Standard Type Research Articles

Abstract 4295: Streamlining the reconstruction of subclonal evolution in DNA sequencing data

Abstract In many cancer types, the evolution of subclonal malignant cells leads to a diverse tumor population that can affect treatment efficacy. In addition, evolution throughout treatment can lead to resistant subclonal populations and eventual relapse. To effectively treat these cancers, it is essential to understand the subclonal architecture of the tumor, including the somatic mutations that differentiate each population. Many tools have been developed to attempt to cluster mutations or reconstruct the clonal architecture of a given tumor sample. However, few can accommodate multiple samples, which is common in longitudinal or metastasis studies. In addition, these tools typically focus on just one of the steps necessary for a full analysis (e.g., variant clustering, subclone hierarchical tree reconstruction, and tree visualization). Many require non-standard data formats, necessitating data format conversion between each step. These requirements make it very challenging for investigators without a deep understanding of each tool to perform a full subclonal analysis. To make the identification of temporal and spatial heterogeneity more streamlined and accessible to analysts with basic programming knowledge, we have developed a pipeline that takes somatic mutations in standard VCF file format as input and produces meaningful results that are easy to interpret. Variant data is extracted and formatted for the input to PyClone-VI (Gillis and Roth, 2020), which is used to cluster somatic variants based on their allele frequencies at each time point. SuperSeeker, an improvement on the SubcloneSeeker method developed within our lab (Qiao et al., 2014), implements advanced tumor subclone reconstruction algorithms to jointly analyze multiple samples and construct hierarchical trees that account for all subclones observed in a patient. A sample trace, or the cellular fraction of each subclone found in each sample, is also provided. The output of SuperSeeker is an updated VCF file with the tree and sample trace information added to the header. Finally, a GraphViz rendering of the hierarchical tree is made for easy visualization. In addition to this rendering, the final VCF file can also be used for interactive analysis and visualization of the results using our Oncogene.iobio web tool. This pipeline makes identifying temporal and spatial heterogeneity more efficient, requiring only standard file types as input, and basic command line knowledge. In a recently published study, we investigated subclonal evolution in 38 patients with CLL being treated with a BTKi. The initial subclonal architecture analysis for each patient in this study was laborious and time intensive. Using this pipeline, we can now identify subclonal evolution in these patients and create an interactive visualization more efficiently. This approach can streamline analyses, increase efficiency, and lead to a deeper understanding of a tumor’s subclonal evolution. Citation Format: Gage Black, Yi Qiao, Xiaomeng Huang, Gabor Marth. Streamlining the reconstruction of subclonal evolution in DNA sequencing data. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 4295.

The Current State and Future Implications of Environmental, Social, and Governance Assurance

SUMMARY This study examines environmental, social, and governance (ESG) reports of companies on The Wall Street Journal’s and Investor’s Business Daily’s top 100 sustainable companies. We collect information on whether the reports are assured, the type of assurance and standards cited, the assurance provider, and whether or not the provider also audits the financial statements. Fifty-eight percent of sample companies voluntarily sought external assurance services for some portion of these reports, with limited assurance primarily provided. Big 4 firms provide assurance for most international companies but assure only 16 percent of U.S. companies. We discuss practical implications and future research areas, including cross-country comparisons, ESG assurance, and standard-setting.

Electrospinning with curved nozzle spinneret for producing poly (vinyl Alcohol) nanomembrane for filtration

To produce a consistent and fine nanofiber with a higher yield, electrospinning with a redesigned spinneret has been used. The principle that a curved or sharp edge activates a greater electric field intensity that stretches the jet into a thinner and denser electro spinning nanoweb is the subject of this research. In the electrospinning process, a curved nozzle spinneret outperforms a circular nozzle spinneret and a standard needle type in terms of electric field intensity and dispersion. It has been discovered that a high electric field intensity causes a 30% reduction in fiber diameter, the development of a denser fiber web, and an increase in production rate up to 280 mg h−1.For testing as an air filtration material, the electro-spun nano web of Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is accumulated as a membrane and sandwiched with polypropylene nonwoven fabric. The nonwoven membrane can filter particles down to 2–3 microns, whereas the sandwiched PVA nano-fiber can filter particles into nanometers. This research could lead to the low-cost manufacture of Nano-membranes using a simple electrospinning setup.

