Types Of Tannins Research Articles

Tannins: Natural plant-derived polyhydroxy phenolic compounds with potential for biotechnological and biomedical applications

The difference between Tannin and Tannic Acid is that the term Tannin is used to name the group of organic compounds whereas Tannic acid is a type of tannin. Members of the group of Tannins - all of them polyhydroxyphenolic compounds – are present in leaves and other nutrient-rich parts of a huge number of Angiosperm plants. In nature, Tannins play a significant role in the protection of the plants against herbivores. Tannins inactivate enzymes in the digestive tract of the herbivores, with respective consequences: the herbivores may die of starvation. A well-known example for a technological application of Tannins is the process of leather production. Complex formation with collagen the denaturation of proteins - here in the animal skin - by the polyhydroxyphenol components of Tannin is their major function. Various biomedical applications are known, such as application of Tannins due to their adstringent property, production of tannate salts, antihistamines and antitussive drugs. Recently, it was discovered that Tannic acid suppresses the virus SARS-CIY-2 as a dual inhibitor of the main viral protease and the cellular TMPRSS 2 protein, with the consequence that the virus cannot infect human cells.

Biochemical changes associated with the administration of aqueous pulp extract of Irvingia gabonensis fruit on adult male Wistar rats

Biochemical changes associated with the administration of aqueous pulp extract of Irvingia gabonensis fruit on adult male Wistar rats

THE USE OF PANDAN LEAVES (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) AS IRON CORROSION INHIBITOR IN HCl MEDIUM

Corrosion inhibitors are excellent ways to protect metals from corrosion. This research aims to determine the ability of pandan leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) as an organic corrosion inhibitor in the type of powder, extract, and tannins. The extraction of tannin compounds in pandan leaves is carried out by the soxhletation method using a sampleto-solvent ratio of 1:25 g/mL. The inhibitor concentration used is 1%, and the variations of immersion duration in 3% HCl medium are one day, two days, three days, and four days. The parameters measured in this study are the corrosion inhibition efficiency and the corrosion rate as measured by the iron weight reduction method. The tannin compound of 1.29% is obtained at the ratio of the sample to the solvent of 1:25 g/mL. The best results obtained from the use of the three types of inhibitors are using pandan leaves tannin inhibitors with a corrosion rate of 31.046 mpy and a corrosion inhibition efficiency of 80.61%.

Espectroscopia do infravermelho próximo como ferramenta para discriminar taninos de espécies amazônicas

ABSTRACT Near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) is a tool capable of providing efficient results for organic molecules of different materials. We developed a predictive model using Fourier Transform NIR Spectroscopy to distinguish the types of tannins in different forest species in the Amazon. Samples were obtained from different regions of the State of Amazonas/Brazil, and tests for tannins were performed, including obtaining NIRS spectra. The assembly of spectral data matrices versus analytes of interest was crossed with the results of traditional analyses. In addition, a calibration and validation set was constructed for condensed tannins, hydrolyzable tannins, and samples with no tannins. Finally, the performance of classification models was evaluated for sensitivity, identification index, and errors. The condensed tannin classes were detected in 63% of the species studied, followed by 34% of the species not containing tannin. The discriminant analysis produced groupings of classes, with a hit sensitivity index >90%. The developed model can be applied in studies of ecology, forestry and chemotaxonomy, with a focus on phenolic compounds such as tannins. The proposed methodology has advantages over the reference methods, reflected as a lower need for sample preparation, shorter analysis time, no use of reagents, and, consequently, no generation of waste.

