Spring Type Research Articles

Neodymium Magnetic Shock Absorber for Two Wheelers Automobiles

This paper presents a research work on magnetic suspension system of two wheelers Automobiles, which are usually depending on spring type, Hydraulic and Pneumatic suspension systems. In this proposed magnetic suspension system, two permanent magnets made of Neodymium material are placed inside the shock absorber cylinder such that both facing same pole. So they produce a repulsive magnetic flux force, when they come closer due to shocking load. This repulsive magnetic flux force is used as shock absorbing media and provides damping force. Proposed suspension system proves to be more efficient over other type of suspension systems, absorb more number of shocks with high accuracy, has no leakage problem unlike in Hydraulic and Pneumatic system. So all these beneficial qualities make the magnetic suspension system to work efficiently with less maintenance cost and hence the Automobile.

Different copies of SENSITIVITY TO RED LIGHT REDUCED 1 show strong subfunctionalization in Brassica napus

BackgroundCorrect timing of flowering is critical for plants to produce enough viable offspring. In Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), flowering time is regulated by an intricate network of molecular signaling pathways. Arabidopsis srr1–1 mutants lacking SENSITIVITY TO RED LIGHT REDUCED 1 (SRR1) expression flower early, particularly under short day (SD) conditions (1). SRR1 ensures that plants do not flower prematurely in such non-inductive conditions by controlling repression of the key florigen FT. Here, we have examined the role of SRR1 in the closely related crop species Brassica napus.ResultsArabidopsis SRR1 has five homologs in Brassica napus. They can be divided into two groups, where the A02 and C02 copies show high similarity to AtSRR1 on the protein level. The other group, including the A03, A10 and C09 copies all carry a larger deletion in the amino acid sequence. Three of the homologs are expressed at detectable levels: A02, C02 and C09. Notably, the gene copies show a differential expression pattern between spring and winter type accessions of B. napus. When the three expressed gene copies were introduced into the srr1–1 background, only A02 and C02 were able to complement the srr1–1 early flowering phenotype, while C09 could not. Transcriptional analysis of known SRR1 targets in Bna.SRR1-transformed lines showed that CYCLING DOF FACTOR 1 (CDF1) expression is key for flowering time control via SRR1.ConclusionsWe observed subfunctionalization of the B. napus SRR1 gene copies, with differential expression between early and late flowering accessions of some Bna.SRR1 copies. This suggests involvement of Bna.SRR1 in regulation of seasonal flowering in B. napus. The C09 gene copy was unable to complement srr1–1 plants, but is highly expressed in B. napus, suggesting specialization of a particular function. Furthermore, the C09 protein carries a deletion which may pinpoint a key region of the SRR1 protein potentially important for its molecular function. This is important evidence of functional domain annotation in the highly conserved but unique SRR1 amino acid sequence.

Modeling of bonded elastic structures by a variational method: Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation

The paper deals with an equilibrium problem of two bodies adhesively bonded to each other along the part of interface between them. There is a crack on the rest part of the interface. The bonding between the bodies is described by “spring type” condition modeling a soft and thin material layer. We also impose non-penetration conditions and Tresca’s friction conditions on the interface including both the adhesive layer and the crack. The non-penetration condition excludes mutual penetration of bodies. A formula for the derivative of the energy functional with respect to the crack length is obtained. It is shown that the derivative can be represented as a path-independent integral (J-integral). Moreover, a non-overlapping domain decomposition method for the bonded structure is proposed and its convergence is studied theoretically and numerically. The numerical study shows the efficiency of the proposed method and the importance of the non-penetration condition.

