Types Of Trays Research Articles

Vigor of zinnia seedlings produced in alternative substrate in trays with different cell size

Abstract The zinnia (Zinnia elegans Jacq.) is an ornamental plant used in landscape composition and presents great potential for cultivation as a cut flower, potted. Faced with the new trend of integrated flower production, that proposes more environmentally friendly practices aiming at sustainability, there is a need to determine alternative substrates that allow the production of quality seedlings. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the vigor and quality of zinnia seedlings produced in alternative substrates in trays with different cell size. Two different types of trays of expanded polystyrene with different cell size were tested as following: 128-cell and 200-cell trays with a volume of 40 cm3 and 16 cm3, respectively. For the growth of the seedlings, three types of substrate were tested: commercial substrate; composting of organic waste; mixture of sand, soil and carbonized rice husk in the proportion of 1:1:1 (v:v:v). The experiment was a completely randomized design, using 24 trays in a factorial arrangement 3x2 (substrate x tray cell size), with four replicate and eight seedling per replicate. The phytotechnical characteristics evaluated were plant height, number of leaves, root length and dry weight of plants, the vigor of seedlings and clod stability was determined by rating scales. The physicochemical and physical proprieties of organic substrate enables produce high quality seedling using 128-cell trays, but the 200-cell trays also produce good quality seedling, having the advantage of using smaller volumes of substrates.

Assessment of Factors Affecting Partial Removable Dental Prostheses Framework Fit: A Clinical Prospective Study.

To prospectively evaluate the effects of impression material, impression tray type, and partially dentate arch classification on the accuracy of fit of partial removable dental prostheses (PRDP) cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) frameworks, as inferred from the number of fabricated frameworks required for achievement of acceptable fit. A total of 103 partially dentate patients provided with Co-Cr PRDP treatment for one or both arches (n = 142) by undergraduate dental students were clinically assessed by two examiners at the metal framework try-in stage, and the relevant data were recorded. Statistical analyses of data were performed using factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) to study the associations of impression material (alginate, polyvinyl siloxane [PVS]), Kennedy class, and impression tray type (stock, custom) with the number of frameworks that needed to be fabricated for each patient (α = .05). Statistical analyses of data derived from 142 (65 maxillary and 77 mandibular) treated partially edentulous arches revealed no significant correlation between the impression material, Kennedy class, or tray type with respect to the number of framework construction attempts needed (P ≥ .05). Post hoc Tukey test also did not demonstrate any significant differences between the different Kennedy classes in relation to the set outcome measure (P ≥ .05). Alginate as an alternative option to PVS and modified metal stock trays can be used for making final impressions to produce PRDP Co-Cr frameworks. Framework fit is unaffected by class of partial edentulism (Kennedy class).

Dimensional Accuracy of Polyvinyl Siloxane Impression Materials Considering Impression Techniques– A Literature Review

Objectives Impression accuracy is the main determinant of the fit, form and function of prosthetic restorations. Polyvinyl siloxane (PVS) is the material of choice in most clinical situations. The purpose of this paper is to provide an up-to-date review of scientific articles which discuss the dimensional accuracy of PVS impression material using various impression techniques, tray types and spacers. Besides, the procedure, advantages and disadvantages of commonly used impression techniques, technique modifications and innovations are also reviewed.Method An electronic search of scientific papers from 1990 to 2018 was carried out using MEDLINE and Google Scholar databases using the search terms “accuracy and polyvinyl siloxane and impression technique” and “accuracy and addition silicone and impression technique”.Results Searching the key words yielded a total of 312 articles. By application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, the obtained results were further reduced to 35 citations.Conclusion Impression technique is a critical variable in the accuracy of PVS impressions. Dual-phase 2-step technique with 1 to 2 mm space for the light body is proven to be highly accurate and is still considered as the standard technique. The use of 2-step technique without providing a space for the wash material is rejected by the literature. Triple-phase 2-step techniques including “matrix impression system” have also functioned well and even superior to traditional dual-phase 2-step technique. Papers suggest that custom trays do not significantly improve the accuracy of impressions and rigid stock trays are suitable alternatives

Biostimulant action on quality of tomato seedlings produced in different types of trays

Biostimulant action on quality of tomato seedlings produced in different types of trays