User Requirements and Quality Assessment on Shoe Size and Fit Recommendation

Online shoppers often have to find reference conversion by manual method, standalone systems, asking sales agents, and browsing the internet. However, these methods that did not provide fast and seamless information on size and fit, and what more by different brands. This study was conducted to identify user requirements for shoe sizing and fitting based on standard size conversion (US, UK, Euro), brand and type. A survey (n=62) was conducted with online shoppers to determine functional and non-functional requirements for the shoe size and fit recommendation mobile application. Subsequently, a mobile application was developed based on the output, followed by 15 user satisfaction tests (n=50) to assess its quality using 9 task scenarios. An interview was then conducted to obtain richer user feedback. The analysis showed more than 90% of users evaluated the application as easy to use, had a pleasant interface, had the intention of using it, would recommend it to others, and were satisfied with the overall application. The mean analysis showed a score of 4.6, which indicates that most of the participants were satisfied with the application. The interview results suggested the application to add brand recommendations and customize features for children’s shoes. These open opportunities for future work to improve the acceptance and quality of the application. Users who wish to buy shoes online could benefit from the application by finding the right fit based on foot size, shoe brand and type easily using their smartphone.

Correlation between Blood Type 0 and Risk of Chronic Subdural Hematoma Recurrence: A Single Center Retrospective Cohort Study

Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) is a common disease in the neurological and neurosurgical world. The recommended treatment for cSDH patients with moderate or severe neurological symptoms is surgical evacuation, but cSDH frequently recurs. The patient's ABO blood type may influence the outcome. This study aims to evaluate the correlation between cSDH recurrence and blood type O. We performed a retrospective analysis of the data of patients with cSDH who were surgically treated. Recurrence was defined as the need for re-operation within the first 12 weeks after the initial surgery. We analyzed standard demographic data, duration and type of surgery, ABO blood types, and the re-operation rate. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted. A total of 229 patients were included. The recurrence of hematoma was identified in 20.5% of patients. Blood type O was found to be significantly associated with cSDH recurrence leading to re-operation within 12 weeks (p = 0.02, OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1-3.5). Thrombocyte aggregation inhibition and oral anticoagulants were not predictors of cSDH recurrence. Patients with blood type O in our cohort were identified to be at higher risk of cSDH recurrence and may, therefore, be a more vulnerable patient group. This finding needs further evaluation in larger cohorts.

Standardized growth charts for children with osteogenesis imperfecta.

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is associated with short stature, which is mild, severe and moderate in OI types I, III and IV, respectively. Standardized OI type- and sex-specific growth charts across all pediatric ages do not exist. We assessed 573 individuals with OI (type I, III or IV), each with at least one height measurement between ages 3 months and 20 years (total 6523 observations). Analogous to the Centers for Disease Control pediatric growth charts, we generated OI type- and sex-specific growth charts for infants (ages 3-36 months) as well as children and adolescents (ages 2-20 years). Growth curves were fitted to the data using the LMS method and percentiles were smoothed. Age was associated with a decline in height z-scores (p < 0.001 for all OI types), which was more pronounced in females. Height multiplier curves were produced to predict adult height in children with OI. Among individuals with OI type I, those with COL1A1 pathogenic variants leading to haploinsufficiency were taller than those with COL1A1 or COL1A2 pathogenic variants not leading to haploinsufficiency. Our standardized OI type- and sex-specific growth charts can be used to assess the growth of individuals with OI from infancy to adulthood. Standardized osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) type- and sex-specific growth charts across all pediatric ages do not exist. Our study is the first to generate OI type- and sex-specific growth charts across all pediatric ages. Our height multiplier curves can be utilized to predict adult height in children with OI.

Chain enumeration, partition lattices and polynomials with only real roots

The coefficients of the chain polynomial of a finite poset enumerate chains in the poset by their number of elements. The chain polynomials of the partition lattices and their standard type \(B\) analogues are shown to have only real roots. The real-rootedness of the chain polynomial is conjectured for all geometric lattices and is shown to be preserved by the pyramid and the prism operations on Cohen-Macaulay posets. As a result, new families of convex polytopes whose barycentric subdivisions have real-rooted \(f\)-polynomials are presented. An application to the face enumeration of the second barycentric subdivision of the boundary complex of the simplex is also included.Mathematics Subject Classifications: 05A05, 05A18, 05E45, 06A07, 26C10Keywords: Chain polynomial, geometric lattice, partition lattice, real-rooted polynomial, flag \(h\)-vector, convex polytope, barycentric subdivision

Educational Intervention of Improve Student's Oral Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis School-Based.

