Types Of Violations Research Articles

PROBLEMS OF FULFILLMENT OF THE RIGHT TO EXPECT OPINIONS AND VIOLATIONS OF THE RIGHT TO HEALTH IN INDONESIA

The purpose of this paper is to find out the problem of fulfilling the right to express opinions and violations of the right to health in Indonesia. This type of research is normative legal research specifically discussing human rights in the field of expressing opinions and rights to health. Data analysis in this study was carried out systematically based on the research problems described qualitatively. In relation to expressing opinions in public, such as demonstrations or demonstrations with many participants, restrictions on freedom are usually associated with "public order" or public orders. The most difficult is how to provide a balance between freedom and public order. Demonstrations by a number of doctors certainly have an impact on patient care, which in principle has harmed the public interest. In addition, the demonstration by blocking the road body certainly hurts the public interest, namely the interests of all road users. Based on the results of Komnas HAM's investigation, at least 15 types of human rights violations were affected by Lapindo mudflow victims. The problem when it is associated with the right to health is in the form of: not a few refugees whose health is disrupted resulting in people falling ill and some dying due to the absence of a proper environment for displaced people; and gas contaminated air and clean water facilities that are damaged are not handled properly by the government.

Charge parity violation parameters in neutral beauty meson decays into charmonium and strange kaon mesons

The most precise measurement of decay-time-dependent CP violation in the decays of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] was reported by LHCb collaboration with the values of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]. In this study, the parameters of CP violation in these decay modes have been calculated under the factorization approach. In these decays, CP violation in the interference of mixing and decay has has arisen from decay-time-dependent asymmetry. This type of CP violation has been characterized by [Formula: see text]. We have estimated the parameters of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for the [Formula: see text] decay and [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] correspond to the [Formula: see text] decay which are compatible with the experimental values approved by the LHCb collaboration. In the following, we have obtained the value of [Formula: see text]. Finally, we have calculated the total amplitude and obtained comparable results with the experimental values for the branching ratios of both decays.

Microaggressions, Everyday Discrimination, Workplace Incivilities, and Other Subtle Slights at Work: A Meta-Synthesis

Subtle slights refer to a wide range of ambiguous negative interactions between people that may harm individual health, wellbeing and performance at work. This literature review aims to help human resource development practitioners and researchers understand the similarities and distinguishing features of disparate bodies of subtle slight research. A systematic review yielded 338 papers, the majority of which concerned three constructs: microaggressions, everyday discrimination and workplace incivilities. Meta-synthesis revealed that all three categories related to subtle, low-intensity interactions but differed in their descriptions of the type of perceived violation. The most common demographic factors under scrutiny were race or ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, and age. We propose a framework that involves four dimensions common to all subtle slights: type of violation, intensity, duration and intent (VIDI). This framework may help future efforts to understand, monitor and address this issue of contemporary concern in the workplace.

Private electoral finance and democratic theory

Private electoral finance and democratic theory

The Implementation of Rehabilitation against Narcotics Abuser

The purpose of this study is to find out and analyze the implementation of rehabilitation for narcotics abusers, to find out and analyze the obstacles faced by the Public Prosecutor in implementing the rehabilitation of narcotics abusers and their solutions. The research approach method used is the sociological juridical method. The conclusion of this study is that the implementation of rehabilitation for narcotics abusers is carried out entirely by the National Narcotics Agency (BNN). The obstacles faced by the Public Prosecutor in implementing rehabilitation are the absence of juridical qualifications between the types of criminal offenses and violations, the absence of a special rehabilitation center for narcotics abusers, the lack of rehabilitation technicians and the limited rehabilitation budget owned by the National Narcotics Agency (BNN).

