Type Of Substrate Material Research Articles

Growth of zinc oxide nanowires by a hot water deposition method.

Recently, various methods have been developed for synthesizing zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures, including physical and chemical vapor deposition, as well as wet chemistry. These common methods require either high temperature, high vacuum, or toxic chemicals. In this study, we report the growth of zinc oxide ZnO nanowires by a new hot water deposition (HWD) method on various types of substrates, including copper plates, foams, and meshes, as well as on indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glasses (ITO/glass). HWD is derived from the hot water treatment (HWT) method, which involves immersing piece(s) of metal and substrate(s) in hot deionized water and does not require any additives or catalysts. Metal acts as the source of metal oxide molecules that migrate in water and deposit on the substrate surface to form metal oxide nanostructures (MONSTRs). The morphological and crystallographic analyses of the source-metals and substrates revealed the presence of uniformly crystalline ZnO nanorods after the HWD. In addition, the growth mechanism of ZnO nanowires using HWD is discussed. This process is simple, inexpensive, low temperature, scalable, and eco-friendly. Moreover, HWD can be used to deposit a large variety of MONSTRs on almost any type of substrate material or geometry.

Comparative analysis of microstructure and selected properties of WC-Co-Cr coatings sprayed by high-velocity oxy fuel on S235 and AZ31 substrates

Abstract The purpose of this work was to carry out comparative studies of WC-Co-Cr coatings deposited using the high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) method onto two types of substrate material: structural steel S235 and magnesium alloy AZ31. The influence of the substrate material type on the microstructure, phase composition, crystallite size, porosity, Vickers microhardness, instrumental hardness (HIT), Young’s modulus (EIT), and fracture toughness was investigated. For both substrates, the deposited coatings deposited were characterized with fine-grained and compact microstructure. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed presence of following phases: WC, W2C, Co0.9W0.1, and Co3W9C4. The WC phase was the most desirable and stable one with crystallites were below 100 nm. On the other hand, the size of the W2C crystallites was below 30 nm. The coatings obtained showed porosity values equal to 2.3 ± 0.4 vol% and 2.8 ± 0.7 vol% for AZ31 and S235, respectively. The average Vickers microhardness for both types of sample was appproximately 1200 HV0.3. The average HIT values for carbide particles and metallic matrix were around 29 GPa and 6.5 GPa, respectively. In the case of EIT, it was around 620 GPa and 190 GPa for WC and Co-Cr, respectively. The differences between coatings were negligible. The EIT value for both coatings was equal to 344 ± 11 GPa. The fracture toughness was around 4.5 MPa · m1/2 in both cases. The investigations revealed that it is possible to replace steel substrate material with a much lighter equivalent, in this case AZ31 alloy, without deterioration of the coating properties.

Environmental Influences on the Evaporation Rate of Horticultural Disinfestants

The evaporation rate of disinfestants when sprayed on production surfaces is expected to vary under different weather conditions, but it is unknown how that affects efficacy. This study was an initial investigation into how the evaporation rates of water and six commercial disinfestants vary under eight weather condition categories. Additionally, an empirical model was developed on the evaporation rate of water in response to air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, vapor pressure deficit, and wind speed under the same eight weather condition categories. Isopropyl alcohol lost more weight due to evaporation over 4 h ( P < 0.0001) than all other disinfestant solutions, and no differences ( P = 0.05) existed between the other five disinfestant solutions and water. Isopropyl alcohol had a mean percentage weight loss of 71% under hot and sunny conditions, 43% under cool and cloudy conditions, and 6% under indoor laboratory conditions. Water, hypochlorite, quaternary ammonium, and peroxy disinfestant solutions evaporated at a similar rate over 4 h, with an approximate mean percentage weight loss of 17% under hot and sunny conditions, 6% under cool and cloudy conditions, and 1% under indoor laboratory conditions. The regression model that best explained the influence of weather on evaporation included the variables solar radiation, temperature, and wind speed ( P < 0.0001, R2 = 0.5603). This information will be used further to model the evaporative rate of disinfestants under the same range of weather conditions when applied to multiple types of substrate materials that represent common horticultural plant production surfaces. [Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 “No Rights Reserved” license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2024.

Recent Advancements in Developing Metal Matrix Composites with Arc-Assisted Cladding Techniques: A Review

Cladding is one of the flagship technologies of improving the surface dependent properties of metals. Heat-assisted technique of reinforcing foreign precursor material into substrate such as tungsten inert gas cladding, laser cladding and plasma transferred arc cladding are reviewed and presented in this paper. A comprehensive study of the research work of the present era in this particular field is also discussed here. Selection of different types of substrate material, reinforcing metal powder, type of heat source, the method of preparing coating powder (in paste form) and impurity-free substrate material respectively prior to cladding is also detailed after thorough investigation of different research papers. The type of tests which has to be done after cladding to evaluate the surface dependent properties are also discussed in this paper.