Herbs Used as Antidiabetic : A Review

Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome characterized by a condition of hyperglycemia, and changes in the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by an increase in glucose levels caused by insulin deficiency either in absolute or relative terms. Diabetes mellitus therapy is a long-term therapy and is relatively expensive. Therefore, it is necessary to look for effective alternative drugs with low prices such as herbal medicines derived from plants. Indonesia is one of the countries that has a diversity of plants, so many plants that grow in Indonesia can be used as an alternative therapy to overcome diabetes mellitus. This paper aims to provide a relevant review of medicinal plants used for diabetes mellitus that has been carried out in research on tested animals. This research was conducted by searching for national and international articles from the internet, which were searched from 2011 to 2019, including original articles, and experimental articles, about Traditional medicine for diabetics. The following keywords are used : [[ “studi in vivo tumbuhan obat untuk diabetes” OR “Uji efektifitas ekstrak tumbuhan sebagai antidiabetik” OR “tumbuhan sebagai antidiabetik” ]] OR [["Test extract activity against diabetic mice" OR "antidiabetic plant" OR "antidiabetic herbal medicine" OR "antidiabetic in rat”, “Traditional medicine of diabetisin Indonesia” ]]. From the results of the literature study, it was found that 21 articles with 24 medicinal plants were tested in vivo on test animals to reduce blood sugar in diabetes mellitus. These medicinal plants contain compounds of the type of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, polyphenols, terpenoids, and phenolics that can have a therapeutic effect on decreasing blood sugar levels in test animals.

Penetapan Kadar Tanin Dari Bunga Telang (Clitoria ternatea L.) Secara Permanganometri


 
 
 
 Telang flowers can be found thriving in watery areas in Indonesia, their purple flowers bloom throughout the year. Telang flowers have been studied to contain phenolic chemicals, flavonoids, anthocyanins, flavonol glycosides, kaempferol glycosides, quercetin glycosides, myristetin glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins and steroids. Tannins are plant polyphenols that function to bind and precipitate proteins. In the world of tannin medicine serves to treat diarrhea, stop bleeding, and treat hemorrhoids. There are two main types of tannins namely condensed tannins and hydrolyzed tannins.
 The purpose of this study was to determine the tannin content in the extract of telang (Clitoria ternatea L.) flowers using the permanganometric method. Determination of tannin levels by permanganometric method. Permanganometry is a titration method using potassium permanganate, which is a strong oxidizing agent as a titrant. This property of KMnO4 is known as an auto-indicator.
 The result of the determination of the tannin content of the telang flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) by permanganometry was 13.86% b/b.
 
 
 
 

Effect of Chitosan on the Removal of Different Types of Tannins from Red Wines

(1) Background: most premium red wines are rich in tannins but the effect of chitosan on these macromolecules is unknown. In this work, the effect of a treatment with 0.5 g/L of chitosan on red wines, W, enriched with condensed tannins, CT, ellagitannins, ET, and gallotannins, GT, was evaluated. In addition, to understand if the effect of C was stable during wine evolution, treated wines underwent an oxidative stress simulating an exposure to 18 mg/L of oxygen. (2) Methods: parameters describing the reactivity of phenolic compounds were determined: iron reactive phenolics, BSA reactive tannins, vanillin reactive tannins, and the saliva precipitation index. Individual anthocyanins, total and polymeric pigments and chromatic characteristics were evaluated to determine the influence of each treatment on colour parameters. (3) Results: a decrease in BSA reactive tannins after the addition of C was detected for all wines and the effect persisted after oxidation. W and CT wines previously treated with C and oxidized showed a significant decrease in the reactivity towards salivary proteins. C caused a lower formation of polymeric pigments in all wines. (4) Conclusion: these results suggest a possible use of C to treat wines very rich in condensed tannins and excessively astringent.