A Brutality-Based Approach to Identifying State-Led Atrocities

The comparative study of atrocities and atrocity prevention faces several obstacles including a lack of consensus on the universe of cases and too few cases to statistically test alternative theories. The brutality-based (BB) conception is based on the idea that widespread, state-led violations of physical integrity rights constitute an assault on the personhood and human dignity of the members of society— a mass atrocity. Applying this idea to all countries annually systematically identifies a larger number of atrocities and facilitates categorization into three levels of intensity. The BB methodology for generating annual atrocity lists is replicable and transparent. The findings show that, between 1981 and 2019, the frequency of atrocities as defined and identified by other projects has been decreasing, but BB atrocities have been increasing. The sequence of different types of widespread physical integrity violations suggests new avenues for research on atrocity occurrence, escalation, de-escalation, and cessation.

The Conditional Effectiveness of Soft Law: Compliance with the Decisions of the Committee against Torture

The article examines the record of compliance with the UN Committee against Torture’s decisions in individual complaints cases. Theoretically, I expect that compliance will be the outcome of a combination of normative and rationalist factors: States committed to human rights protection will comply even in the absence of enforcement but only as long as compliance costs remain relatively low. Using a data set covering all adverse decisions issued until 2018 and information on their compliance status, I employ fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to identify necessary and sufficient conditions for the outcomes of compliance and noncompliance. The analysis reveals that the conditions tested—liberal democracy, nonuse of political terror, violation type, and strong civil society—are in part individually (near-)necessary and jointly sufficient for compliance, while the presence of their complements is consistent with noncompliance. The Committee against Torture thus appears to be able to elicit (some) state compliance with its decisions, if mostly only with respect to certain kinds of states and select types of violations.

IMMIGRATION ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION LEGAL PORTRAIT

The increasing era of globalization which causes traffic flow of people entering and leaving the territory of Indonesia. Selective Policy is one way to overcome the problem of traffic in people where this policy only allows foreign nationals who can provide benefits and do not interfere with state security who are allowed to enter Indonesian territory. To ensure that it is more effective, it is also necessary to implement a policy of providing appropriate Immigration Administrative Actions to suppress the increase in cases of immigration violations. This study, entitled Portrait of Immigration Administrative Action Law, will discuss the types of Immigration Administrative Actions and law enforcement efforts against immigration administrative actions. The purpose of this study was to determine the types and efforts of law enforcement against Immigration Administrative Actions. In this study using normative research methods because it is only aimed at written regulations so that this writing is very closely related to the library. This study explains that there are various types of Immigration Administrative Actions that are adapted to the types of violations committed by Foreign Citizens and the law enforcement efforts provided can be classified into two, namely in addition to being subject to Immigration Administrative Actions, immigration crimes can also be imposed to provide a deterrent effect to violators

Problems of criminal responsibility for violation of patient rights in the field of conducting clinacal trials of drugs

The article is devoted to the problem of criminal liability for violation of patients' rights in the field of clinical trials of medicines.
 The norms formulated in Articles 141 and 321-2 of the Criminal Code (hereinafter - the CC) of Ukraine are studied. It is established that the name of Art. 141 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is unfounded in terms of the rules of legislative technique. The ambiguity of the phrase " violation of the patient's rights" does not reflect the content set forth in the disposition of Art. 141 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine prohibition. The list of patient rights is quite wide. However, the disposition of the article prohibits only three types of violations of patients 'rights, which can occur only in one of the possible areas of violations of patients' rights, namely in the field of clinical trials of medicines. In particular, liability is provided for: 1) for conducting clinical trials of drugs without the written consent of the patient or his legal representative; 2) for conducting clinical trials of medicinal products in relation to a minor; 3) for conducting clinical trials of drugs against incapacitated. In this case, liability arises only in the event of socially dangerous consequences (death of the patient or other serious consequences).
 Article 321-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine “Violation of the established procedure for pre-clinical studies, clinical trials and state registration of medicinal products” also provides for liability for violation of the procedure for clinical trials of medicinal products, but without causing death, other serious consequences (Part 1 and 2 Article 321-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine). However, sanctions under Art. 141 and Part 1 of Art. 321-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine are the same, and under Part 2 of Art. 321-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine - stricter.
 It is established that in part 3 of Art. 321-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine actually provides for liability for the same actions as in Art. 141 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. However, the punishment under Part 3 of Art. 321-2 is much stricter than under Art. 141 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Emphasis is placed on the fact that there is competition between norms, in which more socially dangerous acts (which are provided for in Article 141) are punished less severely.
 Soundly the expediency of removing Art. 141 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine with the Criminal Code of Ukraine, as well as differentiation under Art. 321-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine liability for an act that is in gross violation of the order of clinical trials of drugs, led to the death of the patient.

