Types Of Fabrics Research Articles

Micro-environment inside disposable medical protective clothing and its improvement

Disposable medical protective clothing (DMPC) can cause severe discomfort and even safety problems to wearers, especially during summertime in warm climates. This study investigated the micro-environment (air temperature (TDMPC) and relative humidity (RHDMPC)) in the space between the DMPC and the body, as well as the physiological and subjective sensations of wearers under typical conditions in a controlled climate chamber. Three types of clothes drying and cooling (CDC) techniques, including desiccant (CDC1), phase change material (CDC2), and the combination of both (CDC3), were then evaluated. Under typical conditions in hot and humid regions (30 °C, 70 %), TDMPC stabilized at about 33.5 °C in 40 min and RHDMPC stabilized in the range of 85–100 % after 80 min. When the ambient air temperature increased to 36 °C, the TDMPC increased to about 36.5 °C during activities such as sitting and standing-talking, while the forehead temperature of DMPC wearers reached 38.0 °C in 40–60 min and continued to rise. It implies that 40 min should be the maximum recommended working period for DMPC wearers at such ambient temperature and activity level. The proposed CDC3 reduced TDMPC by 1.2–1.8 °C during the experiment. The use of CDC3 effectively reduced the participants' thermal sensation vote from “2” or “3” (“hot” or “very hot”) to below “1” (warm) and the sweating sensation vote from “3” or “4” (“slight sweat” to “skin became clammy”) to below “2” (“no sweat but sticky skin”) under low and moderate activity levels.

End-effector with winding and scooping functions for folding and transporting various cloth parts after cutting

In this study, we propose a novel end-effector that combines the characteristics of winding and scooping fabrics to grasp and categorically place various cloth parts cut by a cutting machine. In addition, we introduce a method for folding the fabric front and back into smaller dimensions, thereby reducing the space required for categorizing, placing, and packaging various clothes, which, to the best of our knowledge, is unique. Subsequently, we develop a method that autonomously determines folding strategies based on the different dimensions of cloth parts, allowing targeted processing of various cloth parts. This approach reduces the height demands of the robot and improves its capability to simultaneously handle multiple types of clothes. Finally, we evaluate the proposed end-effector and folding method in a simulated factory environment using T-shirt parts made of different materials.

Investigation of forming process and deformation mechanisms of 3D warp interlock fabric

This article introduces a modeling method aimed at predicting the internal geometric structure of 3D warp interlock fabric. Inspired by the digital element method, the method employs truss elements to model the yarns as fiber bundles, and considers their material properties. This technique allows for predicting the microstructure of 3D woven fabric based on simple input characteristics. By varying the elastic modulus of virtual fibers, the friction coefficient between fibers, and the tension load at the ends of yarns, and designing compression molding molds to compress the fabric into shape, the virtual fiber fabric predicted the influence of variables on the fabric. The study found that the structure of the samples obtained through CT scanning is generally consistent with the structure of the virtual fiber fabric. The elastic modulus has a relatively minor impact on the fabric structure, whereas the friction coefficient and tension load significantly affect the cross-sectional shape of the yarns. During compression molding, deformation within the mold leads to interlayer fabric slippage and changes in the cross-sectional shape of the fabric. This suggests the feasibility and applicability of virtual simulation testing methods for analyzing the behavior of various types of 3D woven fabrics.

SURGICAL WASTE AND A CIRCULAR MEDICAL TEXTILE ECONOMY

IntroductionThe health sector contributes the equivalent of 4.4% of global net emissions to the climate carbon footprint. It has been suggested that between 20% and 70% of health care waste originates from a hospital's operating room, the second greatest component of this are the textiles used, and up to 90% of waste is sent for costly and unneeded hazardous waste processing.Waste from common orthopaedic operations was quantified, the carbon footprint calculated, and cost of disposal assessed. A discussion of the circular economy of textiles, from the author of the textile guidance to the Green Surgery Report follows.MethodsThe amount of waste generated from a variety of trauma and elective orthopaedic operations was calculated across a range of hospital sites. The waste was separated primarily into clean and contaminated, paper or plastic. The carbon footprint and the cost of disposal across the hospital sites was subsequently calculated.ResultsElective procedures can generate up to 16.5kg of plastic waste per procedure. Practices such as double draping the patient contribute to increasing the quantity of waste. The cost to process waste vary widely between hospital sites, waste disposal contractors and the method of waste disposal.ConclusionThis study sheds new light on the environmental impact of waste produced in trauma and elective orthopaedic procedures. Mitigating the environmental impact of the operating room requires a collective drive for a culture change to sustainability and social responsibility. Each clinician can impact upon the carbon footprint of their operating theatre. Consideration should be given to the type of textiles used within the operating theatre.