Persimmon-derived tannin has antiviral effects and reduces the severity of infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a Syrian hamster model

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread across the world. Inactivating the virus in saliva and the oral cavity represents a reasonable approach to prevent human-to-human transmission because the virus is easily transmitted through oral routes by dispersed saliva. Persimmon-derived tannin is a condensed type of tannin that has strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. In this study, we investigated the antiviral effects of persimmon-derived tannin against SARS-CoV-2 in both in vitro and in vivo models. We found that persimmon-derived tannin suppressed SARS-CoV-2 titers measured by plaque assay in vitro in a dose- and time-dependent manner. We then created a Syrian hamster model by inoculating SARS-CoV-2 into hamsters’ mouths. Oral administration of persimmon-derived tannin dissolved in carboxymethyl cellulose before virus inoculation dramatically reduced the severity of pneumonia with lower virus titers compared with a control group inoculated with carboxymethyl cellulose alone. In addition, pre-administration of tannin to uninfected hamsters reduced hamster-to-hamster transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from a cohoused, infected donor cage mate. These data suggest that oral administration of persimmon-derived tannin may help reduce the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission of the virus.

INTERACCIÓN TANINOS VEGETALES, MICROBIOTA RUMINAL Y METABOLISMO DEL RUMIANTE

<p><strong>Background.</strong> Tannins, as polyphenolic secondary metabolites of plants, are attributed both beneficial and adverse functions when they are consumed by animals, effects that depend on the chemical structure and the concentration used. Among the beneficial properties of tannins, their ability to modulate the ruminal microbiota has been observed, reducing the populations of methanogens and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emissions. In addition, effects of tannins have been observed on the performance of ruminants, attributable to tannins or the by-products of their degradation. <strong>Objective.</strong> Compile and analyze available information about the properties of tannins, their use in ruminant feeding, their effects on ruminal microorganisms, and the results obtained in the mitigation of CH<sub>4</sub>. <strong>Methodology.</strong> A literature review was made through databases available on the web such as NCBI, ELSEVIER, Google Scholar, Oxford Academic, as well as information available in books. <strong>Main findings</strong>. In the present review, information was collected on the characteristics and properties of condensed tannins (TC) and hydrolyzable tannins (TH), their effects and adaptations in the populations of ruminal microorganisms, in addition to the effects of tannins on the metabolism of ruminants. <strong>Implications</strong>. The dose and source of tannins in the ruminant diet are decisive in the results obtained in terms of CH<sub>4</sub> emissions and animal response. Performance will depend on the tolerance of the animal species to the effects of each type of tannin consumed. <strong>Conclusion.</strong> A better understanding of the properties, the effects on the microbiota and on the animal metabolism, could help in the implementation of more appropriate strategies for the use of forages that can contribute to the reductions in CH<sub>4</sub> emissions, with a balanced approach with the production and animal welfare.</p>

Ethnopharmacology and Antioxidant Activity Studies of Woody Liana Original Wallacea

Lore Lindu National Park is a habitat located in the middle of the Wallacea Region, consisting of various types of medicinal plants, including lianas. This area is surrounded by the Kaili Tribe, which possesses adequate ethnopharmacology knowledge and local wisdom in managing living natural resources. Studies on the medicinal plant species of lianas original Wallacea have not been conducted. Therefore, this study aims to reveal Kaili’s ethnopharmacology of woody liana plants and identify the metabolic content and antioxidant activity. This study was carried out at the Lore Lindu National Park with the purposive and snowball sampling methods used to determine the respondents. Furthermore, the Harborne and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods were used to analyze the phytochemical content and antioxidant activities. The results showed that the Kaili people used the lianas Poikilospermum suaveolens (Blume) Merr, Arcangelisia Flava (L.) Merr, Fibrauea Tinctoria Lour, and Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner are medicine for treating various types of chronic diseases. The plant's bark and wood are used as medicine by processing boiled/brewed hot water, or by pounded, and smeared over the wound. The phytochemical analysis results showed that alkaloids are contained in all types of lianas, while flavonoids and tannins are found only in 3 types. Meanwhile, the P. suaveolens contained saponin, A. flava bark extract has potential to be developed as an antioxidant.