Neodymium magnetic shock absorber for two wheelers Automobiles

This paper presents a research work on magnetic suspension system of two wheelers Automobiles, which are usually depending on spring type, Hydraulic and Pneumatic suspension systems. In this proposed magnetic suspension system, two permanent magnets made of Neodymium material are placed inside the shock absorber cylinder such that both facing same pole. So they produce a repulsive magnetic flux force, when they come closer due to shocking load. This repulsive magnetic flux force is used as shock absorbing media and provides damping force. Proposed suspension system proves to be more efficient over other type of suspension systems, absorb more number of shocks with high accuracy, has no leakage problem unlike in Hydraulic and Pneumatic system. So, all these beneficial qualities make the magnetic suspension system to work efficiently with less maintenance cost and hence the Automobile.

Design and Fabrication of Automatic Spring Type Chip Conveyor

It is necessary to use an efficient chip removal system to increase productivity on the shop floor. Conventional conveyor systems such as belt conveyors are being used in industries. The Belt conveyors used in the computer numerical control (CNC) machining firms, remove the metal chips falling from the machine. A machine shop is operated on a small scale certainly has limitations to adopt these chip removal systems economically and precisely. In order to simplify the process, decided to develop an efficient and economical solution for the chip removal process. The spring type chip conveyor is designed to overcome the problems faced while using a belt conveyor and also to remove the metal chips from the machine in a faster and cheaper rate.

Self-induced topological transition in phononic crystals by nonlinearity management

A new design paradigm of topology has recently emerged to manipulate the flow of phonons. At its heart lies a topological transition to a nontrivial state with exotic properties. This framework has been limited to linear lattice dynamics so far. Here we show a topological transition in a nonlinear regime and its implication in emerging nonlinear solutions. We employ nonlinearity management such that the system consists of masses connected with two types of nonlinear springs, "stiffening" and "softening" types, alternating along the length. We show, analytically and numerically, that the lattice makes a topological transition simply by changing the excitation amplitude and invoking nonlinear dynamics. Consequently, we witness the emergence of a new family of finite-frequency edge modes, not observed in linear phononic systems. We also report the existence of kink solitons at the topological transition point. These correspond to heteroclinic orbits that form a closed curve in the phase portrait separating the two topologically-distinct regimes. These findings suggest that nonlinearity can be used as a strategic tuning knob to alter topological characteristics of phononic crystals. These also provide fresh perspectives towards understanding a new family of nonlinear solutions in light of topology.

Nutrient dynamics in submarine groundwater discharge through a coral reef (western Lombok, Indonesia)

AbstractSubmarine groundwater discharge (SGD) from tropical volcanic islands locally transports significant amounts of terrestrial nutrients into the coastal ocean, which can affect sensitive coastal ecosystems such as coral reefs. In northwestern Lombok, terrestrial submarine groundwater discharges through several submarine springs at the seafloor into a coral reef. In order to understand the transport mechanisms of nutrients from land into the reef, we investigated nutrient fluxes via SGD within the area using a combination of different methods, including recharge estimates in the coastal catchment area, echosounder profiling of the seafloor, discharge measurements, and hydrochemical analyses (stable isotopes of water, radon, and nutrients). Different types of springs can be distinguished based on their morphology. One spring showed a “crater”‐shaped structure while other springs consisted of fissures. Recharge rates in the coastal catchment amounted to 5 L s−1, while discharge rates from the largest spring were 5 L s−1 for total SGD and 2.5 L s−1 for fresh SGD, which is similar to discharge rates from smaller onshore springs at the slopes of a volcano. SGD was in general a source of nutrients such as dissolved silicon (~ 226 mol d−1), phosphate (0.61 mol d−1), or total dissolved nitrogen (13.4 mol d−1). Nitrate concentrations varied among the different springs, probably due to different sources in the hinterland, transformations (e.g., denitrification), or biological uptake during transport from land into the ocean. As nitrate can considerably affect coral reef health, our findings suggest that especially nitrate should be monitored around submarine springs in Indonesia.