Improvement of Quality Performance in Mask Production by Feature Selection and Machine Learning Methods and An Application

With the development of technology, large databases become more accessible thanks to automation systems that automatically keep data and allow the use of large databases in many areas. Machine learning approaches, a sub-branch of artificial intelligence, are used in making decisions about the process by analyzing the data stored in databases and converting them into information. In this paper, the body production process of the surgical (medical) mask is analyzed. As it is known, surgical masks have become a part of our lives by becoming widespread all over the world with the COVID-19 pandemic. In the surgical mask body production process, using the real data of the production factors, first of all, filtering feature selection methods and analyzes were made and the feature selection method to be used was determined. With the specified feature selection method, the factors affecting the product quality are determined. Secondly, machine learning methods were used to determine the values and value ranges of factors (features) in the production of defect-free products. The performances of the machine learning models established in the second stage were increased by feature selection analysis. In the study, together with the parameter optimizations made to machine learning algorithms, it was seen that the best algorithm to estimate the defective product rate was the Ibk algorithm with 92.3% accuracy, 91.9% F measurement and 93% AUC value. Finally, in line with the decision rules revealed in the study, it was observed that the fabric types used for the upper/middle/lower layers that make up the body part in the mask body production process greatly affect the rates of defective or defect-free products. If the rod apparatus around the nose belongs to class k, it has been determined that many masks are defective. Improvement suggestions were presented according to the application results.

Study of Structural Parameters of Weft Knitted Spacer Fabrics on Wound Dressing Performance

This research aimed to develop wound dressings from weft-knitted spacer fabrics as an alternative to existing dressing options. A Stoll Type CMS530 HP electronic flat knitting machine was used to develop spacer weft knitted fabrics, which were tested with various experimental configurations by adjusting the linking distances, spacer yarn ratios, and inlays for proper optimization. Fabric physical and performance properties were evaluated to determine the application of wound dressings and the influence of structural differences. The result showed that the fabric with nylon-to-cotton yarn containing a linking distance setting of 6 needles at a ratio of 1:3, had the highest total performance value, making it the most appropriate fabric for exudate dressing in humid environmental conditions. The fabric with the highest water absorption capacity, and moisture management fabric type was the most effective.

SYNTHESIS OF SURFACTANTS FROM NATURAL RAW MATERIALS

This article presents a surfactant synthesized from a mixture of palmitic, oleic, and stearic acids obtained by the distillation and fractionation of oils and fats, as well as ethanol. The synthesis was carried out in 4 stages, which involved the initial formation of an acid mixture, followed by esterification, sulfonation, and ultimately saponification. The composition of the fatty acid mixture was analyzed using chromatography, revealing that palmitic acid makes up the largest proportion at 64.3%, followed by oleic acid at 29.1%. The structure and properties of the surfactant were investigated using modern methods and instruments. The average particle size of the surfactant indicates that it can be classified as a highly dispersed system, with particle diameters ranging from 10 nm to 1 μm. It was observed that the particle size of the surfactant increases once the critical concentration of micellization is reached. The stability of the system in the substance is indicated by a ζ-potential that falls outside the range of 30 mV < ζ < -30 mV. The resulting product exhibits good surface-active properties such as detergency, emulsification, wetting, and foaming ability. According to hydrophilic-lipophilic balance calculations, the synthesized surfactant is classified as a detergent. It demonstrates a high ability to remove pigment-oil and protein contamination at a concentration of 4.0 g/dm3, regardless of the fabric type. Additionally, it was found that the synthesized surfactant exhibits significant emulsifying ability towards industrial oils. The analysis of the surface tension of the surfactant showed that its critical concentration for micelle formation is 4.0 g/dm3. The surfactant demonstrates high wetting abilities on both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. The foaming properties of the surfactant are satisfactory compared to known surfactants from petrochemical raw materials. Moreover, stable foaming is observed, which directly depends on the surfactant concentration. For citation: Lutfullina G.G., Valeeva E.E. Synthesis of surfactants from natural raw materials. ChemChemTech [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol.]. 2024. V. 67. N 6. P. 45-54. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20246706.6984.

