Types Of Transactions Research Articles

ELECTRONIC ARBITRATION AS AN ALTERNATIVE MECHANISM FOR RESOLVING E-COMMERCE DISPUTES

Purpose: Technological development and technological advancements have led to the emergence of a new type of electronic transaction known as e-commerce, which has become one of the fundamental pillars of the new global economic system. Theoretical Framework: With the increasing number of disputes arising from e-commerce, there has been a need to explore new methods to resolve such disputes electronically. This has given rise to electronic arbitration, which is characterized by features not found in traditional dispute resolution systems, such as speed, efficiency, low cost, and a higher level of enforceability compared to traditional arbitration. Electronic arbitration aligns closely with the nature of e-commerce disputes. Methodology: This research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to comprehensively address all aspects of electronic arbitration as a means of resolving international trade disputes. Findings: Due to advancements in the field of technological communication and the suitability of this new method, countries have adopted what is known as electronic arbitration. This method has proven to be highly significant in resolving arbitration disputes, aligning with the characteristics of commerce, particularly in terms of the speed of conducting both conventional and electronic transactions. Research Implications: The findings of this research will contribute to the recognition of electronic arbitration as an important mechanism for resolving e-commerce disputes, particularly in the field of international trade. Its key features include saving both time and effort, offering flexible justice that aligns with the will of both disputing parties and the requirements of e-commerce. Originality/Value: Given the importance and prominent position of arbitration among other dispute resolution methods, countries and international organizations have worked to regulate it as an alternative method of settlement in international trade, both in international and national legislation. Similarly, the Algerian legislator has organized its provisions within Law No. 08-09 concerning civil and administrative procedures.

Electronic Arbitration as an Alternative Mechanism for Resolving E-Commerce Disputes

Purpose: Technological development and technological advancements have led to the emergence of a new type of electronic transaction known as e-commerce, which has become one of the fundamental pillars of the new global economic system. Theoretical Framework: With the increasing number of disputes arising from e-commerce, there has been a need to explore new methods to resolve such disputes electronically. This has given rise to electronic arbitration, which is characterized by features not found in traditional dispute resolution systems, such as speed, efficiency, low cost, and a higher level of enforceability compared to traditional arbitration. Electronic arbitration aligns closely with the nature of e-commerce disputes. Methodology: This research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to comprehensively address all aspects of electronic arbitration as a means of resolving international trade disputes. Findings: Due to advancements in the field of technological communication and the suitability of this new method, countries have adopted what is known as electronic arbitration. This method has proven to be highly significant in resolving arbitration disputes, aligning with the characteristics of commerce, particularly in terms of the speed of conducting both conventional and electronic transactions. Research Implications: The findings of this research will contribute to the recognition of electronic arbitration as an important mechanism for resolving e-commerce disputes, particularly in the field of international trade. Its key features include saving both time and effort, offering flexible justice that aligns with the will of both disputing parties and the requirements of e-commerce. Originality/Value: Given the importance and prominent position of arbitration among other dispute resolution methods, countries and international organizations have worked to regulate it as an alternative method of settlement in international trade, both in international and national legislation. Similarly, the Algerian legislator has organized its provisions within Law No. 08-09 concerning civil and administrative procedures.

Využívanie hotovostného a bezhotovostného platobného styku vo vybraných podnikoch maloobchodu v podtatranskom regióne

The present paper deals with the use of cash and non-cash payments in retail stores in a selected region around the High Tatras in the north of Slovakia. It presents own research partial results of payment preferences in selected individual retail outlets and selected retail stores not involved in an international chain. It was created with the intention of verifying the assumption of a disappearing need for cash. The obtained results are processed and presented for selected categories of retail outlets. The results show that most outlets are prepared to accept cash and non-cash payments from their customers, but some stores accept only cash. The role of cash varies by transaction type and consumer profile. The use of cash or electronic payment varies depending on the type of transaction and the profile of the seller and the consumer. We focus on retail stores preferences.