Hydrogeochemistry, Geothermometry, and Genesis of the Hot Springs in the Simao Basin in Southwestern China

In the Simao Basin in southwest China widely occur red beds of poor permeability. Nevertheless, more than 100 springs exist in the basin, some of which are hot springs with varying temperature. Hot springs contain abundant information on hydrogeochemical processes and groundwater circulation. In this study, hydrochemical and isotopic analyses and mixed models are used to examine the sources of recharge, heat, and solutes of the hot springs to better understand the subsurface processes and formation mechanisms of different hot springs in the basin. Three types of springs are found in the Simao Basin: springs of HCO3-Na type occur in the metamorphic rocks, springs of HCO3-Ca(Mg) and Cl-HCO3-Na-Ca types in the carbonate rocks, and springs of Cl(SO4)-SO4(Cl)-HCO3-Na(Ca) type in the red beds. Data of δ2H and δ18O indicate that the hot springs in the Simao Basin are meteoric in origin. Incongruent dissolution is the dominant process affecting the chemical compositions of the spring waters. The hydrochemical constituents of the hot springs in the metamorphic rocks, carbonate rocks, and red beds are influenced by the weathering of albite and the dissolution of carbonate, gypsum, anhydrite, and halite. The geothermal waters are mixed with shallow cold waters in their ascending processes, and the mixing ratios of cold water range from 58% to 94%. Due to the effect of mixing, the reservoir temperatures (51°C-127°C) calculated with the quartz geothermometer are regarded as the minimum reservoir temperatures. More reliable reservoir temperatures (91°C-132°C) are estimated with the fixed-Al method. The following mechanisms contribute to the formation of hot springs in the Simao Basin: the groundwater receives recharge from infiltration of precipitation and undergoes deep circulation, during which groundwater is heated by heat flow and incongruently dissolves the subsurface minerals and emerges in the form of hot springs along the permeable fracture or fault zones.

New Amphora and Halamphora (Bacillariophyta) species from springs in the northern Apennines (Emilia-Romagna, Italy)

Background and aims – The detailed analysis of algae and cyanoprokaryotes in a heterogeneous group of spring habitats (including all the different typologies) of the northern Apennines (Emilia-Romagna Region, Italy) revealed a new Amphora species in a small mountain flowing spring with low conductivity, and a new Halamphora species in a large, inland-saline (Triassic gypsum), fast flowing spring (Poiano spring). The present study aims to describe in detail these two new species found in contrasting spring types.
 Methods – This study is based on light microscopy (both fresh –for plastids – and prepared materials) and scanning electron microscopy observations, as well as a thorough morphological, physical, chemical, and biological characterization of the habitats.
 Key results – Amphora eileencoxiae sp. nov. is most similar to A. vetula (and allied taxa), and is characterized by the outline with acutely rounded, moderately ventrally bent ends, by the dimensions, and by the well-defined, semi-elliptic dorsal area. Halamphora poianensis sp. nov. is most similar to H. gasseae but differs by the higher stria density, the clearly ventrally bent ends, and the strongly developed dorsal raphe ledge.
 Conclusions – This is a contribution to the knowledge of the genera Amphora and Halamphora in mountain springs in understudied geographic areas and inland-saline springs, the species communities of which are likely insufficiently explored.

Stability of nonlinear signal‐based control for nonlinear structural systems with a pure time delay

Nonlinear signal-based control (NSBC) has recently been developed for nonlinear structural systems. NSBC shows high tracking performance in structural systems that display parameter variations during control practice. This control approach is also efficient for substructuring experimentation, an advanced technique based on real-time interaction between physical experiments and numerical simulations. NSBC allows controller design to be based on classical control theory, with the controllers expressed by transfer functions. Without losing this benefit, this study proposes to analyse the stability of NSBC for nonlinear structural systems and a pure time delay by employing the Nyquist stability criterion, which is also classified into classical stability theory. Then stability analysis that regards the nonlinearity as a parameter variation associated with the linear model of the controlled system has been established in this study. The efficiency and practicality of the stability analysis are examined via numerical control practices for various nonlinear single- and multiple-degree-of-freedom (S/MDOF) systems having pure time delay. In the examination, the controlled systems are nonlinear SDOF and 2DOF systems with different types of nonlinear springs. In the numerical simulations, two control practices for NSBC (i.e., the nonlinear signal feedback action with or without the error feedback action) have offered excellent control with near 100% accuracy. Stability analysis of NSBC has accurately provided the stability conditions for the nonlinear controlled systems with a pure time delay.