Network nonlocality sharing via weak measurements in the extended bilocal scenario

Quantum network correlations have attracted strong interest because they may reveal new types of locality violations. Here we investigated network nonlocality sharing in the extended bilocal scenario via weak measurements, which adds one more observer to either end of the well-known entanglement-swapping scenario. Intriguingly, network nonlocality sharing can be revealed from the multiple violation of the Branciard-Rosset-Gisin-Pironio inequality by considering two contrasting motivations of intermediate observers, which has no counterpart in standard Bell scenarios. In addition, the noise resistance of network nonlocality sharing was also discussed.

Optimization of work and rest modes of flight crew members in order to improve flight safety in civil aviation

Introduction. The researchers carried out the analysis of work and rest modes (WRM) according to the survey data of 667 pilots and the results of investigations of 83 aviation accidents (AA) that occurred in the Russian Federation with heavy aircraft (HA) weighing more than 5,700 kg for the period 2010-2021. We also considered the data of official statistics for the period from 2005 to September 2021. The obtained results indicate the facts of non-compliance with the work and rest modes (WRM), which may be one of the causes of aviation accidents (AA). In this regard, it is relevant to optimize the work and rest modes in order to improve flight safety in civil aviation and organize their stricter control. The study aims to assess the impact of the actual compliance with the WRM of the crew members of the Civil Aviation Aircraft (CAA) on the occurrence of aviation accidents and to develop proposals for their optimization and control. Materials and methods. The authors studied a compliance of work and rest modes based on the results of 667 online questionnaires developed on the basis of recommendations of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) on the introduction of a risk management system in airlines related to pilot fatigue, and data from 83 aviation accidents (AA) for the period from 2010 to 2020, presented in the reports of the Interstate Aviation Committee (IAC) on the results of the investigation the causes of their occurrence. When assessing the relevance of the topic, we considered the data of official statistics. Results. The data of the study indicate that in 18% of cases, one of the main causes of AA was non-compliance with WRM. Among the causes of aviation accidents, the following are important: exceeding the norms of flight time for a month (detected in 10% of cases) and for a year (up to 30%); insufficient preflight rest (46.5% of aircraft commanders and 7.4% of co-pilots); lack of full-fledged vacation for a year (32% of cases). In many cases the Researchers revealed several facts of different violations of work and res modes simultaneously. Data of online questionnaire survey confirm the high prevalence of severe fatigue among pilots: 44% rarely have time to rest between flights, 86% go on a night flight shift without having a full day's sleep. We determined the interrelations between the frequency of fatigue of pilots associated with various types of violations of WRM and the risk of air crashes: the prevalence of fatigue and the frequency of disasters increased with a decrease in the duration of pre-flight rest, an increase in vacation arrears and other factors from 1.2 to 2.1 times. Conclusion. The results of the study confirm the high significance of WRM disorders in the occurrence of aviation accidents (AA). The researchers compiled a comprehensive program to reduce accidents in air transport associated with violations of WRM and the development of fatigue among crew members. We have provided proposals to amend the current Regulations on WRM. Ethics. Authors carried out the study in accordance with the International Code of Medical Ethics (1949) and the provisions of the Helsinki Declaration adopted by the World Medical Association (1964). When conducting an online questionnaire survey, before the start of the study, we have introduced all participants with the methodology of its conduct, associated risks and signed an informed voluntary consent.