PENGARUH CITRA MERK, HARGA DAN KUALITAS PRODUK TERHADAP LOYALITAS KONSUMEN PADA PRODUK ZARA DI PONDOK INDAH MALL 2 JAKARTA SELATAN

Consumers in buying goods and services consider the quality of the product and also the price. Another consideration is the brand image of the goods or services to be purchased. If the brand of goods is well known enough, consumers will buy these goods. Affordable prices, good product quality and a recognized product brand image encourage consumers to repurchase these products so that consumers become loyal. Clothing is one basic product that human need. Many types of clothing are created according to the wishes of consumers, so that business opportunities in fashion arise. Fashion includes clothing and accessories. Business competition in the fashion sector is getting tighter. Zara as one of the foreign retailers enlivened the fashion in Indonesia. Zara stores can be found in several places, one of them is in Pondok Indah Mall2. Zara has always been a trend setter and created a very good brand image, the best price, and the quality of its products has advantages. By providing quality products, it will provide satisfaction to consumers so as to create loyalty in consumers. This study aims to determine the effect of brand image, price, product quality on consumer loyalty to Zara products at Pondok Indah Mall2, either partially or simultaneously. The results showed that partially only product quality has an effect on consumer loyalty to Zara products at Pondok Indah Mall2. Meanwhile, brand image has no effect on consumer loyalty to Zara products at Pondok Indah Mall2. Likewise, price has no effect on consumer loyalty to Zara products at Pondok Indah Mall2. But simultaneously brand image, price, product quality affect consumer loyalty to Zara products at Pondok Indah Mall2.

Article of RILEM TC 292-MCC: bond behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete—a review

Textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) has gained a lot of attraction in recent years. Adequate bond between the phases in this system allows to transfer high loadings, thus enabling high performance. The terminus textile reinforcement, however, comprises many different types of fabrics, which differ in their chemical composition, geometry, surface properties etc., and thus exhibit substantially different bond properties. In the course of RILEM’s Technical Committee 292 work on TRC it was found that a comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions between individual parameters is still lacking. This is amplified by the fact that different types of textile reinforcement are preferably used in different regions of the world. This paper therefore attempts to compile findings from literature on the bond in TRC. The database used was created in the course of the TC work. Additional papers of relevance were identified by scanning scientific web databases. The different influencing parameters are given in this paper in a hierarchical order, starting from the level of the individual constituents (filament and matrix) to impregnated fabrics and the influence of textile manufacturing and architecture on the bond. Finally, by mapping all the cited literature used in this paper based on grouped keywords the complex intercorrelations are visualised.

Effect of aging on the mechanical properties of woven fabric-reinforced calcined diatomite substituted cement-based composites

The mechanical characteristics of polyester and flax woven fabric-reinforced, diatomite-substituted, cement-based composites have been examined at different ages within the scope of this study. The use of calcined diatomite in combination with a cement-based matrix aims to improve the mechanical performance within the composite as well as reduce carbon emissions. The consistency of cement-based and diatomite-substituted matrices with water-to-binder proportions of 0.28 and 0.45 was maintained at a fixed flow diameter of 235 mm with the adjusted use of a superplasticizer. The stress–strain graphs of the composites were obtained using an axial tensile testing machine and Linear Variable Differential Transformers (LVDT). The tensile strength, ductility, toughness development, and multi-crack performance of WFRC were obtained as a function of fabric type and aging. The effects of aging on tensile properties are discussed separately for each fabric type. Polyester woven fabric-reinforced composites were found to be superior to flax WFRC in terms of several mechanical properties at all ages. The substitution of diatomite further improved the tensile performance of the polyester woven fabric-reinforced composites. The fabric-matrix interface densification role of diatomite was determined by SEM/EDS line analysis. Evidence of a pozzolanic reaction between portlandite and diatomite was obtained through microstructure studies. Carbon emission analysis revealed that equivalent CO2 emissions could be reduced using diatomite in woven fabric reinforced composites. However, diatomite substitution caused a cost increasing effect.