Demand-Side Effects of Open Innovation: The Case of Cryptocurrency Forking

Many digital products follow an open-innovation model, wherein the open boundaries facilitate copying (forking) the codebase and creating new products, which may compete with the parents for user demand. Although a rich body of literature highlights the benefits of open source such as the availability of developers with diverse skill sets and accelerated innovation, the competition effects of forked products on the demand of their parents remain understudied. Using data from major cryptocurrencies and their forked products created between 2011 and 2021, we study how these entrants impact the demand for parent cryptocurrencies. We categorize cryptocurrencies as transaction or platform types. Transaction coins are primarily used for the exchange of goods and services, whereas platform coins offer additional capabilities such as hosting applications or third-party services. We find that parents with only transaction capabilities experience a negative impact on demand. Although popularity may shield the parents to a certain extent, the substitution effect is still dominant. However, popular coins with platform capabilities do not experience a decrease in demand when competing with forked entrants; an increase in smart contract transactions due to their compatibility with the competing forked products offsets the negative substitution effect observed for regular transactions. Our study underscores the competitive dynamics of open innovation and provides managerial insights for firms considering open models for product development. Our results highlight the importance of considering both substitution and complementarities when assessing the risks and benefits of the open-innovation model. This paper was accepted by Anindya Ghose, information systems. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.03132 .

Bitcoin Address Clustering Based on Change Address Improvement

Change address identification is one of the difficulties in bitcoin address clustering as an emerging social computing problem. Most of the current-related research only applies to certain specific types of transactions and faces the problems of low recognition rate and high false positive rate. We innovatively propose a clustering method based on multiconditional recognition of one-time change addresses and conduct experiments with on-chain bitcoin transaction data. The results show that the proposed method identifies at least 12.3% more one-time change addresses than other heuristics. On top of the multi-input heuristic clustering method, the proposed method also improves the address clustering performance by 5.7%, achieves optimal recognition results compared with similar methods, and significantly reduces the false positive rate of recognition results. This work provides the technical basis for antimoney laundering efforts based on entity identification. Code and data could be accessed from https://github.com/ECNU-Cross-Innovation-Lab/BitcoinAddressClustering.

Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction in the Customer Care Center of One Revenue Collecting Agency in the Philippines

This study aims to assess the quality of service and customer satisfaction on the services rendered by the Customer Care Center (CCC) of the BOC-Port of Manila, with regard to tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy; to identify the factors affecting customer satisfaction; to test the significant difference in the quality of service and customer satisfaction when respondents were grouped according to profile; to test the significant relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction and between customer satisfaction and factors affecting it; and to propose an action plan to enhance customer satisfaction. The study employed a descriptive method of research utilizing an adopted questionnaire for the assessment of service quality and customer satisfaction and a self-made questionnaire for the factors affecting customer satisfaction. The study’s findings revealed that the service quality of POM-CCC with regard to tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy is very high. Likewise, they are highly satisfied with the services provided by the POM-CCC with regard to the same values. On the other hand, they strongly disagree on the factors affecting customer satisfaction at the POM CCC. Further, there was a significant difference in the service quality when grouped according to profile with regard to assurance and empathy when grouped according to employment type. There was also a significant difference in customer satisfaction when grouped according to profile with regard to transaction type and employment type. It was found out that those who are in the document receiving/releasing and authorized representatives are more satisfied. Moreover, a moderate direct correlation was observed between service quality and customer satisfaction. This means that a significant difference exists and implies that the better the quality of the service, the more that the customers are satisfied. A significant relationship also exists between customer satisfaction and factors affecting it and implies that the more satisfied, the lesser problems encountered. Lastly, an action plan is proposed to enhance customer satisfaction at the POM CCC of the BOC.