Hideous or hilarious? The fine line between disgust and humour

The article compares disgust as defined by the Parasite Avoidance Theory and humour explained through the Benign Violation Theory in order to analyse whether their affinity could be explained by analogous evolutionary conditioning. Both disgust and humour can be seen as specific, involuntary reactions toward particular triggers, and both may be connected with certain types of violations, particularly violations of body and violations of social norms. Moreover, disgust-sensitivity and humour-sensitivity are assumed to be largely dependent on personal circumstances and thus very difficult to predict before exposure to triggers. According to these theories, the fundamental difference between disgust and humour is that while the success of the latter is predicated on its benignness, the former must necessarily appear malignant enough to elicit the desired effect. The final part of the article is a case study of a “disgusting” joke by British comedian Jimmy Carr, in which various violations recognised by PAT and BVT are analysed.

Problems of Compliance with the European Convention on Human Rights in cases of Deportation from the Russian Federation

Over the past few years, the European Court of Human Rights has repeatedly found Russia’s failure to comply with the guarantees of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in deportation cases. At the same time, the ECtHR, as a rule, found the same type of violations, indicating the presence of systemic defects in the Russian legal system. A significant number of new similar and related complaints are currently pending before the ECtHR, including a recently communicated complaint by human rights activist Vanessa Kogan, head of the NGO Astreya, related to the annulment of her residence permit in Russia. The paper is devoted to assessing the observance by the Russian authorities of the ECHR guarantees in the field of deportation, identifying key problems in this area and ways to solve them. The paper develops a study conducted in the recently published issue “Protection in cases of expulsion from the Russian Federation”, prepared in cooperation with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Based on the results of this study, the author concludes that deportation and related procedures, from the point of view of compliance with the ECHR, are the most problematic mechanism for expulsion from Russia. The paper shows the main defects in legal regulation and law enforcement practice, and suggests specific measures to eliminate them.

Disparities in use of disciplinary solitary confinement by mental health diagnosis, race, sexual orientation and sex: Results from a national survey in the United States of America.

Solitary confinement is still used in prisons in the USA, despite its links to poor health. Past research suggests that there may be disparities by race, ethnicity, sex and mental disorders regarding who is placed in solitary confinement, although nationwide studies have been sparse. To explore possible disparities by race, ethnicity, sex, sexual orientation, adverse childhood experiences and mental disorders in solitary confinement as a disciplinary action for adults incarcerated in USA prisons. Data come from a recently released national survey of 24,848 adults incarcerated in the USA-the 2016 Survey of Prison Inmates. Logistic regression models were used to identify disparities in the use of disciplinary action and solitary confinement as a disciplinary action, while controlling for type of rule violation. After controlling for rule violation type, solitary confinement was used as a disciplinary action at higher rates for people who: were multiracial, as compared to white (aOR=1.30), male, as compared to female (aOR=1.46), bisexual, as compared to heterosexual (aOR=1.64), had multiple mental disorders, as compared to none (aOR=1.22) or had more adverse childhood experiences (aOR=1.13). Findings highlight demographic and health disparities in the use of solitary confinement, which may further widen health disparities. More effective implementation of policies to reduce the use of solitary confinement are still needed. Mental health professionals should have an active role in advising on measures when mental disorder is a factor and must ensure adequate treatment of disorders in prison or transfer to health facilities.

Privacy Prevention of Big Data Applications: A Systematic Literature Review

This paper focuses on privacy and security concerns in Big Data. This paper also covers the encryption techniques by taking existing methods such as differential privacy, k-anonymity, T-closeness, and L-diversity. Several privacy-preserving techniques have been created to safeguard privacy at various phases of a large data life cycle. The purpose of this work is to offer a comprehensive analysis of the privacy preservation techniques in Big Data, as well as to explain the problems for existing systems. The advanced repository search option was utilized for the search of the following keywords in the search: “Cyber security” OR “Cybercrime”) AND ((“privacy prevention”) OR (“Big Data applications”)). During Internet research, many search engines and digital libraries were utilized to obtain information. The obtained findings were carefully gathered out of which 103 papers from 2,099 were found to gain the best information sources to address the provided study subjects. Hence a systemic review of 32 papers from 103 found in major databases (IEEExplore, SAGE, Science Direct, Springer, and MDPIs) were carried out, showing that the majority of them focus on the privacy prediction of Big Data applications with a contents-based approach and the hybrid, which address the major security challenge and violation of Big Data. We end with a few recommendations for improving the efficiency of Big Data projects and provide secure possible techniques and proposed solutions and model that minimizes privacy violations, showing four different types of data protection violations and the involvement of different entities in reducing their impacts.