Antibacterial Effect and Potency of Jamaican Cherry Leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) as Feed Additive for Antibiotic Growth Promoter Alternative in Animals

<p>Antimicrobial resistance is one of the greatest health challenges in the world. The unwise use of Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP) in livestock is one of the factors that triggers the increase in the incidence of antimicrobial resistance. In an effort to anticipate the negative impact of using antibiotics, alternative materials are needed to replace AGP. From those various problems, this paper aims to provide information on the use of phytogenic feed additives as natural antibacterials that have the potency as an alternative AGP. Based on the results of various studies, Jamaican cherry leaf extract has the ability to inhibit the growth of various bacterial species <em>in vitro</em>. Various phytochemical test results showed that Jamaican cherry leaves contain several types of phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins that have antibacterial effect. The addition of Jamaican cherry leaves to feed was able to increase the value of digestibility, carcass weight, egg production, and protein content of meat. Therefore, Jamaican cherry leaf (<em>Muntingia carabula</em> L.) has the potency to be used as feed additive to replace AGP.</p>

Fatty acid metabolism in lambs supplemented with different condensed and hydrolysable tannin extracts.

Five groups of lambs (n = 9 each) were used to test the effect of plant extracts rich in hydrolysable (HT) or condensed tannin (CT) on animal performance, fatty acid composition of rumen content, liver and meat. The control group (CO) received a concentrate-based diet without tannins supplementation. The other groups received the same diet as the control lambs plus 4% chestnut (CH) and tara (TA) extracts as a source of HT and mimosa (MI) and gambier (GA) extracts as a source of CT. One-way ANOVA was used to assess the overall effect of dietary treatments, tannins supplementation (CO vs. CH+TA+MI+GA) and the effect of tannin type (HT vs. CT: CH+TA vs. MI+GA) on animal performance, rumen content, liver and intramuscular FA. Dietary CH negatively affected animal performance. The rumen content of the different groups showed similar levels of 18:3 c9c12c15, 18:2 c9c12, 18:2 c9t11, 18:1 t11 and 18:0, whereas 18:1 t10 was greater in CO. Also, 18:1 t10 tended to be lower in the rumen of HT than CT-fed lambs. These data were partially confirmed in liver and meat, where CO showed a greater percentage of individual trans 18:1 fatty acids in comparison with tannins-fed groups. Our findings challenge some accepted generalizations on the use of tannins in ruminant diets as they were ineffective to favour the accumulation of dietary PUFA or healthy fatty acids of biohydrogenation origin in the rumen content and lamb meat, but suggest a generalized influence on BH rather than on specific steps.

Impacts of added oenological tannins on red wine quality to counteract <i>Botrytis</i> infection in Merlot grapes

The contamination of grape berries by Botrytis cinerea can drastically damage wine quality, in particular causing colour degradation. In musts obtained from botrytised grapes, SO2 addition is the main means of avoiding oxidation damage due to laccases excreted by the pathogen. However, consumers are becoming increasingly reluctant to accept SO2 addition to wine. Oenological tannins are used for fining wines because of their colloidal properties, and for wine colour stabilisation due to their ability to condense with anthocyanins. They are also known for their antioxidant and antioxidasic properties. They were thus investigated in the present study for their potential as an alternative to SO2 against laccase oxidation.The impact of various types of oenological tannins on musts and wines was studied once added to musts obtained from the Merlot cultivar, comprising 20 % and 50 % botrytised grapes. Laccase activity, antioxidant capacity, composition of phenolic compounds, spectrophotometric and CIELAB colour parameters were assessed in the musts and wines. Sensory analyses were also performed on 3-month-old wines to evaluate the visual, olfactory and gustative consequences of tannin addition. At a 50 % botrytisation rate, the addition of any type of oenological tannins (at a concentration of 100 g/hL) had no effect on laccase activity and did not protect phenolic compounds. However, at the same concentration and at a 20 % botrytisation rate, proanthocyanidin tannins from grape skin were found to be the most promising tannins with simultaneous protective effects, such as an inhibitory effect on laccase enzymes, protection of colour from complete degradation and preservation of some procyanidin compounds.Oenological tannins are promising candidates for protecting wines from Botrytis damage and they induce a differential effect according to their origin and structure. They could be used to reduce the amount of SO2 that is added during vatting. More research is needed to confirm and better understand the mode of action of various tannins at levels lower than the 20 % botrytised rate tested in the present study.