A new design of anesthetic treatment tray and its application in operation

Objective To explore the feasibility in the clinical application of the newly designed medical anesthesia treatment tray which replace the currently clinically used conventional sterile tray and the effectiveness in avoiding medication errors. Methods A new medical anesthesia treatment tray was made using stainless steel alloy SU316L. Totally 96 patients who underwent laparoscopic gastrointestinal surgery under general anesthesia from November of 2017 to June of 2018 were randomly divided into control group (n=48) and observation group (n=48) . The traditional treatment tray was used in the control group while the new anesthesia treatment tray was used in the observation group. The two groups were analyzed in the frequency of errors in medication taking during operations, the time required for anesthesia induction and the satisfaction of anesthetists and nurses after using the treatment trays; on the 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th, 11th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th and 16th day, the new sterilized anesthesia treatment trays were taken out regularly for biological monitoring. Results The rate of syringe taking error in the periods of anesthetic induction, intraoperative maintenance, and extubation upon completion of surgery was 4.4%, 7.3%, and 4.0%, lower than the control group with 36.0%, 39.6%, and 37.4% respectively (P<0.001) ; the time required for anesthetic induction in the observation group was (2.98±0.42) min, shorter than that of the control group with statistical significance (P<0.05) . The anesthetists' satisfaction score in the observation group was (3.44±0.72) points, and the scout nurses' satisfaction score was (3.13±0.75) points, both higher than the control group (P<0.05) ; the new anesthesia treatment trays were stored for 15 days after sterilization and kept sterile until the 16th day when bacterial growth began. Conclusions The use of the new type of medical anesthesia treatment tray can improve the safety of anesthetic medication administration, facilitates access, significantly improves the satisfaction of anesthetists and nurses, shortens the time of anesthetic induction, greatly improves working efficiency, and can remain sterile for 15 days after sterilization which meets hospital's infection control requirements. Key words: Renovation promotion; Anesthesia; Treatment tray; Patient safety; Sterilization; Design; Application

Hydrodynamics of the tridimensional rotational flow sieve tray in a countercurrent gas-liquid column

The hydrodynamic performance of the TRST in a gas-liquid countercurrent flow column was investigated experimentally in this article. The results show that the operating field can be divided into low and high loading areas according to the increasing rate of the pressure drop. The space utilization of the tray is low, and the flow patterns are mainly droplet-column and continuous film flows. The pressure drops of the tray at each installed locations are different, indicating that the gas-liquid load of each tray is unbalanced. Compared with concurrent flow operation, the range of gas flux is at least 45% less, and the liquid flux range is at least 37.5% less. Compared with other new tray types under countercurrent flow operation, the pressure drop of the TRST is smaller, less than 300 Pa, but the range of gas-liquid flux is also narrow. The empirical models of the pressure drops, loading curve, and flooding curve agree well with the experimental data.

A bi-objective optimization approach for configuring surgical trays with ergonomic risk consideration

For a surgical procedure, the instruments a surgeon has requested are grouped into multiple containers that are referred to as trays. Empirical studies have shown that a large percentage of the instruments that are cleaned and sterilized after a procedure were not even used. In addition, each tray needs to be frequently lifted, which puts perioperative nurses and technicians (PNTs) at risk of developing work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs), especially when the trays are overweight. The problem of grouping sterile instruments into trays and determining the tray types for each surgeon and procedure is an NP-hard problem known as the tray optimization problem (TOP). We have developed a bi-objective mathematical model to solve the TOP with the aim of concurrently improving the utilization rate of the instruments and minimizing the tray types required for each procedure. We have established a novel heuristic using an iterated local search (ILS) to quickly and efficiently solve the problem. Computational results over historical data show that the designed ILS is superior to known exact methods. Finally, we have shown to what extent changing the weight limit of trays may have implications on the number of tray types and utilization rate of instruments within trays.