A Comparison of Discipline Between Nurses Holding a Multi- or Single-State License

Background The Nurse Licensure Compact (NLC) is a modernized licensure system designed to facilitate nurse mobility in a safe and standardized way. It has demonstrated particular usefulness during the COVID-19 pandemic and other emergencies, allowing nurses to practice where they are needed without the time and cost burdens of obtaining multiple state licenses. In 2018, uniform licensure requirements were added to the NLC to strengthen the requirements for a multistate license. Nevertheless, some states have been reluctant to join the NLC, expressing safety concerns. Purpose The National Council of State Boards of Nursing compared the discipline rates of multistate license holders to nurses holding single-state licenses. Methods This cross-sectional study used discipline data from the calendar year 2019, which was chosen because it contained the most current pre-pandemic data. Discipline cases among nurses with and without a multistate license were evaluated. Using the national Nursys database, we compared discipline rates and types of violations leading to disciplinary actions by 33 NLC Boards of Nursing (BONs) and 24 non-NLC BONs. Results The overall discipline rates of nurses in NLC and non-NLC states were virtually identical (0.24% versus 0.23%). However, a further breakdown of the data revealed the annual discipline rate of nurses holding single-state licenses across both non-NLC and NLC states was between two to four times higher than the rate of multistate license holders. Conclusion Multistate license holders’ consistently low discipline rates hold across all available demographic categories, suggesting the overall safety of the NLC. The Nurse Licensure Compact (NLC) is a modernized licensure system designed to facilitate nurse mobility in a safe and standardized way. It has demonstrated particular usefulness during the COVID-19 pandemic and other emergencies, allowing nurses to practice where they are needed without the time and cost burdens of obtaining multiple state licenses. In 2018, uniform licensure requirements were added to the NLC to strengthen the requirements for a multistate license. Nevertheless, some states have been reluctant to join the NLC, expressing safety concerns. The National Council of State Boards of Nursing compared the discipline rates of multistate license holders to nurses holding single-state licenses. This cross-sectional study used discipline data from the calendar year 2019, which was chosen because it contained the most current pre-pandemic data. Discipline cases among nurses with and without a multistate license were evaluated. Using the national Nursys database, we compared discipline rates and types of violations leading to disciplinary actions by 33 NLC Boards of Nursing (BONs) and 24 non-NLC BONs. The overall discipline rates of nurses in NLC and non-NLC states were virtually identical (0.24% versus 0.23%). However, a further breakdown of the data revealed the annual discipline rate of nurses holding single-state licenses across both non-NLC and NLC states was between two to four times higher than the rate of multistate license holders. Multistate license holders’ consistently low discipline rates hold across all available demographic categories, suggesting the overall safety of the NLC.

Did you hear what she did to me? Female friendship victimization disclosures offer reputational advantages