Identifikasi Senyawa Tanin Pada Ekstrak Sabut Buah Pinang (Areca catechu. L)

Areca catechu (Areca catechu. L) contains many chemical components, namely, pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin oxalate and flavonoids. Tannins are very complex organic substances and consist of phenolic compounds. Tannins are obtained by extraction with water and ethanol solvents because tannins can dissolve with these solvents. This study aims to identify tannin compounds in areca nut using ethanol as a solvent. This research is a laboratory experiment with an extraction process using the maceration method. The areca nut is dried and mashed and then sifted. Then the powder was macerated with 70% ethanol solvent for ± 24 hours, then evaporated and then tested qualitatively and determined the type of tannins. The results showed that areca nut extract was positive for tannins and the type of tannin was condensed tannins.

Natural Tannins as New Cross-Linking Materials for Soy-Based Adhesives.

Human health problems and formaldehyde emission from wood-based composites are some of the major drawbacks of the traditional synthetic adhesives such as urea formaldehyde resins. There have been many attempts to decrease formaldehyde emission and replace urea formaldehyde resins with bio-based adhesives for wood-based composites. Because of some weakness in soy-based adhesive, chemicals have been used as modifiers. Modified soy-based adhesives without any formaldehyde have been successfully used to prepare wood panels. To achieve this, different synthetic cross-linking chemicals such as phenol formaldehyde resins and polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin were used. However, in reality, what we need are totally green adhesives that use natural materials. In our previous research work, the use of tannins in combination with soy-based adhesives to make wood composites was investigated. Thus, in this research work, the feasibility of using three types of natural tannins (quebracho, mimosa and chestnut tannins) as cross-linking materials for soy adhesive was studied. The chemical bond formation and adhesion behaviors of tannin-modified soy adhesives were also investigated by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-ToF-MS) and thermo-mechanical analysis (TMA). The results showed that at ambient temperature, both ionic and covalent bonds formed between tannin constituents and amino acids; however, at higher temperature, covalent bonds are largely predominate. Based on the results obtained from the thermo-mechanical analysis, the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of soy adhesive is increased by adding tannins to its formulation. In addition, the chemical bond formation was proved by MALDI-ToF-MS.

Condensed tannins in the diet of folivorous diademed sifakas and the gap between crude and available protein.

Tannins, a type of plant secondary metabolite, are well-known for their ability to precipitate proteins and thereby reduce the protein available to consumers. Most primate studies have focused on condensed tannins (CTs) as they were thought to be the most effective type of tannin at preventing protein acquisition, but there is growing recognition that other types of tannins can bind to proteins, suggesting the division among tannin types is not as clear-cut as previously thought. Although previous studies have documented the presence of CTs in primate diets and primates' behavioral responses to them, our understanding of tannins remains limited because few researchers have used Sephadex column purification to accurately determine tannin concentrations, and few have used in vitro assays to determine available protein content and the tannins' effectiveness in binding protein. In this study, we documented diademed sifaka (Propithecus diadema) diet from June to August 2018 at Tsinjoarivo, Madagascar (in two forests with varying degrees of habitat disturbance) and quantified CT concentration and actual available protein in foods. Eleven of the fourteen top foods tested contained CTs (concentrations: 4.8%-39.3% dry matter). An in vitro assay showed available protein was strikingly low in six of the eleven top foods (e.g., little to no apparent available protein, despite high crude protein). Overall, our findings suggest sifakas acquire less protein than previously recognized and probably have adaptations to counteract tannins. Such studies of available protein are critical in understanding dietary constraints on sifaka populations and the evolution of their diet choice strategies; despite the conventional wisdom that leaves are protein-rich, folivorous primates may indeed be protein-limited. However, further studies are necessary to determine if sifakas have counter-adaptations to tannins, and if they absorb more protein than our analyses suggest, perhaps receiving protein that we were unable to detect with the current techniques (e.g., pollen).