The present research aimed to assess the effects of oral health intervention programs at school level on students' oral hygiene in developing countries. To this aim, a systematic review and meta-analysis approach was employed. The present research was done by surfing electronic databases with MEDLINE Ovid (Embase Ovid, Scopus), Web of Science from 2000 to Mar 2020. The data were collected using a standard type of data collection including specific studies to observational ones, and the data entered RevMan 2014. The eligibility criteria were individually randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or cluster-RCTs including quasi-experimental papers with oral health interventions. The RevMan 2014 package was used for a meta-analysis done through random-effects models. Meta-analyses revealed statistically significant divergences in terms of knowledge (SMD 3.31, 95% CI 2.52 to 4.11; I2 = 98; P<0.001), attitude (SMD 1.99, 95% CI 0. 43 to 3.54; I2 = 99; P<0.001), behavior (SMD 4.74, 95% CI 3.70 to 5.77; I2 = 99; P<0.001), plaque index (SMD -1.01, 95% CI -1.50 to -0. 51; I2 = 97; P<0.001) and Gingival index (SMD 0. 33, 95% CI -0. 36 to 1. 02; I2 = 98; P=0.34) in the case of students who received educational interventions versus those with ordinary care. The present findings attested to the effectiveness of the educational interventions in improving oral health knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and so on which can presumably contribute to a better oral hygiene, lower incidence of oral diseases, and lower costs of the treatments imposed by oral diseases.

Targeted therapy of anaplastic thyroid cancer

Introduction. Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a very rare malignant tumor of the thyroid comprising 1–2 % of all thyroid cancers. In this pathology, response rate for standard systemic therapy is less than 15 %, and long-term results remain unsatisfactory. Additionally, there are no data conclusively showing that cytotoxic chemotherapy improves survival or quality of life in patients with ATC.Aim. To improve the results of treatment of patients with ATC through evaluation of the effectiveness of targeted therapy in cases of BRAFV600E mutation.Materials and methods. The multicenter prospective study included 29 patients with ATC IVB–C, T4a–bN1a–bM0–1. The patients were divided into 2 groups. The Group 1 (control) included 15 patients with resectable / nonresectable, metastatic / nonmetastatic ATC (without BRAFV600E mutation), stages IVB–C who received standard types of treatment (surgical intervention, radiation, and chemotherapy). The Group 2 consisted of 14 patients with nonresectable or metastatic ATC, stages IVB–C, who received combination therapy (surgical intervention, radiation, and chemotherapy) with inclusion of inhibitors of BRAF dabrafenib and trametinib in neoadjuvant and adjuvant regimens.Results. The study showed the effectiveness of targeted therapy with inhibitors of BRAF mutations in treatment of locally advanced non-operable metastatic ATC with BRAFV600E mutation. Overall response (complete response + partial response) in the Group 1 was 0 %, in the Group 2 it was 64 %. Therefore, treatment scheme dabrafenib + trametinib is a prmising approach to combination targeted therapy in patients with ATC and BRAFV600E mutation. Conclusion. Dabrafenib + trametinib is a promising combination targeted therapy option for patients with ATC with a BRAFV600 mutation demonstrates a high overall response rate, a prolonged duration of response, and an increase in survival rates with controlled toxicity.

Tungsten–Rhenium Thermocouples Calibration in Ultra-High Temperature Range

There are presented results of experimental research on calibration of tungsten–rhenium thermocouples at the temperatures exceeding the upper limit of measurements (1700 °C) of standard type B thermocouple. The research was carried out using the high-temperature installation UKT-2500 designed for practical use in production of temperature sensors based on refractory thermocouples. Available types of insulating ceramics for thermocouples have been tested in the temperature range of (1500–2500) °C. The effects of signal shunting and thermocouples stability in inert atmosphere have been investigated at upper limit of the operating temperature range. There was proved practical feasibility of the method for calibration of several contact temperature sensors (up to 10) in one run relative to radiation pyrometer readings. Its suitability for thermocouple calibration and certifying of thermocouple wires in the temperature range (1200–2200) °C was shown. Installation enables to use reference fixed-points of Me-C type to get the highest accuracy calibration of a single tungsten–rhenium thermocouple. Type A bare-wire thermocouple was calibrated in the whole measuring range from 1200 °C to 2500 °C against an accurate radiation pyrometer.

