pollutants. Based on grey correlation, principal component analysis (PCA) and step-up regression analysis, methylmercaptan contributes the most to the odor concentration. It suggests that the odor emission control should pay more attention on methylmercaptan. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) stimulation was employed to investigate the odor distribution with applying air blowing as a curtain to separate the inside and outside atmosphere or suction to vacuum the inside air to prevent the odor emission. It was found that it could efficiently prevent odor emission by setting a 45° inclined air suction port at the top of the entrance gate. The study provides a theoretical basis on odor control for the waste storage workshop of kitchen waste management plants.

Modeling and forecasting biogas production from anaerobic digestion process for sustainable resource energy recovery

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is one of the most extensively accepted processes for organic waste cleanup, and production of both bioenergy and organic fertilizer. Numerous mathematical models have been conceived for modeling the anaerobic process.In this study, a new modified dynamic mathematical model for the simulation of the biochemical and physicochemical processes involved in the AD process for biogas production was proposed. The model was validated, and a sensitivity analysis based on the OAT approach (one-at-a-time) was carried out as a screening technique to identify the most sensitive parameters. The model was developed by updating the bio-chemical framework and including more details concerning the physico-chemical process. The fraction XP was incorporated into the model as a particulate inert product arising from biomass decay (inoculum). New components were included to distinguish between the substrate and inoculum, and a surface-based kinetics was used to model the substrate disintegration. Additionally, the sulfate reduction process and hydrogen sulfide production have been included. The model was validated using data extracted from the literature. The model's ability to generate accurate predictions was testified using statistical metrics. The model exhibited excellent performance in forecasting the parameters related to the biogas process, with measurements falling within a reasonable error margin. The relative absolute error (rAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) were both less than 5 %, indicating a high ability of the current model in comparison with the literature. Additionally, the scatter index (SI) was below 10 %, and the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NES) approached one, which affirms the model's accuracy and reliability. Finally, the model was applied to investigate the performances of the AD of food waste (FW). The findings of this study support the robustness of the developed model and its applicability as a virtual platform to evaluate the efficiency of the AD treatment and to forecast biogas production and its quality, CO2 emission, and energy potential across various organic solid waste types.