Issues of Corrosion and Degradation under Dusty Deposits of Energy Biomass

The aim of the study is to identify and determine the role of microbial degradation taking place in dusty deposits in potential threats (i.e., destruction of protective coatings and development of corrosion) to the means of transport in conditions of transshipment of energy biomass. This paper presents the results of research on the impact of powdery fractions of wood biomass and biomass obtained from oil plants in the degradation of paint coatings and corrosion processes. During the research, exposure to simulated port climate, OM, SEM, and EDS studies were used. It has been found that the presence of the fraction containing protein compounds and amino acids (e.g., dust of rapeseed meal) stimulates the growth of microorganisms whose metabolism products favour the destruction of protective coatings and the development of corrosion. Under the same conditions, the destruction of protective zinc coatings has been observed. It was found that already 14 days of exposure to oily biomass deposits results in damage to paint coatings caused by microbiological processes. The 8-week exposure causes serious degradation of protective coatings and the base material itself. The biomass of wood origin, containing compounds of the tannin type, did not show as much aggressive activity as the biomass with protein compounds.

94 President Oral Presentation Pick: Grazing diverse combinations of tanniferous and non-tanniferous legumes: Implications for beef cattle performance and environmental impact

Abstract We tested the effect of increasingly diverse combinations of tanniferous legumes (birdsfoot trefoil-BFT, sainfoin-SF) and alfalfa (ALF) on cattle performance, methane (CH4) emissions and nitrogen (N) balance. Pairs of heifers (401 ± 49.6 kg) grazed three spatial replications of 7 treatments (n = 3/treatment): monocultures (BFT, SF, ALF) and all possible 2- and 3-way choices among strips of these legumes in a completely randomized block design of two 15-d periods during 2 consecutive years. Average daily gains (ADG) of heifers grazing the tanniferous legumes (1.05 kg/d) were 40% greater (P < 0.10) than of heifers grazing ALF (0.74 kg/d) during the first year. Heifers grazing the 3-way choice had greater intakes (10.4 vs 7.8 kg/d; P = 0.064) and ADG (1.21 vs. 0.95 kg/d, P = 0.054) than those grazing monocultures, suggesting a nutritional synergism among legumes. The average CH4 emissions for legume monocultures vs. 2- and 3-way choices was 222 vs. 202 and 162 g/kg BW gain (P > 0.10), respectively. For heifers grazing SF and BFT compared with ALF, blood urea N was less (14.3 and 16.8 vs 20.8 mg/dL; P < 0.05) as were urinary N concentrations (3.7 and 3.5 vs 6.0 g/L; P < 0.05), but fecal N concentrations were greater (34.5 and 35.5 vs 30.5 g/kg, respectively; P < 0.05). Combining both tanniferous legumes (SF-BFT) led to the greatest declines in urinary N (2.24 g/L) and urea-N (1.71 g/L) concentration, suggesting that different types of tannins in different legume species result in associative effects that enhance N economy. In addition, heifers grazing 3-way choices partitioned less N into urine (40.7 vs 50.6%; P = 0.037) and retained more N (36.1 vs 25.2%, P = 0.046) than heifers grazing monocultures. In summary, combinations of tanniferous legumes with alfalfa improved animal performance and reduced environmental impacts relative to monocultures, resulting in a more sustainable approach to beef production in pasture-based finishing systems.