Scaling laws of compliant elements for high energy storage capacity in robotics

The key component in compliant actuators is the elastic element, typically a spring. Nevertheless, different types of springs have different characteristics in terms of size, weight, maximum allowable force, maximum allowable torque and maximum allowable deflection. It is however very important to compare them on these requirements, since each application has other demands. In this paper, the energy storage capacity of different types of compliant elements are calculated using scaling laws in order to easily derive the maximum achievable energy capacity for a certain arrangement. These scaling laws are given as a function of the structural parameters and are validated with catalog data of spring manufacturers and distributors such as Alcomex, Lesjöfors and Century Spring. As such, different types of compliant elements can be compared in an easy way. To fully exploit the capabilities of compliant elements, these scaling laws are used to verify the effect of spring parallelization on mass and/or enclosed volume, which is interesting regarding redundant compliant actuation. From theoretical calculations and a case study, it follows that parallelization is beneficial, especially for mass reduction.

Persistence and Lethality of a Fungal Biopesticide (Aprehend) Applied to Insecticide-impregnated and Encasement-type Box Spring Covers for Bed Bug Management.

The newly developed fungal biopesticide Aprehend, containing spores of Beauveria bassiana, is the first biological control agent to be incorporated into management programs to control the common bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Aprehend is sprayed as barriers where bed bugs are likely to walk and pick up spores as they search for a bloodmeal. A key application target for Aprehend is the box spring, which may be covered by encasement-type or insecticide-impregnated covers. Since some insecticides can reduce the persistence of fungal spores, we tested the efficacy and spore germination percentages of Aprehend when applied to the two types of box spring covers. We found that spore germination was about 11% lower on the permethrin-impregnated ActiveGuard cover than on the encasement-type AllerEase cover. However, bed bugs exposed for 15 min to Aprehend on the two box spring covers suffered similarly high levels of mortality irrespective of the cover material. Thus, there was no inhibitory or additive effect of the ActiveGuard cover on bed bug mortality. Lastly, overall mortality was higher if bed bugs were exposed to Aprehend-treated ActiveGuard than the ActiveGuard cover alone. Our findings indicate that if pest managers are using ActiveGuard covers in combination with Aprehend, best practice would be to use ActiveGuard on mattresses and apply Aprehend directly to the box spring or to a box spring covered by an encasement-type cover.

Potential for Seed Transmission of Verticillium longisporum in Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus).

Verticillium longisporum is a soilborne vascular fungal pathogen that has spread throughout the European oilseed rape cultivation area since the 1980s and was detected in canola fields in Canada in 2014. In a series of greenhouse and field inoculation experiments using V. longisporum-resistant and susceptible cultivars of winter and spring types of oilseed rape, the present study investigated the potential of V. longisporum dissemination by seeds of Brassica napus. Greenhouse inoculation studies with a DsRed-labeled isolate of V. longisporum confirmed the systemic growth of the pathogen from roots to seeds. Further monitoring of plant colonization in the greenhouse with a species-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction assay verified the pathogen growth from roots to stem bases, pods, and seeds in root-inoculated plants. The frequency of recovery of viable colonies of V. longisporum from seeds harvested from greenhouse-grown inoculated plants ranged from 0.08 to 13.3%. The frequency of seed transmission in the greenhouse differed in oilseed rape cultivars varying in susceptibility to V. longisporum. Subsequent studies on transmission of the disease into the offspring revealed that only 1.7 to 2.3% of plants showed disease symptoms as confirmed by the formation of microsclerotia in the stems. Results from field-grown plants differed from the greenhouse studies. The degree of seed transmission in the field was dependent on the crop type. Although only low concentrations of DNA of V. longisporum were detectable in seeds harvested from severely infected winter oilseed rape, significantly greater concentrations of fungal DNA were found in seeds of spring-type oilseed rape, at similar soil conditions and inoculum densities. Correspondingly, plating seeds that were harvested from infected plants on agar yielded viable V. longisporum colonies only from seeds of the spring-type but not of the winter-type plants. Lack of seed infection in the winter-type crop was confirmed in two seasons. Equally, none of the offspring grown from seeds from severely diseased winter oilseed rape plants developed symptoms of Verticillium stem striping. The results suggest that the rate of seed transmission of V. longisporum depends on the degree of plant colonization, which is significantly faster under greenhouse than field conditions and in a spring-sown crop compared with an autumn-sown oilseed rape crop. According to our studies, disease transmission by seeds from European winter oilseed rape production cannot be confirmed.