Are Office-Based Oral and Maxillofacial Surgical Procedures Profitable? A Benefit–Cost Analysis

Although many oral and maxillofacial surgical (OMS) procedures might seem to be profitable, no current data have analyzed the costs versus benefits of performing office-based OMS procedures. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the costs of performing 6 common office-based OMS procedures compared with the reimbursement rates for those same procedures. The present study was a cross-sectional, microcosting survey analyzing the costs of materials used in the outpatient Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery clinic at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. The costs incurred were based on dental procedure coding and national statistical databases and not on actual patient interactions. The primary predictor variable was the procedure costs for 6 commonly performed outpatient OMS procedures using 3 types of trays: a simple tray, a surgical tray, and an implant tray. The ancillary materials were listed for as-needed use for each tray. The primary outcome variable was the revenue after expenses per procedure. Descriptive statistics were computed. The net profit or net loss of performing 6 commonly performed outpatient OMS procedures was analyzed by subtracting the cost of performing the procedure from the insurance reimbursement for those procedures. Without the addition of sedation to the procedures, routine extractions had a net loss of $230 to $261, surgical extractions had a net loss of $153 to $242, and incision and drainage procedures had a net loss of $212 to $311. Furthermore, preprosthetic procedures had a net loss to net profit of -$269 to+$140, and pathologic procedures had a net loss to net profit of -$269 to+$326. Only implant procedures yielded a net profit of $847. The results of the present study have demonstrated that not all routine OMS procedures are profitable when performed alone without the inclusion of additional procedures or sedation.

Comparison of Performance Characteristic Prediction of Sieve Tray with and without Down comer

A sieve tray is a type of tray that is widely used in separation in industry. While sieve tray without down comer, frequently called dual flow sieve tray is commonly used to increase the effective area, so it can increase tray capacity. Dual-flow sieve tray operations can be classified into two categories, it is froth and transition based on gas/vapour velocity, so that there are parts of holes that are only flown by gas/vapour and at the same time there are parts of holes that are only flushed with liquid. Performance characteristics studied include clear-liquid height, dry and wet pressure drop, efficiency, and entrainment. The study aims to compare performance characteristic of sieve tray with and without down comer. The sieve tray without down comers showed almost 50% higher capacity compared to the sieve tray with down comers. However, sieve tray without down comers has 40% lower pressure drop compared to that with down comers. The results can ensure that the trays performance prediction for 298 mm diameter with open area in the range of 77-80%, 5 mm diameter holes, 12.5 mm hole spacing and 35 cm tray spacing satisfying and optimistic can be utilized in the distillation process.

Mining Real World Data: Leveraging an Infection Surveillance System to Quantify the Impact of Clinical Interventions

BACKGROUND Real world data (RWD) is playing an increasing role in health care decisions. Employing RWD collected by electronic health records and other healthcare applications allows researchers the ability to evaluate treatment effects efficiently and upon broad populations. Applying a RWD approach to analyzing the impact of infection prevention programs can provide useful insights in cases where prospective studies are not initiated. METHODS As a use case, we examined the impact of hospital-wide Foley catheterization tray (FCT) conversions. 32 hospitals converted from one of three types of Foley catheterization trays (FCTs) – types B, C and D – to an FCT designed to foster aseptic technique (type A). Those conversions were implemented in conjunction with a refocus on catheter insertion and maintenance practices. The impact upon catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) and an algorithmically-derived measure of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) were analyzed using an electronic infection surveillance system as the RWD source. RESULTS A total of 1,835,370 admissions, 530,485 urinary catheter-days and 3,400,873 patient-days were analyzed. A combination of subjective and objective HAI metrics was used to assess the conversions. Statistically significant CAUTI reductions were observed in a single type of Foley tray conversion (D-to-A). Statistically significant reductions in the algorithmically-derived HAI measure were observed across all three conversion types. CONCLUSIONS RWD analysis can provide useful insights as to the impact of infection prevention programs, particularly when analyzing endpoints that are electronically derived from existing data. The strengths of RWD analysis include relative ease of analysis and minimization of the Hawthorne effect. Those strengths must be balanced against the inability to control for all potential variables that may contribute to the observed results including the inability to quantify the individual impacts of product conversion and human factors effects. Real world data (RWD) is playing an increasing role in health care decisions. Employing RWD collected by electronic health records and other healthcare applications allows researchers the ability to evaluate treatment effects efficiently and upon broad populations. Applying a RWD approach to analyzing the impact of infection prevention programs can provide useful insights in cases where prospective studies are not initiated. As a use case, we examined the impact of hospital-wide Foley catheterization tray (FCT) conversions. 32 hospitals converted from one of three types of Foley catheterization trays (FCTs) – types B, C and D – to an FCT designed to foster aseptic technique (type A). Those conversions were implemented in conjunction with a refocus on catheter insertion and maintenance practices. The impact upon catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) and an algorithmically-derived measure of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) were analyzed using an electronic infection surveillance system as the RWD source. A total of 1,835,370 admissions, 530,485 urinary catheter-days and 3,400,873 patient-days were analyzed. A combination of subjective and objective HAI metrics was used to assess the conversions. Statistically significant CAUTI reductions were observed in a single type of Foley tray conversion (D-to-A). Statistically significant reductions in the algorithmically-derived HAI measure were observed across all three conversion types. RWD analysis can provide useful insights as to the impact of infection prevention programs, particularly when analyzing endpoints that are electronically derived from existing data. The strengths of RWD analysis include relative ease of analysis and minimization of the Hawthorne effect. Those strengths must be balanced against the inability to control for all potential variables that may contribute to the observed results including the inability to quantify the individual impacts of product conversion and human factors effects.

