Types Of Transitions Research Articles

Robustness of higher-order interdependent networks with reinforced nodes.

In reality, pairwise interactions are no longer sufficient to describe the higher-order interactions between nodes, such as brain networks, social networks, etc., which often contain groups of three or more nodes. Since the failure of one node in a high-order network can lead to the failure of all simplices in which it is located and quickly propagates to the whole system through the interdependencies between networks, multilayered high-order interdependent networks are challenged with high vulnerability risks. To increase the robustness of higher-order networks, in this paper, we proposed a theoretical model of a two-layer partial high-order interdependent network, where a proportion of reinforced nodes are introduced that can function and support their simplices and components, even losing connection with the giant component. We study the order parameter of the proposed model, including the giant component and functional components containing at least one reinforced node, via theoretical analysis and simulations. Rich phase transition phenomena can be observed by varying the density of 2-simplices and the proportion of the network's reinforced nodes. Increasing the density of 2-simplices makes a double transition appear in the network. The proportion of reinforced nodes can alter the type of second transition of the network from discontinuous to continuous or transition-free, which is verified on the double random simplicial complex, double scale-free simplicial complex, and real-world datasets, indicating that reinforced nodes can significantly enhance the robustness of the network and can prevent networks from abrupt collapse. Therefore, the proposed model provides insights for designing robust interdependent infrastructure networks.

Supervised, semisupervised, and unsupervised learning of the Domany-Kinzel model.

The Domany-Kinzel (DK) model encompasses several types of nonequilibrium phase transitions, depending on the selected parameters. We apply supervised, semisupervised, and unsupervised learning methods to studying the phase transitions and critical behaviors of the (1+1)-dimensional DK model. The supervised and the semisupervised learning methods permit the estimations of the critical points, the spatial and temporal correlation exponents, concerning labeled and unlabeled DK configurations, respectively. Furthermore, we also predict the critical points by employing principal component analysis and autoencoder. The PCA and autoencoder can produce results in good agreement with simulated stationary particle number density.

A Two‐Stage Geodynamic Model for Post‐Collisional Potassic‐Ultrapotassic Magmatism in Southeast Tibet

AbstractPost‐collisional potassic‐ultrapotassic rocks can provide key clues to the change of the recycled material type and/or tectonic transition in subduction‐related zones. Despite continental materials widely recognized in their sources, it remains unclear whether such continental materials were contributed by former oceanic subduction or recent continental subduction. Here we address this issue by systematically investigating previously reported and our new chemical and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions of the post‐collisional K‐rich rocks in Southeast Tibet. Kink‐like compositional variations provide solid evidence for a primary control of fractional crystallization on the evolution of these K‐rich magmas. Their primary melts are demonstrated to have been produced by partial melting of phlogopite‐bearing peridotites in subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM). The trace element and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic signatures argue against involvement of the deeply subducted Indian continent but suggest a great contribution from sediments in oceanic slabs. A thinned (∼70–100 km) and hot (∼55–70 mW/m2) lithosphere is also unraveled beneath Southeast Tibet during the potassic‐ultrapotassic magmatism. Together with geophysical data, here we suggest a two‐stage geodynamic model for post‐collisional potassic‐ultrapotassic magmatism in Southeast Tibet: (a) Before the Indian‐Asia continental collision, phlogopite/K‐richterite‐bearing SCLM sources were formed through oceanic subduction‐related metasomatism; (b) After the Indian‐Asia continental collision, asthenosphere upwelling induced by post‐collisional tectonic extension or deep subduction of the Indian continental slab caused lithospheric thinning, partial melting of pre‐existing phlogopite/K‐richterite‐rich SCLM and thus K‐rich magmatism. This study provides new insights into the role of oceanic subduction and continental collision in post‐collisional potassic‐ultrapotassic magmatism.

Synchronization transitions in adaptive Kuramoto-Sakaguchi oscillators with higher-order interactions.