PSXI-25 The effect of plant tannins on methane and nitrous oxide emissions from dairy manure under laboratory conditions

Abstract Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG; methane, CH4; nitrous oxide, N2O) from dairy cattle manure contribute to global climate change. The aim of this study was to assess the associative effects of three different levels [0, 4 and 8% wet weight (WW) basis] of condensed tannins (CT; quebracho tannins) and hydrolysable tannins (HT; chestnut tannins) on CH4 and N2O emissions. The dairy manure consisted of a 50:50 volume mixture of fresh feces and dry manure scraped from the surface of an open-lot dairy in the Texas panhandle. Control (0% tannin), 4%, and 8% of CT or HT (w/w) were added to each bucket and homogenized with a hand mixer for 5 min. Aliquots of 220 g (WW) manure, with or without tannins, were placed into 1 L fermentation bottles (n = 3, total of 18 bottles) and incubated at 39o C for 14 days. A second set of 18 fermenters were set up in the same manner for sample collection at 0, 2, 3, 6, and 9 h to discern changes in pH and redox status. There were no differences in redox values with the addition of either tannin type to in vitro fermenters. However, application of CT to dairy manure reduced (P < 0.05-0.01) cumulative CH4 emissions by 68 to 63% at the concentrations of 4 and 8% WW, respectively, compared with the non-tannin control group. Both CT and HT decreased cumulative N2O emissions (P < 0.02). Examination of the emission kinetics revealed a tradeoff (interchange or pollution swapping) between CH4 and N2O emissions when tannins were applied to manure. These results suggested that the inclusion of 4% CT (WW) is a promising technique for reducing CH4 and N2O emissions from excreted dairy manure. Further study is warranted to investigate the effects of feeding CT and HT on manure-derived GHG in dairy systems.

Effect of heat processing methods on the protein molecular structure, physicochemical, and nutritional characteristics of faba bean (low and normal tannin) grown in western Canada

This study aimed to determine the heat processing impact on the protein molecular structure (amide I, amide II, α-helix, and β-sheet), and the nutritional characteristics (nutrient profiles, rumen degradation, intestinal digestion, and true protein supply) of faba bean grown in western Canada. Low tannin (LT) and normal tannin (NT) faba bean varieties were used for the present study, where varieties (n = 3) for each tannin level were used as a replicate. Based on previously published studies, sample groups were either heated with steam pressure at 121 °C for 30 minute (min) using a medium steam sterilizer or with microwave irradiation for 3 min in a conventional microwave with a power of 900 W and irradiation frequency of 2450 MHz. All seed was ground using a roller mill before heating. Heat-induced molecular structure changes were determined with Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) while nutrient profiles, including dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), soluble crude protein (SCP), and starch were obtained with traditional chemical analyses. An in situ rumen degradation study and a modified three-step in vitro technique was performed to analyze the degradation parameters and intestinal digestibility of feed nutrients in faba bean. Results showed that the peak area ratio of amide I to amide II was lower in normal tannin faba bean types (1.835 vs. 2.073 absorbance units (AU), P < 0.0001) compared to low tannin faba bean types with both heat treatments, while the peak height ratio of α-helix to β-sheet was higher in normal tannin types (1.249 vs. 1.090 AU, P < 0.0001) relative to low tannin types. Additionally, steam pressure reduced the SCP (45 vs. avg. 188 g/kg DM, P < 0.01), and increased the intestinal digestibility of crude protein (dIDP, 0.89 vs. avg. 0.79, P = 0.03) compared to other treatments. The truly absorbed protein supply in the small intestine was higher with steam pressure (DVE, 180 vs. 130 and 117 g/kg DM, P < 0.01) relative to the control and microwave irradiation, respectively. The feed milk value was higher with steam pressure (FMV, 3.65 vs. 2.65 and 2.38 kg milk/kg DM feed, P < 0.01) compared to the control and microwave irradiation, respectively. In the present study, steam pressure reduced the soluble crude protein and the effective degraded crude protein, increasing the truly digested protein in the small intestine more than microwave irradiation. These results suggest that steam pressure toasting of faba bean was a better treatment to improve protein degradability and supply in dairy cattle compared to microwave irradiation.