Type Of Wall Material Research Articles

Native and modified porcine plasma protein as wall materials for microencapsulation of natural essential oils

SummaryPorcine plasma protein (PPP) is of interest as a wall material to encapsulate lemongrass oil, turmeric oil and eucalyptus oil using emulsion technique and freeze drying. The properties of microcapsules were used to evaluate two types of wall material (native porcine plasma protein; NPPP and modified porcine plasma protein; MPPP) at two different ratios of wall material (W) and core material (C) (W:C; 4:1 and 3:1). All NPPP and MPPP emulsions showed Bingham plastic fluid flow behaviours. Moreover, MPPP microcapsules showed lower free oil content on their surface (0.10–0.50%) with higher encapsulation efficiency (91–98%). Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy showed the outstanding chemical structure of microcapsules. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy indicated holes on the surface of microcapsules encapsulated with essential oils. Both PPPs can be used as encapsulation material for natural extract and food additives to improve the food texture and as a biopolymer film to maintain the quality of food products.

Influence of Phospholipids Structure on the Physicochemical Properties and In Vitro Digestibility of Lactoferrin-Loaded Liposomes

The instability of liposomal delivery system during passaging through the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) stimulates a demand to find a stable liposome. This research studied the implications of different types of phospholipids (different fatty acid chain length and saturation, various head group) on liposomal physiochemical properties and stability in the human GIT. The micropolarity of liposomal membrane increased with the decrease of chain lengths of phospholipids, while the morphology observation revealed that the liposomes formed by different phospholipids showed similar in appearance and shapes. The liposomes formed by C20:0 deformed more severely in simulated gastric fluid, while others exhibited slight changes in the membrane structure. In simulated intestinal fluid, pancreatic lipase and phospholipase A2, synergized with bile salts, damaged the bilayers structure of all liposomes, with the entrapped lactoferrin release and hydrolysis. Although the various phospholipid structures lead to some difference on the physicochemical properties (size and micropolarity), the enzymic influence displayed more significance during in vitro digestion compared to the types of wall materials. Current results could provide valuable information for the development of more stable and reliable food-grade liposomes in the GIT.

Impacts of spray drying conditions on stability of isoflavones in microencapsulated soybean extract

Soybean extract rich in isoflavones has attracted widespread attention for dietary supplement and pharmaceutical purposes. However, it has poor solubility and low stability. Encapsulation using spray drying is a good alternative for overcoming these problems in soybean extract. Isoflavones profiles in soybean extract are altered during encapsulation and storage. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of spray drying conditions on the isoflavones profiles and the various properties of microencapsulated soybean extract. The studied parameters comprised the type of wall material (maltodextrin [MD], gum arabic [GA], and β-cyclodextrin [βCD]), inlet air temperature (130–170 °C) and storage time (0–6 months), while the investigated properties included moisture content, particle size, hygroscopicity, morphology, isoflavones content, encapsulation properties, and Fourier transform infrared analysis. Type of wall material had a more significant impact on the properties of microencapsulated soybean extract than inlet air temperature. The degradation of total isoflavones during storage mainly depended on the inter-conversion level of isoflavones during encapsulation, hygroscopicity and heating history of microencapsulated soybean extract. The use of βCD as wall material could preserve total isoflavones after encapsulation and storage at 0.1–1.3 and 2.4–3.1 times that in the case of MD and 1.1–1.3 and 1.5–1.8 times that in the case of GA, respectively.AbbreviationsAIaglycone isoflavones (daidzein and genistein)AGIacetyl β-glucoside isoflavones (6″-O-acetyldaidzin and 6″-O-acetylgenistin)βCDβ-cyclodextrinGAgum arabicGIβ-glucoside isoflavones (daidzin and genistin)MDmaltodextrinMGImalonyl β-glucoside isoflavones (6″-O-malonyldaidzin and 6″-O-malonylgenistin)SEsoybean extractSE-βCDmicroencapsulated soybean extract using β-cyclodextrin as wall materialSE-GAmicroencapsulated soybean extract using gum arabic as wall materialSE-MDmicroencapsulated soybean extract using maltodextrin as wall materialTItotal isoflavones (sum of MGI, AGI, GI and AI)