Coupled oscillators models help us in understanding the origin of synchronization phenomenon prevalent in both natural and artificial systems. Here, we study the coupled Kuramoto oscillator model having phase lag and adaptation in higher-order interactions. We find that the type of transition to synchronization changes from the first-order to second-order through tiered synchronization depending on the adaptation parameters. Phase lag enables this transition at a lower exponent of the adaptation parameters. Moreover, an interplay between the adaptation and phase lag parameters eliminates tiered synchronization, facilitating a direct transition from the first to second-order. In the thermodynamic limit, the Ott-Antonsen approach accurately describes all stationary and (un)stable states, with analytical results matching those obtained from numerical simulations for finite system sizes.

Tunable Band Alignment and Optoelectronic Structure of Cu2Se/PtX2 (X=Se,Te) Heterostructures: under Strain and Electric Field

Two-dimensional (2D) material-based van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) are an emerging strategy for regulating the electronic properties of two-dimensional materials. This study investigated the effects of a vertical electric field and strain on the band alignment transition and optoelectronic properties of Cu2Se/PtSe2 (PtTe2) vdWHs using density functional theory calculations. Cu2Se/PtSe2 vdWHs exhibited type-I to type-II band alignment transformation under an in-plane strain, interlayer distance, and electric field of 2%, 2.40 Å, and -0.40 V/Å, respectively. Moreover, Cu2Se/PtTe2 vdWH demonstrated a rich transition of types I, II, and III band alignments with in-plane strain. The absorption spectra of Cu2Se/PtSe2 (PtTe2) vdWHs show a certain degree of blue and red shift phenomenon upon the application of strain and electric fields. The predicted power conversion efficiencies at 3% in-plane strain with an interlayer distance of 3.40 Å for Cu2Se/PtSe2 (PtTe2) vdWHs were observed to be as high as 22.58% (19.80%). Thus, our work demonstrated that both strain and electric field can effectively and flexibly control the electronic properties of Cu2Se/PtSe2 (PtTe2) vdWHs, making them a promising candidate material for applications in photodetectors and field-effect transistors.

Thermodynamic geometry of charged rotating black holes in Einsteinian cubic gravity

We study the thermodynamic geometry of two types of asymptotically anti-de Sitter black holes in four-dimensional Einsteinian cubic gravity, including the uncharged rotating and charged non-rotating black holes, applying the Ruppeiner thermodynamic geometry method. The divergence of the scalar curvature of the Ruppeiner metric ([Formula: see text]) is found to be related to the vanishing of the heat capacity. The stability of the solutions is shown to be affected by the Einsteinian cubic gravity coupling constant [Formula: see text]. In the unstable phase of the rotating black hole, the [Formula: see text] appeared to possess additional diverging points, where the number of these points and the behavior of [Formula: see text] are controlled by the angular momentum parameter. Also, for the charged non-rotating black hole case, we show that depending on the values of [Formula: see text], the solution may enjoy two types of phase transition and [Formula: see text] behaviors. The characteristic behavior of [Formula: see text] of these two types of black holes enabled us to recognize the types of interactions between microscopic degrees of freedom.

The effect of transitioning into temporary employment on wages is not negative: A comparative study in eight countries

There remains a lack of clarity about the effect of temporary employment on wages. Using asymmetric fixed effects models with a dummy impact function, we study the wage effects of four distinct transitions: (1) from unemployment into a temporary relative to (2) a permanent contracts; and (3) from temporary into permanent contracts relative to (4) from permanent into temporary contracts. We use panel data from eight countries to examine the effect of these distinct transitions, over time after the transition occurs, and in a cross-national, comparative context. The main finding explains the wage penalty of temporary employment identified by previous research. The negative effect is more accurately understood as the difference between two types of transitions, neither of which are negative, even if transitions from temporary into permanent contracts more positive than transitions from permanent into temporary contracts. There is little difference in the wage effect of transitions from unemployment into temporary relative to permanent contracts. The findings may be counter intuitive, but they are consistent with the theory of equalizing differences.