A Fourier series solution for the transverse vibration of rotating beams with elastic boundary supports

Rotating beams are usually encountered in various dynamic analyses of rotation machineries, most of the current studies are mainly focused on the classical boundary conditions. From the viewpoint of engineering practice, elastic boundary supports will be of more significance. Motivated by such limitation, a Fourier series solution for vibration analyses of a rotating hub-beam with elastic boundary restraints and centrifugal stiffening is established by solving the governing differential equation and general boundary conditions, simultaneously. For elastic restraints at both ends, two types of boundary springs against translation and rotation are introduced to simulate the general boundary supports. Fourier series supplemented by boundary smoothed terms is constructed for the rotating beam displacement expression. Harmonic balance principle is employed to formulate the system characteristic matrix, from which all the modal information of rotating beam can be derived by solving a standard eigen-value problem. Numerical examples are then presented to verify the correctness and effectiveness of the developed model. The influence of boundary restraining stiffness and rotation speed on modal characteristics of rotating beam are investigated and addressed. The analytical solution established in this work can be used as the benchmark for other solution development, and provide an efficient tool for the parametric studies and/or optimization of dynamic characteristics of rotating beam structure, especially with complicated boundary conditions.

Simplified approach for soil-spring stiffness prediction of pile group

ABSTRACT For deep foundations, several approaches have been developed to represent the effect of soil by using a spring with given stiffness. Typical stiffness values have been proposed for different types and densities of soil. These values generally ignore the effect of the depth and particularly the degradation of soil rigidity with strain. In this paper, a series of 3D numerical analyses are conducted to compute the equivalent soil–spring stiffness as a function of pile distortion for a group of pile located under the central pier of bridge structure above the river Sault–au–Mouton (Longue–Rive, Quebec) and subjected to multi–loading conditions. In these simulations, the degradation of the shear modulus is incorporated in order to account for soil non-linearity. This equivalent stiffness of the soil-springs varies depending on the distortion and may be adapted in an iterative process according to the pile deformation at each depth. The procedure can be compared to the linear equivalent method used in dynamic analysis where an equivalent shear modulus is adapted according to the shear strain. In fact, this type of linear equivalent spring can very useful for structural engineers who want to incorporate the effect of the lateral capacity of soil in their models.

Design of a Recoil System for a Railgun

The recoil force that causes the rearward movement of the gun is generated during firing a railgun as a conventional gun. According to Newton’s third law, it should be equal to the electromagnetic force that accelerates an armature. It continues to act as long as current flows in the rails even when the muzzle arc occurs immediately after the armature exits. The recoil force in a railgun increases being proportional to the square of current as current increases. A recoil system should be installed to absorb the recoil force when it is so large that a carriage cannot withstand the load transmitted directly to it. Design and experiment of the recoil system using friction springs for a railgun are described in this paper. The space and volume to place a spring type of recoil system into the carriage are required relatively small to a hydraulic type and it has a simple structure. The recoil velocity of the railgun can be rapidly down due to the excellent damping characteristics of friction springs during two or three cyclic motions after firing. The load imposed to the carriage can be reduced to over one-tenth of the recoil force with 15 mm of recoil length when about 1560 N · s of firing impulse is applied.