Economic determinants of Ethereum transaction fees in the priority fee and proof of stake periods

ABSTRACT We analyse the economic determinants and dynamics of transaction fees in the Ethereum blockchain before and after two significant platform updates. The first is the August 2021 EIP-1559 ‘London’ upgrade, a switch from user-bid gas price (transaction fee per unit of complexity) to a fee model in which the gas price is the sum of an algorithmically determined base fee and an optional priority fee (tip) chosen by the user. The second update (‘the Merge’) is the switch from proof-of-work to proof-of-stake transactions validation in September 2022. We estimate the impact on Ethereum transaction fees of both demand factors (block utilization, transaction type, ETH price in USD) and algorithmic supply-side factors (the block gas limit and base fee). Using data from nearly 900 million blockchain transactions, we find that the gas price is statistically significantly positively associated with the block utilization rate. A larger share of contract call transactions or legacy (user-bid gas price) transactions is linked with higher gas prices on average. On the supply side, a higher block gas limit is statistically significantly associated with lower gas prices.

Client Satisfaction and Quality of Rendered Services of Landbank San Pablo Rizal Avenue Branch: A Basis for Strategic Plan

The study was about client satisfaction and service quality using the SERVQUAL Model at Landbank San Pablo Rizal Avenue Branch, which served as the basis for the strategic plan. The study uses a descriptive correlation design complemented by a quantitative approach and a multi-staged stratified sampling technique to analyze 200 bank clients. Moreover, the research used a modified adapted survey instrument for data gathering. The frequency count and percentage were utilized to ascertain the client's demographic profile. Mean and standard deviation were employed to assess client satisfaction and service quality. ANOVA was used to identify significant differences in satisfaction and the quality of rendered service. Post Hoc Tukey's test was used to determine the significance of group mean pairings. The relationship between client satisfaction and the quality of rendered services was analyzed using the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. The study reveals that Landbank's client base is predominantly young and middle-aged, with 0–5 years of experience. The satisfaction level is slightly lower than expected, with tangibility being the top factor. The quality of services is satisfactory, with investment services receiving the highest score. However, satisfaction levels vary based on transaction types, with e-banking clients showing higher satisfaction. A weak negative correlation exists between satisfaction and perceived service quality, suggesting clients still perceive Landbank's service quality as satisfactory. The strategic plan includes tailored services for investment clients, improved e-banking features, consistent employee training, and targeted communication strategies.

The Contractual Basis of the Assignment of Contractual Rights

There exist two popular conceptions of the assignment of contractual rights in common law jurisdictions. On the first view, the assignment operates as a conveyance of contractual rights from the assignor to the assignee. Under the second, the assignment is analogized to a trust. The original parties to the contract remain the same, but the assignee acquires an equitable or beneficial interest in the contract. This article examines the limits of these two conceptualizations, and proposes that assignments should instead be viewed as a separate contract to assign the rights owed under the initial contract. This approach provides both a normative grounding for the law of assignment in the principles governing the enforcement of contracts, and accounts for the unique effects generated by this type of transaction.

The Adequacy of the UAE Commercial Law in 2023 in Regulating Artificial Intelligence as a Subject of the Contract

The study aims to identify the adequacy of the UAE Commercial Law in 2023 in regulating artificial intelligence as a subject of the contract, This will be done by searching for the way in which the UAE legislator intervened to control the good and effective use of artificial intelligence, whether it was able to reconcile between protecting the interests of the parties to the transaction and encouraging technological development and investment in artificial intelligence to achieve the goals of the National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence. Then, the cases of using artificial intelligence as a subject for commercial transactions will be highlighted, because artificial intelligence is considered one of the funds and products that can be the subject of commercial transactions between professional traders, which remain subject to the applicable legislation, even those that link the trader to the consumer due to the availability of the elements of the consumer process in this type of transaction, which is concerned with protecting the consumer because the consumer transaction must be carried out with transparency and responsibility. However, as a result of the privacy of such transactions, the current legislation does not appear sufficient, but rather work must be done to establish legislative provisions to control dealings in artificial intelligence at the local and international levels to govern artificial intelligence.