Estimating Cloth Simulation Parameters From Tag Information and Cusick Drape Test

AbstractIn recent years, the fashion apparel industry has been increasingly employing virtual simulations for the development of new products. The first step in virtual garment simulation involves identifying the optimal simulation parameters that accurately reproduce the drape properties of the actual fabric. Recent techniques advocate for a data‐driven approach, estimating parameters from outcomes of a Cusick drape test. Such methods deviate from standard Cusick drape tests, introducing high‐cost tools, which reduces practicality. Our research presents a more practical model, utilizing 2D silhouette images from the ISO‐standardized Cusick drape test. Notably, while past models have shown limitations in estimating stretching parameters, our novel approach leverages the fabric's tag information including fabric type and fiber composition. Our proposed model functions as a cascaded system: first, it estimates stretching parameters using tag information, then, in the subsequent step, it considers the estimated stretching parameters alongside the fabric sample's Cusick drape test results to determine bending parameters. We validated our model against existing methods and applied it in practical scenarios, showing promising outcomes. (see https://www.acm.org/publications/class-2012)

DESIGN OF CORPORATE CLOTHING: AESTHETIC AND ERGONOMIC ASPECTS

The article is devoted to the process of designing corporate clothing for employees and students of higher education of the Khmelnytskyi National University, which is considered as a system of "corporate style → corporate image → corporate clothing and its identity", including logos, colors, graphic elements and graphic standards of visual identification of the KhNU and their structure. Scientific novelty. The most characteristic artistic and compositional solutions and the typology of graphic elements used in the corporate style of KhNU as a means of communication for the creation of the image and brand of the higher education institution were analyzed and highlighted. Practical meaning. The developed systematization of the graphic elements of the corporate style of KhNU made it possible to generalize their artistic and compositional features and use them in the design of men's and women's corporate clothing for employees and students of higher education of the Khmelnytskyi National University for visual representation and broadcasting of the values and main characteristics of the educational institution. The process of creating a sketch and harmonizing the project image of corporate clothing with the help of an information model, which allows to present it as a single symbolic system with the help of modern practices of visual presentation of fashion innovations, is demonstrated. The design stages of corporate clothing samples are presented with the help of computer technologies, which provide clothing designers with wide visual and artistic opportunities in the context of modern communication practices. Artistic and design, constructive and technological solutions for men's and women's corporate clothing models were developed, which were produced under the conditions of the Ukrainian fashion brand ARTY Sport using a calender thermopress for sublimation. Testing of experimental samples of products took place at the exhibition dedicated to the Day of Science (Khmelnytskyi, KhNU, 2022). Research materials can be used in the development of corporate style and design of modern corporate clothing. The results of the study can be used in further scientific research on the design of other types of corporate clothing for employees and students of higher education of the Khmelnytskyi National University.

Two birds with one stone: A “needle-like” structure constructed on multifunctional PET fabric surface for flame retardancy and electromagnetic interference shielding

Here, a facile method is reported to prepare multifunctional PET fabrics with high flame retardancy, hydrophobicity and ideal electromagnetic shielding. PET fabric was firstly modified via polydopamine with mussel-like structure, and then DOPO@ZnO was constructed. A new type of composite PET fabric was prepared by simple, low-cost electroless Ni process and surface PDMS treatment (PpDPNP). The resulting composite fabric was extensively investigated for its stability and applicability in a complicated environment. The conductive interconnection network of modified fabric made it have excellent electrical conductivity and mechanical properties. Even after solution corrosion and washing, the prepared composite fabric could maintain a relatively stable electrical conductivity. The conductivity, tensile and elongation at break of composite fabric were 144.62 S/cm, 78.48 MPa and 167.49 %, respectively. The average electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of PpDPNP reached 58.83 dB with 0.18 mm thickness and electroless Ni only 20 min at X-band, which was mainly due to large dielectric loss and multiple reflections. The modified PET fabric had self-extinguishing performance, and peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release rate (THR) were 60.7 % and 59.8 % lower than pure PET fabric, respectively, indicating that the composite fabric had excellent flame retardancy.