A Preliminary Study for Simple Physics Models of Coconut Tree

An investigation of how coconut palm tree withstands gale force winds has been performed. When observed carefully, the motion of the stalks and leaves affected the wind resistance. The stalks and leaves move randomly when the wind blows continously. Although this is such an interesting phenomenon, there is still no report on the physical modelling. This paper proposes a simple mathematical model to analyze the phenomenon. A simple tool was also designed to retrieve data using Video Tracker. The experiments were conducted on several types of springs. The model showed that the theoretical prediction accurately explained the phenomenon.

A Preliminary Study for Simple Physics Models of Coconut Tree

An investigation of how coconut palm tree withstands gale force winds has been performed. When observed carefully, the motion of the stalks and leaves affected the wind resistance. The stalks and leaves moved at random when intentioned wind blows. However, there is still no report on the physical modelling. This paper proposes a simple mathematical model to analyze the phenomenon. A simple tool was also designed to retrieve data using Video Tracker. The experiments were conducted on several types of springs. The model showed that the theoretical prediction accurately explained the phenomenon.

Algal assemblages in springs of different lithologies (ophiolites vs. limestone) of the Konjuh Mountain (Bosnia And Herzegovina)

Abstract The biodiversity of algal communities and environmental conditions were investigated in the springs of Mt. Konjuh. The assemblages of 20 springs emerging from different lithologies (limestones and ophiolites, respectively) comprised 234 algal taxa. Diatoms and cyanobacteria were the most species-rich groups. The most common alkaliphilic, circumneutral, and eutraphentic diatoms were represented by the genera Gomphonema, Nitzschia, Navicula, Cymbella, and Achnanthidium, and by the cyanobacterial genus Phormidium. Hierarchical clustering and SIMPROF analysis based on relative algal abundance clustered springs into six groups, separating them mainly according to spring type and lithology. Indicator species for groups and springs on different lithological substrata were singled out, revealing 33 taxa with preferences for ophiolites, and 20 taxa with preferences for carbonates. The values of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index were moderately high per spring location, and similar for the two groups of springs on different lithologies. A higher similarity in species composition was noted between springs on ophiolites and limestones than between springs on ophiolites and other types of siliceous substrata. The present study suggests that algal assemblages in springs emerging from ophiolites, even those made up by a preponderance of silicates, should be analyzed separately from those related to springs on other siliceous substrata. The results obtained showed that most of the springs studied are affected by anthropogenic impacts and morphological alterations leading to the dominance of highly competitive meso- and eutraphentic algal species, thus emphasizing the importance of further investigation and conservation of these habitats.

Design and simulation of double planar spring based on polyimide for electrodynamic vibration energy harvesting

This paper deals with the simulation of planar spring as one of the components of the Electrodynamics Vibration Energy Harvesting (EVEH) devices. This EVEH device is composed of symmetric double spring planar, magnets and coils. Spring planar with four cantilever arms were made of polyimide material. The cantilever’s arm was designed with four type of planar spring. They have different dimension and number of magnet to be attach in the device. The dimension was 15x15 mm2 and 25x25 mm2 with one and two magnets, respectively. Planar spring was then simulated using Finite Element Analysis software (FEA) Comsol Multiphysics 4.3 for studying resonance frequency of the device. The resonance frequency was achieved 56 Hz with one magnet, and 40 Hz with two magnets at 25x25 mm2 planar spring size, while for planar spring with dimension 15x15 mm2 around 103 Hz with one magnet, and 74 Hz with two magnets. The results show, that design of 25x25 mm2 was obtained the smaller resonance frequency than of 15x15 mm2. The usage of one magnet shown higher resonance frequency than two magnets.