Dark matter phenomenology and phase transition dynamics of the next-to-minimal composite Higgs model with a dilaton

In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive study of the next-to-minimal composite Higgs model (NMCHM) extended with a dilaton field χ (denoted as NMCHMχ). A pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson (pNGB) η, resulting from the SO(6)→SO(5) breaking, serves as a dark matter (DM) candidate. The inclusion of the dilaton field is helpful for evading the stringent constraints from dark matter direct detection, as it allows for an accidental cancellation between the amplitudes of DM-nucleon scattering, an outcome of the mixing between the dilaton and Higgs fields. The presence of the dilaton field also enriches the phase transition patterns in the early universe. We identify two types of phase transitions: (i) a 1-step phase transition, where the chiral symmetry and electroweak symmetry breaking (EWSB) occur simultaneously, and (ii) a 2-step phase transition, where the chiral symmetry breaking transition takes place first, followed by a second phase transition corresponding to EWSB. Since the first-order phase transitions can be strong due to supercooling in our model, we also examine the stochastic background of gravitational waves generated by these phase transitions. We find that these gravitational waves hold promise for detection in future space-based gravitational wave experiments, such as LISA, Taiji, BBO, and DECIGO. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Evaluation of the transition program at the University Hospital of Reims from 2015 to 2020.

The transition of young type 1 diabetic (T1D) patients from pediatric to adult healthcare is a high-risk period of loss to follow-up. Since 2015, we have implemented a transition program, involving both pediatric and adult clinicians. The main objective was to evaluate the number of patients who had succeeded this transition program at 1 year. We found that 86% of patients underwent the complete transition program. However, adverse outcomes occurred in 19.1% of patients at 1 year but decreased to 2.9% after 3 years. In 63% of patients their HbA1c level had deteriorated 1 year after the transition day and this level stabilized at around 8% in the following 2 and 3 years. In patients who had improved HbA1c levels the body mass index was lower (P = 0.03) and they lived alone (P = 0.04). Although our program seemed to allow a better follow-up than previously described, this study highlights the importance of further supporting this transition period.

Comparative analysis of transition use in ELT research introductions: Thai versus international authors

Exploring how academic writing styles differ across cultures provides additional insights into scholarly communication practices. This study therefore investigated the use of transition markers in the Introduction sections of ELT research articles written by Thai and international authors, aiming to uncover the differences on their academic writing. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research analyzed 50 introductions from two reputable Scopus-indexed journals, focusing on the frequency and types of transitions employed in the primary move structure based on Swales’ CARS model (2004): Move 1: Establishing a Territory, Move 2: Establishing a Niche, and Move 3: Presenting the Present Work. The findings revealed that Thai authors (TA) utilize transition markers more extensively, emphasizing explicit connections to enhance clarity and coherence. Conversely, international authors (IA) demonstrate a preference for a minimalistic approach, using fewer transitions and relying more on reader inference. The study highlights significant rhetorical and stylistic differences influenced by educational and cultural backgrounds. The study offers insights for designing targeted academic writing instruction to accommodate diverse rhetorical preferences in global scholarly discourse.

Relational turbulence during family transitions: a lifespan perspective and roadmap for future research

ABSTRACT This essay answers recent calls to explore the application of Relational Turbulence Theory (RTT) within family relationships (Knobloch, L. K., Solomon, D. H., Theiss, J. A., & McLaren, R. M. [2018]. Relational turbulence theory: Understanding family communication during times of change. In Engaging theories in family communication [pp. 255–266]. Routledge). Although family relationships are perceived to be contextually distinct from romantic partnerships given the perceived involuntary nature of these relationships, we argue relational turbulence manifests in family members’ relational experiences and communication processes, at multiple levels of family systems, and across various types of family transitions that evoke the experiences of relational uncertainty, interdependence processes, biased cognitions, emotional reactivity, polarizing communication, and relational turbulence among various members of the family system. In this essay, we present a roadmap for research that both integrates existing insights and suggests lines of future inquiry regarding relational turbulence in families.