A Comprehensive Review of Surface Acoustic Wave-Enabled Acoustic Droplet Ejection Technology and Its Applications.

This review focuses on the development of surface acoustic wave-enabled acoustic drop ejection (SAW-ADE) technology, which utilizes surface acoustic waves to eject droplets from liquids without touching the sample. The technology offers advantages such as high throughput, high precision, non-contact, and integration with automated systems while saving samples and reagents. The article first provides an overview of the SAW-ADE technology, including its basic theory, simulation verification, and comparison with other types of acoustic drop ejection technology. The influencing factors of SAW-ADE technology are classified into four categories: fluid properties, device configuration, presence of channels or chambers, and driving signals. The influencing factors discussed in detail from various aspects, such as the volume, viscosity, and surface tension of the liquid; the type of substrate material, interdigital transducers, and the driving waveform; sessile droplets and fluid in channels/chambers; and the power, frequency, and modulation of the input signal. The ejection performance of droplets is influenced by various factors, and their optimization can be achieved by taking into account all of the above factors and designing appropriate configurations. Additionally, the article briefly introduces the application scenarios of SAW-ADE technology in bioprinters and chemical analyses and provides prospects for future development. The article contributes to the field of microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip technology and may help researchers to design and optimize SAW-ADE systems for specific applications.

Growth of single crystal Sb2S3 semiconductor pillars by sol-gel method

The binary compound semiconductor Sb2S3 was fabricated on solid substrate by spin coating based on a sol-gel method. In this study, it was observed that crystallinity appeared differently depending on the type of substrate material used to fabricate the Sb2S3 structure, and this mechanism was investigated. As the substrate, bare FTO glass and FTO glass coated with Mo, Ni, and Au were used. In the case of Sb2S3 grown on bare FTO glass and FTO glass coated with Mo, crystals are formed in-plane, whereas in the case of Sb2S3 grown on FTO glass substrate coated with FCC-structured metals such as Au and Ni, crystals are formed out-of-plane. It was observed that the single crystal growth of rectangular pillar-shaped Sb2S3 was closely related to the formation of regularly ordered compounds at the interface between the Sb2S3 pillar and the FCC metal substrate.

Effects of substrates on the growth of BETA VULGARIS SUBSP. VULGARIS in hydroponic systems

This research focuses on types of substrate materials (rice husk, coconut fiber, sand), the rate of media mix between coconut fiber, rice, and concentrations of Thiamine HCl (vitamin B1) on the growth of Rainbow Vinegar (Beta vulgaris subsp. Vulgaris). In the studies of nutritional absorption and metal toxicity in the roof, it is essential to growing plants without technical damage. The results showed that Hoagland solution combined coconut fiber, sand, and Thiamine HCl (vitamin B1) suitable for Beta vulgaris subsp. Vulgaris. The Rainbow grows remarkably from 20 days to 30 days for a faster, cleaner, and cultivating soil environment. The method presented here provides. Vulgaris to obtain a healthy plant having a well-developed root system with many lateral roots.

Free-standing nanowire printed surfaces with high variability in substrate selection for boiling heat transfer enhancement

Nanowires (NWs) constitute a promising solution to the overheating of high-heat-load surfaces in multiphase heat transfer. Typical nanostructure fabrication methods such as complex photolithography and metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) that utilize patterned templates are limited by high manufacturing costs and type of substrate materials. These limitations significantly hinder the industrial applicability of NW structures in high heat flux units. In this study, we first examine the effect of the morphology of Zinc oxide (ZnO) NW printed substrates, fabricated via microcontact printing (µCP) and solution based growing, on the heat transfer characteristics in pool boiling. Unlike advanced photolithography, µCP offers greater variability and convenience in terms of the substrate selection and large area creation for NW fabrication. Compared with the silicon substrate, the underlying mechanisms for enhancing both the critical heat flux and heat transfer coefficient of ZnO NW substrates are explored by analyzing the surface morphology, bubble, and wicking characteristics of the test surfaces, in order to determine the applicability of boiling heat transfer using ZnO NWs in industrial fields.