Microcapsulation of Ganoderma Lucidum spores oil: Evaluation of its fatty acids composition and enhancement of oxidative stability

Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) spores oil, which was extracted from G. lucidum spores with supercritical fluid CO2, contains a lot of unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAS). PUFAS in G. lucidum spores oil were oxidized easily, so it is important to protect G. lucidum spores oil and enhance its oxidation stability. In this paper, we investigated a way of protecting G. lucidum spores oil by microcapsulation with spray drying. Different combination types of wall materials were evaluated and the best choose was the gum Arabic (GA) and maltodextrin (MD) combination. Then, the effects of the emulsifying temperature, the wall materials concentration, and the ratio of oil to wall materials on the GA/MD microcapsules were investigated and the encapsulation efficiency (EE) was up to 83.57%. Gas chromatography was used to identify the components of fatty acids in original and GA/MD microcapsules. It showed that PUFAS were well retained and the content of it was up to 80.04%. Oxidation stability of G. lucidum spores oil was enhanced significantly. All results indicated that using GA and MD as composite wall materials could effectively protect for G. lucidum spores oil.

Microencapsulation of algal biomass (Tetraselmis chuii) by spray-drying using different encapsulation materials for better preservation of beta-carotene and antioxidant compounds

The awareness of harmful effects of synthetic compounds and an inclination towards the usage of natural products have led to the exploitation of microalgae as a source of natural colors. Because of their health benefits, algal pigments have massive commercial value as natural colorants in the nutraceutical, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. One of the important natural sources of microalgae are antioxidants, bioactive components: such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, β-carotene, sulfated polysaccharides and sterols. However, these antioxidant-rich fractions and carotenoids possess low storage stability and exhibit high sensitivity to light, heat, and oxygen. During the extraction process, there is some loss of required materials, and also, chances of the contamination from toxic solvents. There are few reports on algal-extract encapsulation and algal biomass encapsulation, and only a few types of wall materials that can show better stability, shelf life, and controlled release have been investigated.In this work, we investigated micro-encapsulation of the fresh algal biomass of Tetraselmis chuii and studied the effect of the wall material and the processing conditions of the spray dryer on the preservation of β-carotene and antioxidant compounds. Our studies revealed that a native species of Tetraselmis from Mexico, which is an important aquaculture feed, produce a considerable amount of β-carotene as much as 1.3% of its biomass. We found preservation of 80–92% of beta-carotene and 46–81% phenolic-compounds in freshly microencapsulated microalgae even after three months of storage in dark condition at 25 °C, maltodextrin at 130 °C was found the best wall material. This alga is suitable for use in aquaculture and food industry because fresh microalgae can be microencapsulated without loss of its nutritional values, and it is easier to handle and transport. This can serve as a functional food with better preservation of its antioxidant value and can be processed without any toxic solvent component.

Preparation of acacia tannin loaded lipid microparticles by solid-in-oil-in-water and melt dispersion methods, their characterization and evaluation of their effect on ruminal gas production In Vitro.

Tannin extracts have wide biological activity in ruminant nutrition. The possibility of masking their bitter taste and enhancing sustained release in the rumen can be achieved through encapsulation. The objectives of this study were to prepare an encapsulated Acacia tannin extract (ATE) suitable for ruminants using the solid-in-oil-in-water (S/O/W) method, and to evaluate the microparticles in terms of morphology, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release under varying pH. Subsequently, the effect of the microparticles on rumen in vitro gas and methane production would be evaluated. Lipid microparticles were prepared using the double emulsion process with palm oil and lard, dichloromethane, and Tween80/Span80 emulsifiers. The microparticles produced by S/O/W emulsion tended to be smaller (P = 0.06), and had greater encapsulation efficiency compared with those produced by the melt dispersion method. Scanning electron micrographs showed microparticles had stable cylindrical and spherical shapes, with mean size of 34± 10.2 μm. Maximum encapsulation efficiencies of 78.6% and 80.1% were obtained with lard and palm oil as lipid wall materials, respectively, even under high core material loading percentage of 80%. Wall material type did not affect the characteristics of microparticles. In acetate buffer, only about 20% of tannin was released from the lipid-encapsulated microparticles into buffer media after 24 hours. In contrast, about 90% of the tannin had been released into solution before eight hours in the crude extract. Lipid-encapsulated ATE reduced rumen gas and methane production in vitro (P ˂0.05) in both Eragrostis and total mixed ration (TMR) diet substrates, but the magnitude of reduction was lower than that obtained when unencapsulated ATE was the additive (10% vs 20% for total gas and 17% vs 24% for methane). Crude ATE and palm oil encapsulated ATE reduced the concentration of methane in sampled gas (P = 0.054) when fermenting the TMR substrate, but this effect was not observed in the Eragrostis substrate. Ammonia nitrogen concentration was greater in encapsulated ATE compared with the crude ATE (P ˂0.001). These results show that the lipid-encapsulated ATE produced small-sized and more uniform microparticles, with high encapsulation efficiency compared with microparticles prepared by melt dispersion. Encapsulation of ATE enhanced the sustained release of tannin in the rumen, and with the potential to improve gas production and reduce methane production.