Accuracy of complete-arch implant impression made with occlusal registration material

Statement of problemWhich impression material, impression tray type, and implant impression technique combination produces the most accurate complete-arch impression is unclear. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the implant impression accuracy of a completely edentulous arch made with addition silicone occlusal registration material and an open tray with the implant impression accuracy of other conventional impression techniques. Material and methodsA master cast was fabricated from Type IV gypsum with four 3.8-mm diameter implants with internal hexagon located in the area of mandibular canines and first molars. Impressions (N=60) were made from the master cast using the 6 techniques investigated: group B-OC-N with occlusal registration impression material (B), open custom tray (OC), and nonsplinted impression pins (N); group B-OS-N with occlusal registration impression material (B), open plastic perforated stock tray (OS), and nonsplinted impression pins (N); group PE-OC-N with polyether medium-body impression material (PE), open custom tray (OC), and nonsplinted impression pins (N); group PE-OC-S with polyether medium-body impression material (PE), open custom tray (OC), and impression pins splinted (S) with autopolymerizing resin cut after 17 minutes and reconnected; group PE-CC-N with polyether medium-body impression material (PE), closed custom tray (CC), and nonsplinted impression pins (N); group PVS-CS-N with simultaneous double-mix polyvinyl siloxane impression material (PVS), closed stock perforated metal tray (CS), and nonsplinted impression pins (N). Type IV gypsum casts were fabricated 24 hours after making the impressions. A computerized numerical control 3D coordinate measuring machine was used to measure the absolute differences of the distances between the centroids of the 4 implants among the casts produced and the distances measured at the master cast. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine differences among the experimental groups (α=.05). The Mann-Whitney U post hoc analysis was used for all group combinations. ResultsNo significant differences were found between the test groups B-OC-N and PE-OC-S, which were more accurate than the other groups. Group B-OS-N resulted in the least accurate impressions of all experimental groups. Group PE-OC-S resulted in more accurate impressions than the PE-OC-N group. No statistically significant differences were found between groups PE-OC-N and PE-CC-N or between groups PVS-CS-N and PE-CC-N. ConclusionsFor complete edentulism, the use of silicone occlusal registration material with an open custom tray and nonsplinted impression pins resulted in impressions as accurate as those produced with PE open custom tray with splinted impression pins. These 2 techniques resulted in more accurate impressions than the other 4 techniques studied.

Comparison of Methodologies to Determine the Optimum Plot Size for Okra Seedlings Evaluation

The production of okra using seedlings is a practice increasingly used by farmers. However, this system still lacks further research involving substrates, tray types, cell volume, pest control and disease. For this it is important to determine the optimum size of the plots, in order to reduce the experimental errors and the expenses with the experiment. The objective of this work was to determine the optimum plot size for experiments involving okra seedlings produced in Styrofoam trays of 128 cells using different methods. The methods were the maximum curvature, the maximum curvature with bootstrap simulation and the maximum curvature of the coefficient of variation. The evaluated characteristics were aerial part height, stem diameter, aerial dry matter, root dry matter, total dry matter and quality of seedlings as measured by Dickson quality index. The results showed that the optimum plot size is different between the evaluated characteristics and for characteristics there is no significant difference in the optimum plot size between the three different methods. The optimum size for evaluating okra seedlings produced in Styrofoam trays of 128 cells is 10 seedlings per plot and is indicated the use of the maximum curvature method using a bootstrap simulation.