Legal regulation of fraudulent transactions in Ukraine

The relevance of the issue under study in this article is due to the rapid development of social relations, which leads to the constant emergence of new types of transactions, their formalization and regulation. A transaction is a basic category for the regulation of civil legal relations, including such a type of transaction such as a fraudulent transaction. A comprehensive study of the institute of fraudulent transactions in Ukraine will be a significant basis for further improvement of the current not only civil legislation, but also administrative legislation, and will unify the judicial practice of applying legislation on fraudulent transactions. The following methods were used in the study of scientific cognition, such as: systemic and structural; comparative; and the method of analysis. Based on the analysis of the current legislation of Ukraine in the field of application of fraudulent transactions the author emphasizes that there is no clear definition of a fraudulent transaction, its features, and the consequences of its conclusion. However, the absence of a regulatory definition of a fraudulent transaction in the current legislation of Ukraine causes conflicts in court decisions, as evidenced by the analysis of court practice, including that of the Supreme Court of Ukraine analysis of court practice, including that of the Supreme Court. This legislative gap should be regulated, since the legal regulation of fraudulent transactions in Ukraine plays an important role in the administration of justice and protection of participants whose interests are violated by such transactions. The author reviews of the key categories of this scientific article, including “legal regulation” “fraudulence”, ‘fraudulent transaction’. The author proposes to define a fraudulent transaction as to understand the action of a debtor or a party to a legal relationship which exists at the time of or has a high probability of becoming a party to a legal relationship, which can be expressed by both active and passive legal behavior aimed at avoidance of undesirable consequences for the debtor or a person (probable party to the legal relationship) Consequences aimed at avoiding civil liability, non-occurrence of undesirable civil status, or obtaining a benefit in an unfair manner. The author concludes that it is necessary to improve the legal regulation of a fraudulent transaction in Ukraine in the context of defining its essence, features essential terms of the contract, and legal consequences of its application.

Корпоративный договор: гражданско-правовая сделка или публично-правовое дозволение?

This article considers the problems of determining the subject matter of a corporate contract, assesses the cor-relation between a corporate contract and the charter of a business company according to Russian law and foreign legal orders. The corporate contract should be considered as a civil-law deal concluded on the basis of public-law permissions. The subject matter of a corporate contract is corporate rights and obligations, the pro-cedure for the exercise or non-exercise of which is established by agreement of the parties, and it is permissi-ble to include in the contract elements of other types of transactions than those expressly provided for by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Under Russian law, a corporate contract is not subordinate to the compa-ny’s charter. Compliance with the imperative requirements of the law is sufficient to recognize a corporate agreement as valid regardless of its relation to the company’s charter.

IMPROVING THE LEGAL REGULATION OF OBLIGATION RELATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW

This article considers issues related to the need for the development and adoption of a separate code of Private International Law for the Republic of Uzbekistan, with the aim of regulating international private legal relations. It is proposed to include a dedicated chapter on “Obligatory Law” in the Code, which would cover the regulation of both contractual and non-contractual relations. An analysis of the legal acts of foreign countries in the field of Private International Law has been conducted. Based on this analysis, proposals and recommendations for improving the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan have been developed. Particular attention is paid to recommendations on the exclusion from the Civil Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan of the mandatory written form requirement for foreign economic transactions, which in turn will allow to conclude transactions through electronic means of communication and the use of artificial intelligence. Of course, except for cases requiring mandatory state or notarial registration. It is proposed to supplement the Code with provisions that determine the applicable law in cases where the parties have not made an explicit choice. In particular, this applies to various types of foreign economic transactions, such as guarantee contracts, distribution contracts, agency contracts, escrow contracts, factoring, and forfeiting, as well as contracts concluded within the framework of Internet auctions, Internet contests or Internet exchanges and contracts involving consumers. The necessity of determining the scope of the law applicable to obligations arising from the infliction of harm as well as expanding the definition of the applicable law arising from various obligations arising from the infliction of harm is substantiated.