Mechanical properties of a new type of block made from shale and coal gangue

A fired heat-insulation hollow block, which has approximate dimensions of 240 mm (L) × 200 mm (W) × 190 mm (H) and a density of 850 kg/m3, is a new type of wall material made from shale and coal gangue. This material would protect cultivated lands and has less negative environmental effects. However, its mechanical properties must be examined to promote its popularisation and application. Hence, in this study, we determined the compression strength of block, mortar and masonry prisms under uniaxial compression, the shear strength of the specimens under biaxial stress state, and the shear resistance of the masonry wall via low-cyclic reversed loading test. The formulas for the compressive strength and the stress-strain curve were also provided. Result of this test process showed that the spalling of the external surface of the block occurred when the specimens lost their bearing capacity.

The Status of Existing Building Materials in Thailand to Cope with Future Climate: Wall Component

Climate change tolerant building materials, such as high temperature resistance and flooding resistance, affect living condition of people in an accommodation. This study focuses on durability features of building material related with climate change in Thailand. The result suggests that the property of each wall material type cannot show proper value of tolerance and climate change resistance. Therefore, the conclusion for future tolerant building material properties are that the U-value should be greater than 0.64 W/m2k, the R-Value should be greater than 0.64 m2k/W, and the K-Value should be less than 0.155 W/m°C. Such values can cope with temperature up to approximately 49 degree Celsius. Apart from that, flood resistance should be less than or equal to 2%, water penetration should be less than or equal to 1.5% and swelling test should be less than or equal to 12%. This will be able to cope with flood that lasts about 60 days. The results of the study is a guideline for future wall material design and development.

Characterization of Spray-Dried Palm Oil Vitamin E Concentrate

The encapsulation of vitamin E using combined solution of maltodextrin and sodium caseinate by spray-drying technique was investigated. Spray drying is the most commonly used method in the food industry. The physical characterizations of the encapsulated vitamin E gave valuable information on the surface morphology, size, shape, solubility, and moisture content. The micrograph of the vitamin E microcapsules indicated that the feed composition affects the morphology of the product. The particle sizes measured were ranging from 13 to $$29~\upmu \hbox {m}$$ with moderate moisture contents (4.5–4.98%) and were not affected by the amount of oil and type of wall material used. The solubility test indicated that there is a relationship between the amount of maltodextrin in formulations and the solubility. The microcapsule was considered soluble since the solubility time was obtained from 178 to 251 s.

Preparation and characterization of octenyl succinylated normal and waxy starches of maize as encapsulating agents for anthocyanins by spray-drying.

The encapsulation by spray drying of maize anthocyanins was evaluated using two types of wall materials, consisting of normal and waxy maize starch, which were esterified with octenyl succinic anhydride. The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that SWMS possessed a completely amorphous, while SNMS had a crystalline structure. SNMS showed peaks at 2θ = 13.1°, 19.8° and 22.4°. The results revealed that SNMS and SWMS had almost the same encapsulation productivity (EP); SNMS showed the best performance because its EP was higher (95%) than in SWMS (90%). The stability of microcapsules produced with SNMS showed the highest anthocyanin retention after storage in the water activity (aw) range of 0.11-0.94 at 40°C.