The efficacy of sulfosulfuron on spontaneous barley as affected by the type, size, and outlet design of flat fan nozzle

Sulfosulfuron, when applied at a label-increased rate, can control spontaneous barley (Hordeum spontaneum K. Koch) in wheat. For optimization, a dose-response bioassay was conducted on three-leaf spontaneous barley plants treated with six sulfosulfuron doses (0, 6.75, 13.5, 27, 40, and 80 g a.i. ha−1) under the wind speed of 0 and 6 m s−1. Each of the doses was sprayed with three nozzle types (standard, anti-drift, and air induction), each with three outlet designs (single, dual, and triplet flat fan) at three nozzle sizes (02, 03, and 04, delivering 210, 315, and 420 L ha−1, respectively). Moreover, at 0 m s−1 wind, vertically and horizontally oriented water-sensitive papers (WSP) were treated with a dose of 40 g a.i. ha−1 sulfosulfuron. The horizontally-oriented WSP wetted less as the droplet size produced by the nozzles increased. The vertically-oriented WSP wetted more as the outlet number of nozzles increased. When the ED90 values averaged over the nozzle type at 0 m s−1 wind, the standard nozzle type had the best performance, followed by the anti-drift nozzle type and then the air induction nozzle type, while this ranking reversed at 6 m s−1 wind. Moreover, the optimized rates were achieved by increasing the spray volume and the outlet number of all nozzle types at both wind speeds. At 0 m s−1 wind, the standard triplet flat fan nozzle delivering 420 L ha−1 was the best with a low endo-drift. At 6 m s−1 wind, the air induction triplet flat fan nozzle delivering 420 L ha−1 was the best nozzle having a low exo-drift.

Research on carbon emission standards of automobile industry in BRI participating countries

As emerging markets, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) participating countries have great development room for automobile industries. Yet the greater climate change pressure may hinder the development of the upstream and downstream industries chain of domestic automobile industries. Therefore, a sound carbon emission standard system should be established to guide carbon emission accounting, emissions management and so on. This study selects Singapore, Indonesia, Poland, South Africa, Pakistan as the typical research objects, and thereby analyzes the development status of carbon emissions standards in BRI participating countries’ automobile industries from the perspective of standard type, standard name, vehicle model range, target value, accounting boundaries, etc. In this paper, standard types are categorized based on management objects, such as fuel standard and carbon emissions standard. The accounting boundary, namely, the scope included in management, is divided into driving phase, life cycle phase and so on. In the meanwhile, based on comparative analysis method, China, United States (US) and the European Union (EU) are selected as the control group to study the existing problems of the carbon emission standards in BRI participating countries. The results show that the automobile industry of the BRI participating countries is still facing several problems to be solved, such as the lack of low-carbon technology, technical standard system of carbon emission, and the targeted carbon reduction policy framework, etc. Based on the above analysis results, policy recommendations have been proposed based on two categories of BRI participating countries to give scientific and reasonable advice for the construction of carbon emission standards for automobile industry.

Assessment for learning and cognitive process dimensions literacy of instructors in English

The general problem of this study was to determine the literacy level of instructors in English on assessment for learning and cognitive process dimensions in terms of the following parameters such as classroom assessment objective, classroom assessment theoretical basis, types of tests, content, and performance standards and competencies, and cognitive process dimensions. To achieve this aim, the researchers involved five university administrators, 15 instructors in English, and 225 college students during the school year 2020-2021. The questionnaire on the literacy level of instructors in English on the assessment of learning and cognitive process dimensions was utilized. The results were processed using statistical packages for social sciences (SPSS) and presented using appropriate tables and texts. The findings revealed that: first, although instructors in English are utilizing specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) learning objectives, they still have to distinguish between three learning domains; secondly, while instructors in English are excellent in identifying the diversity of students, they have to look for various assessment tools; third, though they have flexibility in crafting learning goals, and assess students holistically, they need to be familiar with levels of cognitive process in achieving profound assessment for learning.