Characterization of Structure, Morphology, Optical and Electrical Properties of AlN–Al–V Multilayer Thin Films Fabricated by Reactive DC Magnetron Sputtering

Composite thin films of the AlN–Al–V type, grown by magnetron sputtering, were analyzed by several complementary diagnostic methods. The power of the magnetron was used as a variable parameter, while gas flows, chamber pressure, and substrate temperature remained unchanged during the film fabrication. According to grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) results, in most cases, it was possible to obtain an (002)-oriented aluminum nitride (AlN) layer in the films, although, with an increase in the magnetron power to 800 W, the formation of X-ray amorphous AlN was observed. Similarly, according to the Raman results, the width of the peak of the vibrational mode E1, which characterizes the correlation length of optical phonons, also significantly increased in the case of the sample obtained at 800 W, which may indicate a deterioration in the crystallinity of the film. A study of the surface morphology by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the AlN film grows in the form of vertically oriented hexagons, and crystallites emerge on the surface in the form of dendritic structures. During the analysis of the AFM roughness power spectral density (PSD-x) functions, it was found that the type of substrate material does not significantly affect the surface roughness of the AlN films. According to the energy–dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) elemental analysis, an excess of aluminum was observed in all fabricated samples. The study of the current-voltage characteristics of the films showed that the resistance of aluminum nitride layers in such composites correlates with both the aluminum content and the structural imperfection of crystallites.

Oxidation and interfacial cracking behaviors of TBCs with double-layered bond coat on different substrate materials

The oxidation and interfacial cracking behaviors of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) with double-layered bond deposited on two typical substrate materials K452 and M247 was comparatively studied. Composition of the substrate can affect the element interdiffusion of the inner bond coat and the driving force of interfacial cracking. The capacity of the inner bond coat to supply Al for the upper bond coat is critical to the lifetime of TBCs with double-layered bond coat. Adopting a substrate with higher resistance to the inward-diffusion of Al can facilitate the formation of the protective Al2O3 scale and significantly extend the lifetime of TBCs.

Computational cooling performance of electronic chips on printed circuit boards

Effect of cooling performance of heated modules resembling integrated circuit (IC) chips on printed circuit boards (PCBs) under natural and forced convection is investigated. Commercially available four different types of substrate materials viz. silica glass, glass epoxy FR4, bakelite, and copper-clad board (CCB) is used for the simulation study. Natural and forced convection cooling scenarios are used for thermal performance with a power input of 7.5 W and 15 W for heaters equipped on a substrate. The main motive of this work is to present and compare thermal performance of heated modules on different substrate materials. Results of FR4 and bakelite with a power input of 7.5 under natural convection are compared with forced convection results at Re = 500 for the same power input. The results show that copper clad boards give a better cooling performance in natural convection scenarios for both the power inputs of 7.5 W and 15 W.

The Effect of the Substrate on the Optic Performance of Retro-Reflective Coatings: An In-Lab Investigation

Retro-reflectivity is a promising surface capability, which has attracted the interest of researchers for building applications in order to counteract Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects. This work aims at studying the impact of the substrate material on the optic performance of retro-reflective (RR) coatings. Three types of substrate materials were investigated: smooth pine wood panels, rough plywood panels, and smooth acetate sheets. The RR coating samples were made by firstly adding a high reflective white paint onto the substrate material and a homogeneous RR glass beads layer on the top. As a reference case, also diffusive samples, without RR beads, were developed. Samples have been tested through a spectrophotometric and an angular reflectivity analysis. Results show that, despite a lower global reflectance of the RR samples with respect to the diffusive ones, the glass beads coating provides a good retro-reflective capability to all the diffusive samples. Additionally, the roughest RR sample exhibited the highest RR capability of up to 16%, with respect to the other smoother samples. Future developments may involve the optimum design of RR coatings, in terms of their optic performance by varying the substrate materials and roughness, the glass beads density and dimension.

Active Bio-Based Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Based Natural Rubber for Food Antimicrobial Applications: Effect of Processing Parameters on Its Adhesion Properties.

A novel active bio-based pressure-sensitive adhesive incorporating cinnamon oil (Bio-PSA/CO) obtained from the mixture of natural rubber (NR), xyloglucan (XG), and cinnamon oil (CO) for food antimicrobial applications were successfully developed by using a two-roll mill mixer. The effect of the main process factors (i.e., nip gap and mastication time) and XG content on the adhesion properties of the obtained PSA were investigated with different coated substrates including kraft paper, nylon film, polypropylene (PP) film, and aluminum foil (Al). The results suggested that the developed NR-PSA/CO could be applied well to all types of substrate materials. Peel strength and shear strength of the NR-PSA/CO with all substrate types were in the ranges of ~0.03 × 102–5.64 × 102 N/m and ~0.24 × 104–9.50 × 104 N/m2, respectively. The proper processed condition of the NR-PSA/CO was represented with a nip gap of 2 mm and a mastication time of 15 min. An increase in XG content up to 40–60 phr can improve the adhesion properties of the adhesive. The resulting material could be used as an active sticky patch to extend the shelf-life of food in a closed packaging system. The shelf-life of the food samples (banana cupcake) could be extended from 4 to 9 days with NR-PSA/CO patch.