Characteristics of Canthaxanthin-Containing Micro-and nanocapsules produced using electrospraying

In this work, it showed the potential of the electrospinning (in this case electrospraying) technique to generate whey protein concentrate (WPC) and dextran micro-, submicro-and nanocapsules for the encapsulation of canthaxanthin. Furthermore, the solvent used for the development of the encapsulation morphologies was water, making these materials suitable for food applications. The effect of wall material type (WPC or dextran), wall/core ratio and wall material concentration on the morphology, stability and encapsulation efficiency (ME) was studied. The results demonstrated that the type of walls influenced the morphology, encapsulation efficiency (ME) and retention of canthaxanthin in the capsules. WPC produced the smallest emulsion droplets and electrosprayed particles. Canthaxanthin capsulated with WPC resulted in better ME and higher stability. The best wall/core ratio was found at 4: 1, causing the capsules prepared with this ratio had the smallest capsules, the highest encapsulation efficiency and the lowest losing during process. Increase in the wall material concentration from 20 to 40% also caused an increase in the encapsulation efficiency and storage stability.

Efficacy and evaluation of environmental management system to control sandfly vector of Kala-azar

The established vector for visceral leishmaniasis, Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae) breeds inside the human dwellings and cattle shed under crevices at the base of the wall. P. argentipes was controlled by plastering the base of wall (9″height × 9″base). The study was conducted in two phases: (i) Screening of plastering materials (ii) validation of the most suitable material.During the first phase (2014); four intervention materials were evaluated in four different arms: (i) cement (ii) brick chimney fly ash (BCFA i.e. waste material from an oven for backing raw earthen brick in charcoal) mixed with lime (95:5) (iii) wire mesh (25 holes/cm2) and (iv) glazed tiles. Ten houses were selected as test and same as control in four different villages for each arm having similar ecotype and similar density of sandflies. The pre and post intervention density of sandflies were evaluated. Significant reduction in sandfly density was found with cement (46.2%) and BCFA (29.6%) plastering (P < 0.05).In the second phase of the study (2015); the two most effective interventions were validated at village level with one control. A significant reduction in the density of P. argentipes was found with cement; 60.2% (Mean ± S.D. = 2.48 ± 2.78, 95% CI = 1.93–3.02) and BCFA; 48.2% (Mean ± S.D. = 1.98 ± 2.20, 95% CI = 1.55–2.41) (P < 0.05). BCFA was found easily accessible, acceptable and cost effective that can be used in any type of wall materials at own cost. This can be implemented as one of the integrated vector control approach in the programme.

Retention of polyphenols in encapsulated sour cherry juice in dependence of drying temperature and wall material

Present study reports the effect of temperature, type of wall material and its ratio to the juice dry matter on the retention of phenolic acids, anthocyanins and flavonol glycosides in sour cherry Marasca juice encapsulated by spray drying. Individual polyphenols were determined and quantified by HPLC and response surface methodology approach was employed in order to observe the differences between different classes of sour cherry polyphenols regarding the conditions applied for encapsulation process. Maltodextrin 13-17 DE used in ratio 3:1 showed to be the optimal wall material for encapsulation of sour cherry juice at temperature of 200 °C, with the highest retention of phenolic acids and anthocyanins, namely 93.31 and 88.68%, respectively. Adversely, flavonol glycosides were retained to the most (84.01%) in juice encapsulated at 180 °C with gum arabic added in ratio 2:1.

Trends and risk factors of stillbirths and neonatal deaths in Eastern Uganda (1982-2011): a cross-sectional, population-based study.