Modified design of x-ray protective clothing to enhance radiation protection for interventional radiologists.

In interventional radiology procedures, the operator typically stands on the right side of the patient's right thigh to manipulate devices through the femoral sheath. Because the standard x-ray protective clothing is designed as sleeveless and scatter radiations from the patient are mainly incident from the left-anterior direction to the operator, the arm hole of the clothing may be a significant unprotected area, contributing to an increase in the operator's organ doses and effective dose. This study aimed to compare the organ doses and effective dose received by the interventional radiologist when wearing the standard x-ray protective clothing and when wearing the modified clothing with an additional shoulder guard. The experimental setup aimed to simulate actual clinical practice in interventional radiology. The patient phantom was located at the beam center to generate scatter radiation. An adult female anthropomorphic phantom loaded with 126 nanoDots (Landauer Inc., Glenwood, IL) was used to measure organ and effective doses to the operator. The standard wrap-around type x-ray protective clothing offered 0.25-mm lead-equivalent protection, and the frontal overlap area offered 0.50-mm lead-equivalent protection. The shoulder guard was custom-made with a material providing x-ray protection equivalent to lead of 0.50mm thickness. The organ and effective doses were compared between the operator wearing the standard protective clothing and the one wearing the modified clothing with a shoulder guard. After adding the shoulder guard, doses to the lungs, bone marrow, and esophagus decreased by 81.9%, 58.6%, and 58.7%, respectively, and the effective dose to the operator decreased by 47.7%. Widespread use of modified x-ray protective clothing with shoulder guards can significantly decrease the overall occupational radiation risk in interventional radiology.

Regional horizontal ecological compensation and ecosystem service value based on water resources pattern and insurance gain.

Ecological compensation plays an important role in maintaining ecosystem services and promoting regional green development. We built a regional horizontal ecological compensation model based on water resources pattern and insurance gain, and which was used to solve the problems of single compensation method and low compensation efficiency. Taking the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region as an example, we analyzed water footprint and water ecological carrying capacity from 2000 to 2019. The compensation subject and object and water footprint compensation amount were determined according to the input cost of ecological protection and allocation factor. Then, the insurance pricing model was introduced to determine ecological insurance premium rate. We calculated insurance compensation, ecological compensation standard and different types of ecosystem service value. Results showed that the whole region was at a state of water ecological deficit, with the agricultural water footprint accounting for 94.5%. From the perspective of the compensation subject and object, Beijing and Tianjin, as the compensation subject, needed to pay 0.402 billion yuan and 0.396 billion yuan (the amount of compensation) to Hebei Province each year. Hebei Province obtained a total of 0.228 billion yuan of ecological insurance with an insurance premium rate of 1.4%, and should receive an average annual ecological compensation standard of 0.81 billion yuan from Beijing and Tianjin. Hydrological regulation was the core ecosystem service in the region, with an average value of 187.974 billion yuan. It was of strategic significance to introduce ecological insurance mechanism to construct horizontal ecological compensation mechanism, improve ecosystem service function, and enhance the value of ecosystem services in the study area.

Analytical Derivation of Frequency Response Rate Constraint in Distribution System Restoration With Single Master Diesel-Based DG

Transient frequency deviation resulting from load pick-up operations is a barrier to DG-based service restoration. The prime mover dynamics and control-parameter configuration have a significant effect on the frequency response rate (FRR) in the restoration process, but have not been sufficiently considered in previous works. To address this issue, this letter analyzes the FRR based on the transfer function of the speed-regulator of a single master diesel generation unit, and simplifies the model through variable substitution and order reduction. A succinct FRR constraint is derived according to the characteristics of the standard Type 2 system. The simulation of the restoration process verifies the accuracy of the derivation.