Preparation and properties of Ag plasmonic structures on garnet substrates

In this paper technological aspects of preparation of silver nanostructures on garnet substrates and their impact on absorption and photoluminescence have been studied. For this purpose, the changes of plasmonic properties as a function of the Ag NPs preparation features, such as type of substrate material, sputtered silver mass thickness, temperature, and time of thermal treatments were shown. The plasmonic structures were prepared on single-crystalline YAG and GGG garnets as well as amorphous glass substrates by the magnetron sputtering technique. Nucleation and growth of Ag nanoparticles were controlled by a thermal annealing process. Two broad absorption bands peaked at 350–370 nm and 440–650 nm were observed due to quadrupole and dipole modes, respectively, of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of Ag nanoparticles. Changes of the positions, intensities, and widths of these absorption bands related to the nanoparticle sizes, densities, and shapes are presented. Degradation of the plasmonic structures at ambient conditions, which is revealed as diminishing of the plasmonic absorption bands and associated with sulphidation of Ag nanoparticles in the natural environment, was studied in details. Theoretical simulations of the sulphidation process modelled as coating of Ag nanoparticles with silver sulphide (Ag2S) film confirm the experimentally observed diminishing of SPR.

Tailoring interfacial properties in CaVO3 thin films and heterostructures with SrTiO3 and LaAlO3 : A DFT+DMFT study

In this paper we use density functional theory combined with dynamical mean-field theory (DFT+DMFT) to study interface effects between thin films of the correlated metal CaVO$_3$ and the two typical substrate materials SrTiO$_3$ and LaAlO$_3$. We find that the CaVO$_3$/SrTiO$_3$ interface has only a marginal influence on the CaVO$_3$ thin film, with the dominant effect being the (bulklike) epitaxial strain imposed by the large lattice mismatch, rendering the CaVO$_3$ film insulating due to the enhanced orbital polarization related to the strong level splitting between the t$_{\mathrm{2g}}$ orbitals. In contrast, at the polar CaVO$_3$/LaAlO$_3$ interface, the presence of the interface can have a huge effect on the thin film properties, depending both on the specific interface termination as well as the specific boundary conditions imposed by the multilayer geometry. We compare three different approaches to model the interface between the correlated metal CaVO$_3$ and the band insulator LaAlO$_3$, which all impose a different set of (electrostatic) boundary conditions on the electronic structure. The spectral properties obtained from our calculations reveal a strong influence of the supercell geometry, ranging from bulklike to highly doped and structurally distorted phases, indicating a potential tunability of the interfacial properties via multilayer engineering.

On the measurements of individual particle properties via compression and crushing

Abstract An experimental study is presented to measure the elastic, yielding, and crushing properties of individual particles under compression using substrates made of aluminum alloy, stainless steel, and sapphire. Carefully selected, highly spherical individual Ottawa sand particles of 0.75–1.1 mm in nominal diameter were compressed between two smooth substrates, and the load–deformation curves were analyzed by Hertz elastic contact theory to derive their reduced modulus and Young's modulus as well as yielding and crushing strengths, which vary significantly with the type of substrate materials. Further analysis of the yielding and plastic deformation at the particle-substrate contact shows that the yield strength or hardness of the substrate materials dominates the local contact behavior and hence affects the measured apparent yielding and crushing strengths. The two softer substrates (aluminum alloy and stainless steel) actually lead to underestimated apparent shear yield strengths of quartz particles by 60.4% and 54.2%, respectively, which are actually the yielding of substrates, while the true particle yielding occurs in the sapphire-particle contact. Moreover, the two softer substrates cause much overestimated crushing strengths of the quartz particles by 50.4% and 36.4%, respectively. Selection of inappropriate substrate materials and inappropriate interpretation of the particle-substrate contact can lead to significant errors in the measured yielding and crushing strengths. It is recommended that single particle compression testing uses substrates with yield strength greater than that of the tested particles and result interpretation also considers the elastic and yielding behaviors of the substrates.