To identify mortality trends and risk factors associated with stillbirths and neonatal deaths 1982-2011. Population-based cross-sectional study based on reported pregnancy history in Iganga-Mayuge Health and Demographic Surveillance Site (HDSS) in Uganda. A pregnancy history survey was conducted among women aged 15-49 years living in the HDSS during May-July 2011 (n = 10 540). Time trends were analysed with cubic splines and linear regression. Potential risk factors were examined with multilevel logistic regression with adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). 34 073 births from 1982 to 2011 were analysed. The annual rate of decrease was 0.9% for stillbirths and 1.8% for neonatal mortality. Stillbirths were associated with several risk factors: multiple births (AOR 2.57, CI 1.66-3.99), previous adverse outcome (AOR 6.16, CI 4.26-8.88) and grand multiparity among 35- to 49-year-olds (AOR 1.97, CI 1.32-2.89). Neonatal deaths were associated with multiple births (AOR 6.16, CI 4.80-7.92) and advanced maternal age linked with parity of 1-4 (AOR 2.34, CI 1.28-4.25) and grand multiparity (AOR 1.44, CI 1.09-1.90). Education, marital status and household wealth were not associated with the outcomes. The slow decline in mortality rates and easily identifiable risk factors calls for improving quality of care at birth and a rethinking of how to address obstetric risks, potentially a revival of the risk approach in antenatal care.

ENERGY ANALYSIS OF WALL MATERIALS USING BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS IN THE TROPICAL CLIMATE COUNTRIES

During the previous two decades, the energy saving potential using systematic building management is considered to be important which should be considered through the building lifecycle. Among the wide range types of different buildings, Public buildings are considered as one of the biggest energy-consuming sector in the world and major part of this amount is used by the air conditioning system especially in tropical climates. The most effective decisions related to sustainable design of a building facility are made in the feasibility and early design stages. Building Information Modeling (BIM) can expedite this process and provide the opportunity of testing and assessing different design alternatives and materials selection that may impact on energy performance of buildings. This paper aims at evaluating the efficiency of various types of wall materials with regard to theirs properties on energy saving. The case study in this paper is modeled by means of BIM application and then simulated by software, which is appropriate for energy analysis. The current energy consumption patterns of this case identified and shifted to the optimized level of energy usages by changing the walls materials to find most optimized of walls materials. Modification most optimized wall materials and energy analysis indicated 9347 Wh in Per meter square of electrical energy saving.

Microencapsulation optimization of natural anthocyanins with maltodextrin, gum Arabic and gelatin

The barberry (Berberis vulgaris) extract which is a rich source of anthocyanins was used for spray drying encapsulation with three different wall materials, i.e., combination of maltodextrin and gum Arabic (MD+GA), maltodextrin and gelatin (MD+GE), and maltodextrin (MD). Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied for optimization of microencapsulation efficiency and physical properties of encapsulated powders considering wall material type as well as different ratios of core to wall materials as independent variables. Physical characteristics of spray-dried powders were investigated by further analyses of moisture content, hygroscopicity, degree of caking, solubility, bulk and absolute density, porosity, flowability and microstructural evaluation of encapsulated powders. Our results indicated that samples produced with MD+GA as wall materials represented the highest process efficiency and best powder quality; the optimum conditions of microencapsulation process for barberry anthocyanins were found to be the wall material content and anthocyanin load of 24.54% and 13.82%, respectively. Under such conditions, the microencapsulation efficiency (ME) of anthocyanins could be as high as 92.83%.

MICROENCAPSULATION: A REVIEW OF APPLICATIONS IN THE FOOD AND PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES

Microencapsulation is a technique that has been widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This technique can be used to reduce the cost of production, to increase the stability of compounds, to mask undesirable tastes, and to improve the release properties of compounds in food industries. Currently, microcapsules are utilized in beverage, bakery, meat, poultry, and dairy products. Moreover, microencapsulation has been used to increase stability, to mask bitter taste, to improve the release properties of drugs, and to provide specific drug delivery in pharmaceutical industries. The challenge of microencapsulation is in selection of the appropriate conditions for producing highly effective microcapsules. Many factors affect the quality of microcapsules, including preparation techniques, types of core material, and types of wall material. We provide an overview of the current research on the applications of microencapsulation in food and pharmaceutical industries, the selection of suitable conditions for developing high efficiency microcapsules, and future trends in microencapsulation.