Effects of local strain on the plastic deformation and fracture mechanism of heterogeneous multilayered aluminum

Elucidating the effect of local strain on the mechanical properties is of great significance for the design of high-performance layered metals. For this purpose, we conceived the present study, featured by tailoring the local strain by layer thickness design, and simultaneous monitoring of local strain and geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) via coupling in-situ electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and high-resolution digital image correlation (DIC). In addition, synchrotron X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) was employed to analyze the microcracks that serve as another form of strain localization. Such detailed experimental studies revealed that the interfacial strain gradient was rapidly elevated, and the strain localization band was effectively dispersed as the layer thickness decreased. This leads to two typical transitions, from grain-boundary-related to layer-interface-related plastic deformation mode, and from macroscopic shear to zig-zag fracture mode. Their influences on the mechanical properties, as well as underlying mechanisms, were discussed based on the relationship among the layer thickness, strain gradient, strain localization, GND density, and microcracks. Our work not only contributes to the fundamental understanding of the mechanical behavior of multilayered metals but also offers guidance for the structural design of high-performance metals aimed at achieving superior strength-ductility combinations.

Information cascade on networks and phase transitions

Herein, we consider a voting model for information cascades on several types of networks – a random graph, the Barabási–Albert(BA) model, and lattice networks – by using one parameter ω; ω=1,0,−1 respectively correspond to these networks. Our objective is to study the relation between the phase transitions and networks using the parameter, ω which is related to the size of hubs. We discuss the differences between the phases in which the networks depend. In ω≠−1, without a lattice, the following two types of phase transitions can be observed: information cascade transition and super-normal transition. The first is the transition between a state where most voters make correct choices and a state where most of them are wrong. This is an absorption transition that belongs to the non-equilibrium transition. In the symmetric case, the phase transition is continuous and the universality class is the same as nonlinear Pólya model. In contrast, in the asymmetric case, there is a discontinuous phase transition, where the gap depends on the network. As ω increases, the size of the hub and the gap increase. Therefore, a network that has hubs has a greater effect through this phase transition. The critical point of information cascade transition does not depend on ω. The super-normal transition is the transition of the convergence speed, and the critical point of the convergence speed transition depends on ω. At ω=1, in the BA model, this transition disappears, and the range where we can observe the phase transition is the same as that in the percolation model on the network. Both phase transitions disappear at ω=−1 in the lattice case. In conclusion, as the performance near the lattice case, ω∼−1 exhibits the best performance of the voting in all networks. As the hub size decreases, the performance improves. Finally, we show the relation between the voting model and the elephant walk model.

Axion dark matter from cosmic string network

We perform lattice simulations to estimate the axion dark matter abundance radiated from the global cosmic strings in the post-inflationary scenario. The independent numerical confirmation on the recently observed logarithmic growth in both the number of strings per Hubble patch and the spectral index of the power law scaling for the axion spectrum is reported. These logarithmic scalings are checked against two different prescriptions for generating initial random field configurations, namely fat-string type and thermal phase transition. We discuss a possible strong correlation between the axion spectrum and the string evolutions with different initial conditions to support the insensitivity of scaling behaviors against different initial data and we provide a qualitative understanding of it. The impact of various combinations of the power law of the axion spectrum, nonlinearities around the QCD scale, and average inter-string distances on the axion abundance are discussed. Additionally, we introduce a new novel string identification method, based on the tetrahedralization of the space, which guarantees the connectedness of the strings and provides a convenient way of assigning the core location. Finally we derive a lower bound on the axion mass.

Transfer behaviors in stroke and dementia development associated with environmental risks.