Stakeholder perceptions of the role of standards for addressing the sustainable development goals

Not only governmental regulation but also voluntary standards developed within co- or self-regulatory processes can contribute to the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In this paper, we analyze this contribution with a focus on formal standard-setting in the European Union. First, we review the limited literature on standards and sustainability and point out examples of specific SDG-related standards along the value chain. We then present results from a survey among >1000 stakeholders involved in standardization, who ranked the relevance of the SDGs and assessed how much different types of standards contribute to these goals. The results show that particularly formal standards are perceived to positively contribute to achieving the SDGs. This positive perception is most strongly pronounced for standards linked to laws, such as harmonized European standards. In light of the stakeholders' positive assessments, we argue that formal standardization could be a tool that further involves economic actors in implementing concrete measures for achieving the SDGs and that formal standards have the potential to complement already existing dedicated sustainability standards.

A Comprehensive Review of Power System Stabilizers

This paper presents a current literature review (from the years 2017–2022) on issues related to the application of power system stabilizers (PSSs) for damping electromechanical swings in power systems (PSs). After the initial selection of papers found in the databases used, over 600 publications were qualified for this review, of which 216 were subjected to detailed analysis. In the review, issues related to the following problems are described: applications of classic PSSs, applications of new stabilizer structures based on new algorithms (including artificial intelligence), development of new methods for tuning PSSs, and operation of PSSs in PSs with high power generation by renewable sources. Describing individual papers, the research methods used by the authors (simulations, measurement methods, and a combination of both) are specified, attention is paid to the waveforms presented in the papers, and reference is made to the types of PSs in which PSSs (large multimachine, reflecting real systems, smaller standard multimachine New-England type, and simplest single-machine) operate. The tables contain detailed comments on the selected papers. The final part of the review presents general comments on the analyzed papers and guidelines for future PS stability studies.

Testing for Alpha in Linear Factor Pricing Models with a Large Number of Securities

Abstract This article considers tests of alpha in linear factor pricing models when the number of securities, N, is much larger than the time dimension, T, of the individual return series. We focus on class of tests that are based on Student’s t-tests of individual securities which have a number of advantages over the existing standardized Wald type tests, and propose a test procedure that allows for non-Gaussianity and general forms of weakly cross-correlated errors. It does not require estimation of an invertible error covariance matrix, it is much faster to implement, and is valid even if N is much larger than T. We also show that the proposed test can account for some limited degree of pricing errors allowed under Ross’s arbitrage pricing theory condition. Monte Carlo evidence shows that the proposed test performs remarkably well even when T = 60 and N = 5000. The test is applied to monthly returns on securities in the S&amp;P 500 at the end of each month in real time, using rolling windows of size 60. Statistically significant evidence against Sharpe–Lintner capital asset pricing model and Fama–French three and five factor models are found mainly during the period of Great Recession (2007M12–2009M06).

Growth and Productivity of Sweet Cherry Varieties on Hungarian Clonal Prunus mahaleb (L.) Rootstocks

Due to climate changes, drought- and lime-tolerant Prunus mahaleb rootstock may gain importance. Among the Mahaleb rootstocks and hybrids, there are standard and moderate-vigorous types, but their intensive testing in orchards is still needed. Our paper reports on testing rootstocks SL 64, Bogdány, Magyar, SM 11/4 clonal Mahalebs, and the hybrid MaxMa 14. ‘Carmen’, ‘Vera’, ‘Paulus’, and ‘Rita’ sweet cherry trees were trained on the above rootstocks to the principles of Hungarian Cherry Spindle at a spacing of 1.6 × 5 m. Rootstocks SL 64, Bogdány, and SM 11/4 proved to be vigorous, while on rootstocks Magyar and MaxMa 14, the trees were moderately vigorous, about 80%. ‘Carmen’, ‘Vera’, and ‘Rita’ on Magyar and MaxMa 14 produced high cumulative yields without significant differences, while ‘Paulus’ trees were most productive on Bogdány rootstock. ‘Carmen’ on Bogdány rootstock, ‘Vera’ on Magyar and Maxma 14 rootstock, and ‘Rita’ on MaxMa 14 were more precocious than on SL 64. Contrary to SL 64 and MaxMa 14, both Magyar and Bogdány rootstocks resulted in abundant flat branching and good fruit size. Our conclusion is that trees on Magyar and Bogdány rootstocks fit well to the Hungarian Cherry Spindle orchard system with 1250 tree/ha orchard density.