Although gossip is a common tactic of women's same-gender competition, it carries social costs. Overtly malicious gossipers are generally disliked, suggesting those who transmit gossip in more palatable forms may be favored as social partners. Four studies (N = 1653) tested the hypothesis that women's heightened sensitivity to transgressions in friendships prompts divulgence of those violations, allowing women to covertly (and perhaps unintentionally) transmit reputation-harming information about same-gender peers. In Study 1, women were more likely than men to question a same-gender friendship following violations denoting a friend's lack of commitment or kindness. In Study 2, women were more likely than men to report disclosing such friendship violations to others. In Study 3, first-person disclosures about one's own victimization were more trusted and approved than third-person disclosures about others' victimization, suggesting such statements are not readily recognized as gossip. In Study 4a, men and women reported that their female friends disclosed all types of friendship violations more frequently than did their male friends, but especially those surrounding commitment and replacement risk. In Study 4b, female perpetrators suffered worse reputational damage than did male perpetrators following divulgence of their poor treatment of same-gender friends. Taken together, these results reveal women are especially concerned about same-gender friends' interpersonal treatment, they disclose their perceived victimization to others, and such disclosures effectively impair same-gender peers' reputations. These patterns raise the possibility that the greater fragility of female (versus male) friendships results, in part, from this effective, yet covert form of intragender competition.

Aesthetic Reactions to Violations in Contemporary Art: The Role of Expertise and Individual Differences

ABSTRACT This study investigated the role of expertise and personality in reactions to challenges in contemporary paintings, here operationalized as violations in syntax and semantics. Thirty-eight expert and 56 naïve art viewers appraised 20 paintings (divided into four groups, i.e. no violation, only syntactic or semantic violation, and both semantic-syntactic violations) on scales of valence, activation, sense-making, understanding and appreciation. Viewing time was also recorded and participants filled in questionnaires measuring the Big Five model of personality and Need for Closure. Separate mixed linear models were fit for each outcome variable (rating scales and viewing time) with the type of violations, expertise and personality measures as predictors. It was found that syntactically violated paintings predicted best viewers’ reaction to art. Such paintings were viewed longer and evoked reactions modulated by individual differences and expertise. Expertise was found to be a positive predictor of understanding and appreciation of paintings with syntactic violations. Conversely, need for closure turned out to be a negative predictor of sense-making, understanding, and liking those types of art. Similarly, people high in neuroticism liked syntactically violated artworks less. Only openness to experience turned out to be a positive predictor of sense-making and activation in all types of stimuli. The results are discussed in terms of elevated challenge, which syntactically violated paintings present, and different strategies of viewers to cope with this.

The UN’s Reports on Gender Stereotypes in Muslim Countries—Differentiation of Economic Development

This paper explores the differences in the content of commentary reports that the United Nations (UN) addressed to Islamic countries in the Stereotypes section. A significant association was found between types of violations and the level of the state’s economic development. For high-income level countries, the commentaries addressed social perceptions violations. For low-level income countries, the commentaries focused on physical practices violations. Hence, the Islamic character of the country was found to be a minor factor in comparison with the state level of development. The UN’s approach to gender stereotypes in low-income countries involves simplification and reduction, as it treats the symptoms rather than the causes.

The Relationship Between Self-Concept With Learning Discipline And Student Learning Motivation In Mts Nu Gondanglegi Malang Regency

Positive or negative self-concept in a person can not be separated from the factors that affect the formation and development of self-concept in the student so that they commit various types of violations in school. If the student's self-concept is good then it will also be a student's learning discipline, so this will help students in good learning motivation by maximizing learning time until the fulfillment of the student's goals. The purpose of this research is to find out the relationship between self-concept with learning disciplines and student learning motivation at MTs NU Gondanglegi Malang Regency. This study uses quantitative methods using product-moment correlation analysis techniques. The study sample numbered 77 students. While the way of sampling uses the total sampling sample technique because the population is below 100 subjects. The data collection technique in this study used the Likert scale. The results of the study showed that (1) there is a positive and significant relationship between the self-concept of the study discipline, where r calculates 0.595, while r tables with N = 77 at the level of significance of 5% of 0.220, so r calculates greater than r label (0.695>0.220). So it can be said that a high level of self-concept indicates a high level of student learning discipline. (2) There is a positive and significant relationship between self-concept and learning motivation, where r counts at 0.465, while r tables with N=77 at a significance level of 5% of 0.220, so r counts greater than r label (0.465>0.220). So it can be said that a high level of self-concept indicates a high level of student learning motivation