Ecological dyeing and UV-protective functionalization of cotton/lyocell blend fabrics designed for high comfort summer clothing

Wearing clothes that absorb or block harmful UV radiation is one of the most effective forms of protection against sun damage and skin cancer. In the current study, sustainable processes which will provide high clothing comfort and a sufficient level of UV protection for fabrics used in production of lightweight sun-protective summer clothing were proposed. In accordance with the scope of the study, structural properties, low-stress mechanical properties, surface characteristics, permeability, and UV-protection properties of three woven fabrics produced with different weft settings and lyocell ratios were determined. The fabric type which had the most desirable results was selected for dyeing experiments. Avocado (Persea americana) seed was used as an eco-friendly source for dyeing and UV-protective functionalization of cotton/lyocell blend fabric. To obtain different hues, the fabrics were mordanted according to two different recipes using magnesium sulphate and ferrous sulphate and dyed with the natural colorant extracted from avocado seeds. Comfort, color, fastness, and UV-protective properties of dyed samples were evaluated by laboratory tests. Results indicated that it is possible to achieve an excellent level of UV protection (UPF 50+) by dyeing cotton/lyocell blend fabrics with avocado seed extract and produce summer clothing with improved comfort and UV-protective properties, without using any toxic materials.

Inactivation of microorganisms on fabrics using plasma-activated nebulized mist driven by different plasma gases

The disinfection of fabrics is crucial in preventing the spread of infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms to maintain public health. A previous study proved that plasma-activated nebulized mist (PANM) could effectively inactivate microorganisms both in aerosol and attached to the surface. In this study, the PANM driven by different plasma gases were employed to inactivate microorganisms on diverse fabrics. The PANM could efficiently inactivate a variety of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, contaminating different fabrics, and even across covering layers of different fabrics. The mites residing on the cotton fabrics both uncovered and covered with various types of fabrics were also effectively inactivated by the PANM. After 30 times repeated treatments of the PANM, notable changes were observed in the color of several fabrics while the structural integrity and mechanical strength of the fabrics were unaffected and maintained similarly to the untreated fabrics with slight changes in elemental composition. Additionally, only trace amounts of nitrate remained in the fabrics after the PANM treatment. Therefore, the PANM treatment supplied an efficient, broad-spectrum, and environmentally friendly strategy for industrial and household disinfection of fabrics.

Investigation of a Building with Male and Female Residents to Achieve Equality of Thermal Sensation Associated with Rational Use of Exergy and Energy

The intensive use of air conditioning systems, primarily refrigerating, to promote thermal comfort in countries such as Brazil (a hot climate country) is changing the electrical energy consumption patterns and peak demand. Even with the increased number of appliances, we must learn to consume less energy to achieve similar outcomes with higher energy efficiency. Consequently, exergy analysis is used to evaluate the quality of these energy conversion systems. Four computational human thermal models were used to assess thermal comfort conditions: one man wearing lighter clothing, one man wearing traditional office clothing, and two women in the two types of clothing. We chose these four models since the body composition and basal metabolism rates for males and females differ. In addition, the insulation of clothes influences the temperature of the thermal environment, leading to a significantly lower percentage of people being unsatisfied, from 12.8% to values close to 5%. The outputs of these occupants are used as inputs for a computational model of the room to calculate its associated thermal loads and evaluate different temperature setpoints and their effects on thermal comfort and energy consumption. Results indicate that environmental temperatures above 24 °C and below 26 °C may lead to thermal comfort conditions, depending on the occupants’ clothing. Clothing would represent a thermal resistance of 0.7 CLO for men and women (when in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle) and 0.8 CLO for women in the follicular phase when the environment is at 25 °C. Therefore, there is a significant reduction in the compression power of the central cooling system by about 2.2% compared to 24 °C and around 8% compared to ambient temperatures around 21 °C.