REFORMULANDO O JOGO TRIBUTÁRIO: DESAFIOS E SOLUÇÕES NAS TRANSAÇÕES DE GAMES ON-LINE

In recent years, computer games have gained widespread popularity, driven by technological advancements and internet expansion, leading to the prevalence of on-line gaming and the decline of physical media. The taxation of these games has become a debated issue, particularly regarding the differentiation between off-the-shelf and custom software. In 2021, the Brazilian Supreme Federal Court deemed software taxable as services. Uncertainties have arisen regarding in-game transactions, encompassing the acquisition of goods, rights, or financial operations. This article aims to understand whether transactions in on-line games qualify as the acquisition of goods or services, determining the applicable taxes, considering the Brazilian legal landscape post-Tax Reform. Specific objectives include grasping technical distinctions between goods, commodities, and services; conceptualizing and distinguishing software and on-line games from a technological perspective; outlining types of transactions in on-line games to support their legal classification; understanding the Supreme Court's rationale on software as services; and analyzing the impact of the Tax Reform on the taxation of in-game transactions. The research, characterized as pure and explanatory, employs a qualitative approach, deductive method, and bibliographic/documentary procedures. It concludes that the accurate taxation of on-line gaming transactions is a significant source of legal uncertainty, stemming from the classification and legality of tax incidence. The Tax Reform, by instituting a single tax for operations involving goods, services, and rights, holds the potential to resolve these uncertainties, rendering unnecessary the determination of the nature of operations for tax purposes.

Creating and Managing Transactions and Budgets: Analysis of Marketplace Descriptions and Functionality Review of Budgeting Apps

Abstract While financial practises permeate our lives, the effective management of personal finance is not trivial, as indicated in the increasing number of commercial apps aimed to support budgeting. Such apps however have been limitedly explored, despite the growing HCI interest in financial practises. To address this gap, we present the functionality review of 45 top-rated budgeting apps from Google Play and Apple Store, together with an analysis of their descriptions on marketplaces. Findings indicate the value of richer, multimodal app descriptions, support for budgeting literacy and for stronger theoretical underpinning of these apps. They also highlight main functionalities for supporting different types of transactions and accounts, for entering and managing transactions, securing data, as well as for creating and managing budgets. We conclude with five design implications to better support each of these functionalities.

Combating Counterfeit Products with Blockchain Technology to Enhance Trust and Authenticity in Consumer Markets

Objectives: Counterfeit products are becoming a global problem where consumers are fooled into buying fake goods without being able to verify their authenticity. By taking advantage of the secure and transparent nature of blockchain, this work aims to establish a system for consumers to verify the authenticity of products. Methods: Recently, blockchain has become more popular because it fosters trust between untrusted participants. A blockchain is a decentralized, distributed, and digital ledger that records transactions by means of blocks. It is a security technology that does not allow anyone to change or hack the block. Using blockchain technology, customers do not have to rely on third parties to confirm product originality. Findings: This work will show the effectiveness of blockchain. Blockchain creates a more secure and transparent system for product authentication. It helps in identifying counterfeit products entering the market and increases consumer confidence during purchase. The comparison of the transaction send rate and the average latency for each type of transaction is elaborated. The CPU consumption for each transaction type Add, Query, and Query-all are 1.81%, 1.11% and 1.27% respectively. The memory consumption by add, Query and Query all are respectively 53MB, 45MB and 92 MB. Novelty: Blockchain technology helps manufacturers to add real product serial numbers into the ledgers. The serial number stored in the ledger is protected from tampering. The stored serial number helps consumers check the authenticity of a product before buying it. To verify that a manufacturer or trader is genuine, consumers may also submit reviews of the products they purchase. The deeper integration of consumer reviews within the system offers a novel approach to enhancing trust and transparency in the verification process. We have also developed a user-friendly interface for manufacturers, sellers, and customers, enhancing the novelty of our solution. Keywords: Counterfeit product, Blockchain, Supply chain, Product Authenticity, Trust