Chronic diseases are influential components of stroke, one of the dominant reasons for dementia and premature mortality. Environmental risks are risk factors for transitioning from stroke to dementia. This study addresses the transition behaviors in stroke and dementia development associated with chronic diseases and environmental risks. This study is an integrated survey of medical and environmental informatics concerning stroke patients' quality of life. A total of 10 627 stroke patients diagnosed in Taiwan were surveyed in this study. A covariate model and subgroup analysis were used to evaluate the influence of chronic diseases and environmental risk factors (i.e., divorce rate, unemployment rate, solitariness rate, temperature, and air pollution rate) on stroke and the corresponding dementia transition behaviors. This study constructed a total of 98 covariate analysis models, consisting of 14 transition types [10 transitions from chronic diseases to stroke (5 metabolic risk states × 2 stroke states) and 4 transitions from stroke to dementia (2 stroke states × 2 dementia states)] by 7 covariates (i.e., sex, age, divorce rate, unemployment rate, temperature, air pollution, and solitariness rate). Among the 98 transitions, 26 were statistically significant. Sex, age, divorce rate, unemployment rate, temperature, and air pollution rate exerted a partially significant influence on the transition from chronic diseases to stroke. Sex, age, unemployment rate, and temperature partially influenced the transition from stroke to dementia. This study also considered high-risk sub-populations of stroke patients, particularly males aged 65 years and below. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 766-772.

Metal-ligand transport and optical properties of metal sulfide heterostructure: A density functional theory study

The use of metal sulfides for organic photovoltaics has been a widely studied topic in recent years. The current study reports on the impact of aniline and piperidine ligands on the transport and optical properties of SnS/CoS heterostructure, using the first principles density functional theory approach. The charge transfer properties possess an electropositive and electronegative feature for both the aniline and piperidine ligands, respectively. This charge transfer behaviour is consistent with metal-to-ligand charge transfer properties. The optical properties of SnS/ligand/CoS retain its optical plasmonic transitions for both ligand types, with a corresponding damping effect in the absorption, which suggests interfacial charge transfer-type interactions. Also, an increased density of states for both ligand types is observed, implying increased availability of unoccupied states for electronic transport. These results of ligand-incorporated SnS/CoS suggest its potential for future improved charge transfers in organic solar cells.

Nucleation phenomena and extreme vulnerability of spatial k-core systems

K-core percolation is a fundamental dynamical process in complex networks with applications that span numerous real-world systems. Earlier studies focus primarily on random networks without spatial constraints and reveal intriguing mixed-order transitions. However, real-world systems, ranging from transportation and communication networks to complex brain networks, are not random but are spatially embedded. Here, we study k-core percolation on two-dimensional spatially embedded networks and show that, in contrast to regular percolation, the length of connections can control the transition type, leading to four different types of phase transitions associated with interesting phenomena and a rich phase diagram. A key finding is the existence of a metastable phase where microscopic localized damage, independent of system size, can cause a macroscopic phase transition, a result which cannot be achieved in traditional percolation. In this case, local failures spontaneously propagate the damage radially until the system collapses, a phenomenon analogous to the nucleation process.

Implementation of Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics for Intersystem Crossing Based on a Time-Dependent Density-Functional Tight-Binding Method.

Intersystem crossing (ISC) and internal conversion (IC) are types of nonadiabatic transitions that play important roles in a wide range of fields, including photochemistry, photophysics, and photobiology. The nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (NA-MD) method is a powerful tool for computational simulations of dynamic phenomena involving nonadiabatic transitions. In this study, we implemented the NA-MD method, which treats ISC and IC on an equal footing, where the electronic structure is treated at the level of the time-dependent (TD) density-functional tight-binding (DFTB) method, a low-cost semiempirical analog of TD density functional theory (DFT). In particular, the spin-orbit coupling calculation algorithm was implemented in the TD-DFTB framework, and the results showed trends similar to those obtained using TD-DFT. In addition, the NA-MD method successfully reproduced ultrafast ISC of 2-nitronaphthalene.