The Numerical Simulation Analysis of Pinus sylvestris var. Mongolica seeds Vibration Situation Based on EDEM

The vibrate situation of air-suction type of precision seeder tray have significant influence for seeding effect. So the fundamental principles based on discrete element method was used to simulate the population distribution of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica seeds in vibration tray by Hertz-Mindlin no sliding contact model of EDEM. Analyzed the influence of vibration frequency, the amplitude of vibration to the seeds population distribution. Divided the simulation region into several tiers along the direction perpendicular to the bottom of the tray, have the distribution of seeds population in different simulation tiers. Study the distribute situation in different parameters got the conclusion that: when frequency was 20Hz, the amplitude of vibration was 5mm, the distribution of seeds population was the most ideal and seeds suction effect was the best; The orientation where 5∼15mm from the bottom of the seeds tray was the optimum for seeds suction, can be chosen for efficient seeds suction region.

Experimental Investigation of Hydrodynamic Characteristic of a New Rotating Stream Tray

The hydrodynamic characteristic of a new rotating stream tray (NRST) was investigated. The tests were carried out using an air–water/oxygen experimental system in a column with a diameter of 500 mm. The hydrodynamic parameters studied were dry plate pressure drop, wet plate pressure drop, weeping, entrainment, and Murphree liquid efficiency. The results showed that the NRST has excellent performance in terms of high operational flexibility. The pressure drop, weeping rate, and entrainment rate remained low even under a high-capacity operation. Correlations of pressure drop, weeping, and entrainment for the NRST were obtained by regression analysis. The results can provide some important theoretical guidance for the development of this type of trays.

Displacement of Simulated Flabby Tissue by Different Tray Designs and Impression Materials.

To compare the effect of 3 tray designs and 3 commonly used impression materials on the displacement of flabby tissue during maxillary edentulous impression by superimposition of 3D digital models. Fifteen maxillary edentulous casts with simulated flabby tissue were fabricated by modifying a standard maxillary edentulous acrylic resin cast. Three types of impression trays were fabricated: trays with conventional relief, trays with additional relief, and trays with an open window. Three impression materials were tested: light-body polysulfide, light-body vinylpolysiloxane, and zinc oxide eugenol paste. For the analysis of tissue displacement during impression making, the test and control stone casts were scanned using a 3D laser scanner, and the 3D digital models were superimposed using metrology software. Statistical analyses were performed with an α = 0.05. Negative deviations were recorded at the areas of the alveolar crest, posterior part of flabby tissue, and middle of the palate. On the other hand, a positive deviation was recorded at the area of the anterior part of flabby tissue. A significant difference in the displacement of flabby tissue was found when using different tray designs (p < 0.0001). The tray with the open window showed significantly low tissue displacement at the flabby tissue region. Depending on sites, the amount of flabby tissue displacement showed different significances by the different impression materials used (anterior part: p < 0.0001; alveolar crest: p = 0.097; posterior part: p < 0.0001). Conventionally relieved trays showed significantly higher values of displacement at the anterior part of flabby tissue (p < 0.0001), while trays with open windows showed similar values of displacement at all measuring points, and no significant differences among different impression materials were found (p = 0.104). There were significant differences in the displacement of flabby tissue with different tray designs, especially with displacement occurring at the anterior and posterior parts of flabby tissue. Tray designs should be considered in order to make proper impressions when flabby tissue is present.

CFD simulation of gas flow field distribution and design optimization of the tridimensional rotational flow sieve tray with different structural parameters

Using CFD simulation, we first investigated the flow field distribution of the tridimensional rotational flow sieve tray (TRST) under different structural parameters (i.e. number of the blades, twist angle of the blades, tray height and sieve hole diameter) and installation methods (forward and backward) when gas flows downward through the TRST. Secondly, we carried out a comparative study of three modified structures of the tray, i.e. no supporting ring, a closed internal cylinder and no sieve holes present. Finally, we studied the transformed situations of the rotational flow and propose a dimensionless correlation to evaluate the performance of the tray. The results show that, apart from the tray with a smaller twist angle of the blade, the gas flow field distributions for all the other types of trays are similar. When two trays are installed, the gas flow field of the second tray in a forward installation is obviously different to that of a backward installation. The transformed position of the rotational flow for most types of trays is about half the depth of the tray. After comprehensive evaluation, the optimized tray structures are identified as a configuration with 8 blades, a 90° twist angle of the blades, a tray height of 40 mm, and sieve holes of 5 mm diameter. In addition, the tray should have open internal cylinder without a supporting ring. When a multi-tray is installed, the backward installation method should be adopted.