BARTER TRANSACTIONS IN THE FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF RUSSIAN COMPANIES UNDER SANCTIONS

The article examines the reasons for the return to barter transactions in the context of the application of economic sanctions to business operations in modern Russia, concerning difficulties with settlements in national currencies, difficulties with logistics and others. The results of the analysis of publications on the topic of barter transactions in difficult economic conditions are presented, which showed the ambiguity of scientists' opinions regarding barter transactions: some believe that this situation is associated with a shortage of funds and high inflation, others with non-payments in credit chains and the lack of the possibility of selling counter goods. The authors believe that in any case, it is advisable to take into account the specifics of barter transactions. The article provides an assessment of the dynamics of foreign trade, the trends of which in terms of exports and imports are characteristic, including for barter transactions. The advantages of barter transactions in terms of circumventing difficulties in international settlements and the lack of barter transactions related to determining the equivalent value of exchanged goods are investigated. The advantages of barter transactions are revealed, consisting in demonstrating the flexibility of conducting foreign trade in difficult economic conditions. The risks in barter transactions and the possibilities of their insurance have been identified. The results of the study can be used in the process of developing and conducting various types of barter transactions that contribute to strengthening international relations to maintain commodity exchange in difficult conditions of economic sanctions against Russia.

Getting to Know Cross-Border Lease

A cross-border lease is a leasing or rental and financing transaction carried out outside the borders of a country where the lessor is domiciled in a different country from the lessee's country. This type of leasing transaction is sometimes referred to as cross-border leasing or international leasing transaction because it involves two different countries. An introduction to this type of leasing includes the advantages and risks of cross-border leasing businesses, an overview of taxes and laws, and implementation and development trends of cross-border leasing businesses. The research methodology used in this study includes a comprehensive analysis of existing literature, case studies of current cross-border lease practices, and interviews with industry experts to understand the practical implications and challenges. Additionally, statistical data on global leasing trends were analyzed to project future developments. It is estimated that cross-border leasing will become increasingly popular, driven by economic globalization and companies' need for financing flexibility. However, stringent regulations will continue to be a challenge for this practice.

Rancang Bangun Aplikasi (Point of Sales) Berbasis Website Menggunakan Framework Laravel dengan Metode Menggunakan Prototype

BO'Coffee is a business in the culinary sector where every day there are buying and selling transactions which of course record all types of sales transactions. The operational system used still uses manual methods which are considered vulnerable to errors in ordering and payment. This research uses the Laravel framework based on the prototype method. The aim is to increase operational efficiency through digitizing transaction processes and stock management. The prototype method was chosen because of its ability to develop iteratively and be responsive to user needs. The designed application offers convenience in managing transactions, monitoring inventory and real-time financial reporting. Test results show significant improvements in transaction time efficiency and data accuracy, supporting more effective decision-making, the application functions well in all aspects tested, and all expected features can operate in accordance with the design and specifications that have been determined.

Вопросы применения медианного значения рыночного интервала в регулировании трансфертных цен

Material changes in the tax regulation of transfer pricing have occurred in the early 2024, such changes include the introduction of the median value of the market price interval (financial parameters). This is a new instrument in the regulation of transfer pricing, its introduction was not justified in the bill discussion period, but its effect is significant for tax obligations of Russian companies. The new instrument in the transfer pricing system creates additional risks for taxpayers, as well as for the state in terms of economic relations with regard to timely and full calculation and payment of taxes, as well as for parties to international economic activities and internal relations. This predetermines the research subject: the conditions of and procedure for applying the median value for the purposes of tax control of intracompany transaction prices. The research methodology is based on an analysis of transfer pricing recommendations of the ОECD in АННОТАЦИИ Налоги № 2-2024 47 АННОТАЦИИ terms of applying statistical tools to determine the price of the transaction under analysis, provisions of foreign regulations that determine the pricing procedure in transactions between related entities. Special attention is paid to an analysis of foreign court judgments on determination of the market price of intracompany transactions. An analysis of the ОECD recommendations has given an opportunity to single out obligatory conditions for the application of the median value. The author has identified a tendency towards harmonization of approaches to using the median value in foreign countries and the general trend to clarifying regulations in 2022-2024. The judicial practice shows that irrespective of the activity type or type of transactions performed by group subdivisions, courts award uniform judgments in terms of applying the median value and take into account the ОECD recommendations when passing a judgment. The paper concludes that Russian taxpayers face an additional tax risk rooted in the differences in the approach towards the application of the median value in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for transnational corporations and tax administrations used to regulate taxation of transactions between related entities in explanations of tax authorities and the judicial practice. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the determination of tendencies towards applying the median value for transfer pricing purposes, evaluation of tax consequences of the novelty for Russian taxpayers.