Geochemical characteristics of peridotite xenoliths from the Vitim volcanic field: Insight to late Cenozoic mantle upwelling in SE Siberia

The Vitim volcanic field, comprising Cenozoic basaltic lava flows associated with the Baikal Rift volcanism, contains abundant mantle xenoliths that offer insights into the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) beneath the region. This study investigates the mineralogical and geochemical compositions of these mantle xenoliths, entrained in Miocene and Pleistocene basalts. The xenoliths, predominantly garnet-, spinel-, and garnet-spinel-bearing lherzolites, exhibit high modal content of clinopyroxene and low fosterite content of olivine, suggesting a relatively fertile SCLM. Distinct variations in CaO and Al2O3 observed in spongy rims and cores of clinopyroxenes likely result from decompression-induced partial melting. Trace element patterns of clinopyroxene reveal three types: light rare-earth elements (LREE) depleted, LREE enriched, and transitional LREE types. Whole-rock trace element compositions of the four Vitim lherzolites showing flat to LREE and large ion lithophile elements enrichments are entirely consistent with those of their clinopyroxenes. The LREE depleted type indicates that these lherzolites were residual mantle after melt extraction, whereas the LREE enriched type suggests that they were metasomatized after residual mantle formed by partial melting. The transitional LREE type showing in-between features among the above two end-members could represent that those lherzolite underwent less or incomplete metasomatism, thus clinopyroxene cores still retain primary depleted LREE type feature of residual mantle. Most Vitim lherzolites were affected by cryptic metasomatism with less stealth metasomatism, whereas only those with secondary amphibole and apatite could be influenced by modal metasomatism. The lithospheric mantle beath the Vitim volcanic field representing by these lherzolites was metasomatized predominantly by hydrous fluids with minor silicate melts. Using the clinopyroxene melting model, it was found that most Vitim lherzolites have experienced <10% partial melting. Geothermal gradients estimated from mineral geothermobarometry indicate that lherzolites in the Pleistocene basalts equilibrated at shallower depths with higher temperatures compared to those in the Miocene basalts with deeper depths and lower temperatures. SrNd isotopic ratios, combined with previous results (Ionov et al., 2005), demonstrate that the Miocene lherzolites have a broader range from depleted to enriched components, whereas lherzolites in the Pleistocene basalts show lesser enrichment. It is proposed that the Pleistocene basalts captured shallower SCLM lherzolites experienced less degrees of melt metasomatism than those deeper SCLM lherzolites hosted by Miocene basalts. Considering the deeper SCLM is more vulnerable to metasomatism by ascending melts, such temporal and geochemical variation further emphasizes progressive asthenosphere upwelling beneath the Vitim region from the Miocene to Pleistocene time.

Copper (II) and cobalt (II) bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonate) coordination complexes with N-styrylbenzimidazole

The study considers metal complexes based on N-styrylbenzimidazole as compounds having significant pharmacological properties The work is aimed at examining the crystal structure and electronic structure of transition metal bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonate) complexes (copper (II) (complex A) and cobalt (II) (complex B)) with N-styrylbenzimidazole using X-ray diffraction analysis and ultraviolet spectroscopy. The X-ray diffraction analysis was used to prove bipyramidal coordination in copper (II) and cobalt (II) bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonate) complexes with N-styrylbenzimidazole. The atoms of copper (II) and cobalt (II) in the complexes exhibit an unusual for β-diketonate complexes distorted square-planar coordination, while the chelate cycles in M(hfacac)2L are characterized by anomalously large kink angles. Thus, for the copper (II) bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonate) complex, the kink angle of the O3∙∙∙O4 interaction for the equatorially positioned ligand is 29.47°, while for the axially positioned ligand, the kink angle of the O1∙∙∙O2 interaction is 19.13°. For the cobalt (II) bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonate) complex, these angles are 22.10 and 19.50°, respectively. Electron spectroscopy was used to examine the electronic structure of the specified complexes. The following types of electronic transitions were identified: π→π*-transitions primarily localized on ligands, as well as transitions caused by electron transfer from the p-orbital of the hetero nitrogen atom of the styrylbenzimidazole cycle to the d-orbital of metal ions, and n→π transition localized on the imidazole ring. For each of the complexes, d-d* transitions between the molecular orbitals of the corresponding metal ion were localized in the long wavelength part of the spectrum.