UTILIZATION OF ALGINATE AS AN ENCAPSULATION MODEL OF COCONUT SHELL LIQUID SMOKE

Alginate extracted from brown seaweed has gelling properties that make it useful as a wall material in encapsulation systems. Liquid smoke contains the active substances, such as phenols, which can preserve food. In order to protect the active substances, liquid smoke is encapsulated by using alginate and maltodextrin. The purpose of this study was to investigate liquid smoke encapsulation technology with maltodextrin and alginate using a spray dryer, to improve the physical and chemical characteristics of the liquid smoke. The microcapsules of liquid smoke were made, using a spray dryer SD 04, by encapsulating liquid smoke with two types of wall materials, maltodextrin and the combination of alginate- maltodextrin. The ratio of liquid smoke to total solids (wall materials) was 9:1 (v/w). The alginate concentration used was 0.5 to 2% (w/v). Parameters observed in this study were phenol release, shape and morphology, encapsulant efficiency, drying yield, phenol marker and, particle size. This study used a completely randomized design with three replications. The best treatment was obtained by using the alginate with a concentration of 1% (w/v) and maltodextrin of 9% (w/v) with phenol release of 2.52% (w/w) in the 20 minute of release, encapsulant efficiency of 45.13% and drying yield of 28.74%. The particle size analyzer results showed that the particles were agglomerating. Scanning electronic microscope (SEM) observation illustrated that all treatments have a better capsule morphology than the controls, whereas Optilab image processing and analysis software results showed that phenolic compounds are encapsulated by wall materials used.

Influence of different combinations of wall materials and homogenisation pressure on the microencapsulation of green coffee oil by spray drying

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of different combinations of modified starches (Hi-Cap, Capsul and N-Lok) or gum Arabic with maltodextrin 10 DE (MD) (75:25), on microencapsulation of green coffee oil by spray drying and two homogenisation processes on emulsion preparation step. All emulsions were evaluated for droplet size, viscosity, zeta potential and surface tension, while microparticles were analysed for encapsulation efficiency, oil retention, moisture content, particle mean diameter, microstructure, in vitro sun protection factor and oxidative stability by Rancimat. Critical storage conditions based on sorption isotherms and glass transition temperature and diterpenes quantification were determined for the microparticles with the highest values of encapsulation efficiency. In general, the use of 50MPa of homogenisation pressure allowed a reduction of droplet mean diameter for about 1μm, with a slight decrease on emulsion viscosity. For microparticles, there was an increase on encapsulation efficiency with the use of high pressure homogenisation. Oil retention was influenced by the type of wall material. Moisture content (2.0%) and in vitro sun protection factor values (FPS=2.1) were similar for all emulsions and in the last case were similar to pure oil. Particle mean diameter ranged from 10.7 to 16.0μm. Powders produced with the mixture Hi-Cap/MD presented good values of critical water activity of 0.60 and critical moisture content of 0.08g/g of dry solids, respectively, and also the highest oxidative stability. High concentration of diterpenes of 0.21 and 0.24mg of kahweol/g powder, 0.19 and 0.21mg of cafestol/g powder were observed for particles produced with Hi-Cap/MD and GA/MD, with emulsions homogenised at 50MPa.

Microencapsulation of α‐linolenic acid‐rich garden cress seed oil: Physical characteristics and oxidative stability

Microencapsulation of garden cress oil (GCO) using different wall materials such as sodium caseinate (SACA), whey protein concentrate (WPC), blend of maltodextrin and gum arabica (MDGA) and skimmed milk powder (SKM) was examined using spray‐drying method. Physicochemical properties of GCO microencapsules were evaluated with reference to encapsulate size, shape, surface oil, encapsulation efficiency and oxidative stability as a function of storage temperature and time. The surface oil content increased significantly and microencapsulation efficiency (ME) decreased as oil/wall material ratio increased irrespective of type of wall material used. Highest ME efficiency of 85.4% was obtained with SACA followed by WPC, MDGA, and SKM. The particle sizes of microencapsulae were in the range of 13.3–31.3 µm and no significant change was observed with respect to the type of wall material and oil/wall material ratio. The influence of microencapsulation on fatty acid profile was evaluated especially with respect to α‐linolenic acid levels in microencapsules. SACA offered good oxidative stability and the microencapsulation process did not affect fatty‐acid composition of GCO. Thus, the encapsulated GCO powder can be supplemented in food products to enhance plant‐based n‐3 fatty acid.