A compact square-shaped left-handed passive metamaterial with optimized quintuple resonance frequencies for satellite applications

The research aims to develop a more sophisticated novel left-handed and compact square-shaped metamaterial (SM) inspired multi-frequency bands like C-, X- and Ku-band applications. Even though the performance of existing satellite application devices are adequate, significant changes in technology over the past decades require advanced and more accurate techniques or devices. Hence, we approach the problem with a broader perspective by integrating a metamaterial structure in satellite application devices. As a general rule, the unconventional material known as metamaterial has extraordinary electromagnetic properties which are impracticable in commercially available materials. It represents an important study topic because this type of peculiar material is generally used in many field applications which encouraged us to experiment with the stated frequency bands by introducing a novel SM design. The novel SM design structure involved a 1.6 mm Epoxy Resin Fibre (FR-4) substrate material. This compact metamaterial design contains nine square rings with an altered small square ring joined in it. The numerical simulation of the SM design for satellite frequencies was performed using the Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio. The scattering parameters of the suggested SM design were determined by utilising Finite Integration Technique (FIT) in CST software. Several parametric studies that were analysed in this study include various design structure, types of substrate materials and SM array arrangement. Based on the adapted simulated frequency range (4 to 18 GHz), the unit cell SM exhibited five resonance frequencies at 5.49 and 7.33 GHz (in C-Band), 9.05 and 11.38 GHz (in X-Band) and 13.48 GHz (in Ku-Band). The measured resonance frequencies of the unit cell were 5.62 and 7.39 GHz (in C-Band), 9.15 and 11.32 GHz (in X-Band) and 13.51 GHz (in Ku-Band). The resonance frequencies obtained from both methods were similar. According to all three resonance frequencies, the SM design manifested a left-handed characteristic. Hence, on this basis, the proposed SM design with unique characteristics is deemed suitable for C-, X- and Ku-bands applications.

A New and Compact Wide-Band Microstrip Filter-Antenna Design for 2.4 GHz ISM Band and 4G Applications

A new and compact four-pole wide-band planar filter-antenna design is proposed in this article. The effect of the dielectric material type on the characteristics of the design is also investigated and presented. The filter-antenna structure is formed by a fourth-order planar band-pass filter (BPF) cascaded with a monopole microstrip antenna. The designed filter-antenna operates at a centre frequency of 2.4 GHz and has a relatively wide-band impedance bandwidth of about 1.22 GHz and a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of about 50%. The effects of three different types of substrate material, which are Rogers RT5880, Rogers RO3003, and FR-4, are investigated and presented using the same configuration. The filter-antenna design is simulated and optimised using computer simulation technology (CST) software and is fabricated and measured using a Rogers RT5880 substrate with a height (h) of 0.81 mm, a dielectric constant of 2.2, and a loss tangent of 0.0009. The structure is printed on a compact size of 0.32 λ0 × 0.30 λ0, where λ0 is the free-space wavelength at the centre frequency. A good agreement is obtained between the simulation and measurement performance. The designed filter-antenna with the achieved performance can find different applications for 2.4 GHz ISM band and 4G wireless communications.

Design a Compact Coplanar Wideband Antenna Used in Radio Frequency Identification Systems

In this paper, a new compact coplanar antenna used for Radio frequency identification (FID) applications is presented. This antenna is operated at the resonant frequency of 2.45 GHz. The proposed antenna is designed on an epoxy substrate material type (FR-4) with small size of (40 × 28) mm2 in which the dielectric thickness (ℎ) of 1.6 mm, relative permittivity (er) of 4.3 and tangent loss of 0.025. In this design the return loss is less than −10 dB in the frequency interval (2.12 − 2.84) GHz and the minimum value of return loss is -32 dB at resonant frequency. The maximum gain of the proposed antenna is 1.22 dB and the maximum directivity obtained is 2.27 dB. The patch and the ground plane of the proposed antenna are in the same surface. The proposed antenna has a wide bandwidth and omnidirectional radiation pattern with small size. The overall size of the compact antenna is (40 × 28 × 1.635) mm3. The Computer Simulation Technology (CST) microwave studio software is used for simulation and gets layout design.

English

In the last decade, bioethanol has become a powerful biofuel for the improvement of environmental pollution such as reduction in greenhouse gas levels. Yet, the source and type of substrate material plays a crucial role in the bioethanol production process due to the different compositional characteristics and availability of monomeric sugars. Different substrates of first, second and third generation fuel sources exist and may be used as reliable and sustainable substrates for bioethanol generation. The current review provides an overview of Vitellaria fruit pulp; its composition and characteristics for ethanol production. This study has examined literature on the background of the Vitellaria paradoxa, the characteristics and the potential of the shea nut pulp for fermentation to bioethanol. This review will be useful in harnessing the potentials of the shea pulp as industrially relevant substrate for use independently or in combination with other substrates in microbial fermentation processes for ethanol production.   Key words: Vitellaria, shea nut pulp, fermentation, composition, characterization, bioethanol.