Experimental of Forced Vibration System of Single Degree of Freedom on Tray Type Dryer

Experimental of Forced Vibration System of Single Degree of Freedom on Tray Type Dryer

Integrated bio-chemo degradation of Mordant Yellow 10 using upflow anaerobic packed bed reactor (UAPBR) and tray type photo-Fenton reactor (TPFR)

Feasibility of the two stage anaerobic/photo-Fenton process to mineralize a mono-azo dye, Mordant Yellow 10 (MY10) in continuous mode of operation was demonstrated using an upflow anaerobic packed bed reactor (UAPBR) and a novelly-designed tray type photo-Fenton reactor (TPFR). The halotolerant Pseudomonas aeroginosa BRPO3 strain used in the UAPBR system demonstrated stable dye decolorization with almost 99% of dye removal efficiency up to 220 mg/L of dye concentration supported by glucose as co-substrate operated at 24 h retention time. Maximum dye removal rate was observed to be 933 ± 8 mg/day at 200 mg/L of dye concentration. The amines formed in the UAPBR were degraded almost completely (99%) using hydrogen peroxide (340 mM) in TPFR packed with iron shavings as the catalyst. Ecogenotoxicity studies with earthworm Eisenia fetida using alkaline comet assay revealed that the untreated and bio-treated dye water induced DNA damage in coelomocytes of earthworm whereas sequentially treated solution did not induce damage even after 72 h of exposure. This is probably the first study to investigate the detoxification efficiency of sequential treatment systems operated in continuous mode.

Effects of tray shape of a multi-stage solar still coupled to a parabolic concentrating solar collector in Algeria

Abstract In our article we realized a solar distiller with four floors. The distiller tested is poly-energy, it can operate by three different energy sources: electrical resistance (power grid or photovoltaic panel), photo thermal solar collector or vegetable and animal waste. A cylindro-parabolic solar collector used to collect the heat necessary for the distillation is coupled to the four-stage still. The tested trays of the still have two different forms: “V” and “Λ”. The water desalination is done by many technologies such as the multi-stage still which is tested experimentally in this work under the weather conditions of the city of Batna, Algeria (35° 45′ North, 6° 19′ East). “V” shaped trays are the most efficient at producing distilled water because it is cheaper and more cost effective than the “Λ” floor that requires two collectors. The electricity consumption of the distiller depends on the amount of heat lost by the distiller, and the cost of electricity consumed by the distiller depends on the type of trays. The water produced by the trays of the form Λcosts more than the trays of form V.

Release of aluminium and thallium ions from uncoated food contact materials made of aluminium alloys into food and food simulant.

In order to investigate the release of aluminium ions from food contact materials, three different types of uncoated aluminium menu trays for single use were tested with the foodstuffs sauerkraut juice, apple sauce and tomato puree, as well as with the food simulants 5 g/L citric acid solution and artificial tap water. To mimic a consumer relevant exposure scenario, the aluminium trays were studied using time and temperature gradients according to the Cook & Chill method, also taking into account storage time at elevated temperatures during the delivery period. The release of aluminium was found to exceed the specific release limit (SRL) of 5 mg aluminium per kilogram of food specified by the Council of Europe by up to six times. Furthermore, a release of thallium was also detected unexpectedly.Kinetic studies showed a comparable behaviour in the release of aluminium, manganese and vanadium as components of the aluminium alloy itself. In contrast, thallium could be identified as a surface contaminant or impurity because of an entirely different kinetic curve. Kinetic studies also allowed activation energy calculations.Additional camping saucepans were tested as an article for repeated use. In three subsequent release experiments with citric acid (5 g/L), artificial tap water and tomato puree as benchmark foodstuffs, the results were comparable to those of the uncoated wrought alloy aluminium trays.