Protective and Comfort Performance of Fire Protective Clothing

The study examined the fire protection performance of several woven products. Given that the comfort and fire protection properties of fire protective clothing (FPC) are opposite, it is important to consider the specific needs of firefighters when selecting the most suitable structure from various plain-woven derivatives, such as plain, basket, and ripstop. The yarn used was Nomex IIIA, which is a type of meta-aramid fibre. To achieve different thread densities, the pick density was adjusted while keeping the end density constant. The physical characteristics, thermal protective performance, thermal resistance, thermal conductivity, water vapour transmission rate and air permeability of all samples were assessed according to the appropriate standards. The goal was to identify the weave structure with the highest performance and the most optimal thread density. The basket weave structure was proposed as a fire protective clothing (FPC) having comfort qualities at a moderate level. Furthermore, increased density provided enhanced fire resistance, however, comfort must be sacrificed. Thus, to achieve a balance between fire protection and comfort, it was recommended to choose a thread density that is of an average level and the suggestion made by this research is to use the fabric as a basket weave design with an ends per inch of approximately 42, it is recommended to retain the pick density within the range of 46 with 44 tex Nomex IIIA yarn. The results of this study may be replicated in other designs using Nomex IIIA and comparable types of cloth and weave specifications.

A microstructure-based parameterization of the effective anisotropic elasticity tensor of snow, firn, and bubbly ice

Abstract. Quantifying the link between microstructure and effective elastic properties of snow, firn, and bubbly ice is essential for many applications in cryospheric sciences. The microstructure of snow and ice can be characterized by different types of fabrics (crystallographic and geometrical), which give rise to macroscopically anisotropic elastic behavior. While the impact of the crystallographic fabric has been extensively studied in deep firn, the present work investigates the influence of the geometrical fabric over the entire range of possible volume fractions. To this end, we have computed the effective elasticity tensor of snow, firn, and ice by finite-element simulations based on 391 X-ray tomography images comprising samples from the laboratory, the Alps, Greenland, and Antarctica. We employed a variant of Eshelby's tensor that has been previously utilized for the parameterization of thermal and dielectric properties of snow and utilized Hashin–Shtrikman bounds to capture the nonlinear interplay between density and geometrical anisotropy. From that we derive a closed-form parameterization for all components of the (transverse isotropic) elasticity tensor for all volume fractions using two fit parameters per tensor component. Finally, we used the Thomsen parameter to compare the geometrical anisotropy to the maximal theoretical crystallographic anisotropy in bubbly ice. While the geometrical anisotropy clearly dominates up to ice volume fractions of ϕ≈0.7, a thorough understanding of elasticity in bubbly ice may require a coupled elastic theory that includes geometrical and crystallographic anisotropy.

Sustainability Strategy of Gringsing Woven Fabrics on the Basis of Multifunction Through the PROMETHEE Approach

Gringsing weaving is a multifunctional traditional fabric of Bali, it’s used in various activities such as traditional ceremonies, war rituals, souvenirs, fashion, and medication. The objectives of this research are: (1) Identifying respondent's perceptions of the multifunctionality of gringsing woven fabric (2) Analysing the sustainability strategy for gringsing woven fabric as a typical woven fabric of Tenganan Village. This research uses analytical methods, descriptive analysis to analyse respondents' perceptions of the multifunctionality of gringsing woven fabric involving 19 respondents (consisting of craftsmen and stakeholders) and Preference Ranking Organization METHODs for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE) analysis to analyse alternative sustainability strategies for gringsing woven. The research results show that respondents have a good perspective on the potential of gringsing woven as a modern fashion classic product with sustainable principles. An alternative priority sustainability strategy to make gringsing woven fabric a sustainable industry is to develop innovations in modifying gringsing woven fabric motifs.

Design, measurement, and demonstrating of a metamaterials with broadband and high transmittance for measuring the thermal conductivity of clothing fabrics samples

An all dielectric metamaterial sensor with smooth spectral lines resonance characteristics over a large frequency range is demonstrated and verified. The average transmittance and reflectance of the metamaterial sample are 0.734 and 0.201 in the frequency range of 4–30 THz. The effects of three important factors on the thermal conductivity of the outdoor clothing fabric samples are measured by using this metamaterial sensor: thickness, ambient temperature, and fabric type. The thermal diffusion coefficient of the fabric samples is decreased with the thickness increasing, which is enhanced by increasing the temperature. In addition, due to differences in preparation processes and materials, the type of fabric sample can also directly affect the thermal conductivity performance. The measurement results verify the feasibility of the metamaterial sensor to measure the thermal conductivity of outdoor clothing fabric samples.