Types Of Spatial Arrangements Research Articles

Analysis of spatial arrangement of fractures in two dimensions using point process statistics

Here we present a methodology that quantifies fracture arrangement in space as a function of position (barycenters), size (trace length in 2D), and orientation (variation in strike). We use point process statistics to analyze distances between barycenters and estimate a confidence interval for randomness that is compared with input data. The methodology can discriminate at least four types of spatial arrangements and identifies preferential associations of distances with fracture length and orientation. We apply our method to two naturally fractured formations and show that it can determine fracture arrangements under a significant statistical confidence.

Linking space syntax and cluster analysis to design and plan temporary housing neighborhoods: A taxonomy of sites in Norcia

Building Back Better in disaster recovery and reconstruction requires the adoption of integrated and context-sensitive approaches to the design and planning of Temporary Housing (TH) sites. However, there is a lack of methods for enabling successful outcomes in housing assistance provision, e.g. via a quantitative evaluation of the social-spatial qualities of the sites, and supporting the negotiation of urban design changes and the development of a coherent end-of-life plan. The paper aims to uncover formal analogies between different TH sites’ layouts by linking Space Syntax and Clustering analysis within an unsupervised machine-learning pipeline, which can consider a virtually unlimited number of configurational qualities and how they vary across different scales. The potential benefits of the proposal are illustrated through its application to the study of 20 TH sites built in Norcia after the 2016-2017 Central Italy earthquakes. The results indicate the proposal enables distinguishing different types of spatial arrangements according to local strategic priorities and suggest the opportunity to extend the study in the future to set up rules of thumb for the design of site layout options. The paper ultimately aims to equip local administrations and contracted professionals with a much-needed tool to develop and rapidly audit proposals for temporary neighbourhoods oriented at enhancing the resilience of disaster-affected towns both in the medium and in the long term.

Spatial arrangements and fertilizer doses on soybean yield and its components

ABSTRACT The aim with this study was to evaluate the effects of single- and twin-row spatial arrangements associated with different doses of fertilization on soybean yield and its components. The experiment was carried out at Federal University of Goiás, Campus of Jataí, in a split-plot randomized block design with 10 treatments and four replicates. Each plot corresponded to a dose of P and K fertilization (0, 50, 100, 200 and 400% of the recommended dose) and the subplots to two types of spatial arrangements: single and twin rows. The yield components evaluated were plant final population, number of pods and seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod, weight of a thousand grains and yield. The increase in fertilization dose, even at doses two and four times higher than recommendation, results in increased soybean grain yield for both studied arrangements. The single-row arrangement provides greater soybean yield, regardless of the dose of fertilization, although most of the production components were not negatively affected, except the population.

Oleosomas de semillas de <em>Jatropha curcas</em> L. como estimadores de diversidad en poblaciones del Sur de México

In this work, we used oleosome data to estimate the variability in eight J. curcas populations of Southern Mexico, using a multivariate approach. We found spherical oleosomes with diameters between 2.18 μm and 4.15 μm, which have two types of spatial arrangements: clustered and dispersed. A discriminant analysis showed that populations with more differentiation are Oaxaca and Veracruz, while Isthmus was the most diverse. The most informative variables for their contribution to the discriminant functions were oleosome size and number of oleosomes·μL of tissue −1 . A heritability study with seeds harvested in two consecutive years showed that the variables oleosomes·μL of tissue −1 and oleosomes per cell have high broad sense heritabilities (h 2 bs =94.3% and h 2 bs =92.2%, respectively). A cluster analysis revealed high levels of dissimilarity between individuals. Correlation was found between the ratio oleosomes/tissue (volume/volume) and total oil content of the seed. The identification of genotypes with contrasting characteristics could provide the basis for future studies of the inheritance of characters in J. curcas .

Spontaneous origination of chirality in melts of diblock copolymers with rigid and flexible blocks

A selfconsistent meanfield computer simulation of ordering in melts of diblock copolymers con� sisting of flexible and rigid rodlike blocks is performed. A threedimensional model is considered, and a cor� responding algorithm for solving meanfield equations in sequential and parallelized versions is developed. The coexistence of microphase separation and orientational ordering gives rise to the appearance of new types of spatial arrangements. In particular, phases with the cubic symmetry and the morphology of hexagonally arranged chiral cylinders are found. The transition of achiral cylinders to chiral cylinders in the melt of achiral diblock copolymers consisting of rigid and flexible blocks is revealed for the first time. The origination of chirality is due to the presence of rigid blocks in the system and orientational interactions between them. With a decrease in temperature, microphase separation caused by incompatibility of chemically different blocks initially occurs in these systems. As a result, the hexagonally ordered structure in which rigid blocks are con� centrated in cylindrical microdomains arises. A further decrease in temperature results in the involution of cylindrical microdomains and the formation of a helical structure. To quantify the degree of chirality, a new pseudoscalar index, depending on the linearscale parame ter for which the chirality is studied, is suggested.

Examination of Various Estimation Equations for Drag Force by Using Immersed Boundary Method

The drag force acting on a system of densely packed particles is a common issue encountered during the fluidization of particles. In this process, the bulk motion is induced by the drag action of fluid flow. The discrete element method based on the Euler–Lagrange description can provide a realistic estimation of particle–fluid and particle–particle interactions; however, it is not possible to simulate the flow phenomena in a space smaller than a particle size by using this method. However, the study of flow on such a scale is crucial for the drag force analysis. Therefore, in the present study, the immersed boundary method, which is a direct numerical simulation, is used to investigate the drag force by simulating the flow around each particle. In this simulation, particles were positioned according to different types of spatial arrangements in order to represent the different degrees of voidage, and the flow around these particles.

Mining Spatial Associations with Limited Sensory Information

Human navigation in an unknown environment requires an understanding of the spatial relationships of the terrain. For example, a soldier who is on a reconnaissance mission in a new city needs to “know” the spatial layout of the surroundings with high confidence. Oftentimes, this understanding must be acquired within a very short amount of time and with limited sensory inputs. The soldier would benefit from a digital avatar that draws inferences about the spatial layout of the city based on an initial set of observations and guides the soldier either in further exploring the environment or in making decisions based on these inferences. In this paper, we present and evaluate an inductive approach to learning spatial associations using sensory data that is available from the simulation environment of a computer game, Unreal Tournament. We study two kinds of spatial relationships between nodes on a level of a game map: nodes that are placed near each other to satisfy some spatial requirement and nodes that are placed near each other to satisfy the design preferences of a level architect. We show that we can infer both kinds of relationships using an association rule mining algorithm. Furthermore, we show how to use an ontology to distinguish between these relationships in order to discover different types of spatial arrangements on a specific map. We discuss how the inferred associations can be used to control an avatar that makes recommendations for navigating unexplored areas on a map. We conclude with some thoughts on the applicability of our methods to scenarios in the real world, beyond the simulation environment of a game, and on how the learned associations can be represented and queried by a simple question-answer type system.

Models of Infectious Diseases in Spatially Heterogeneous Environments

Most models of dynamics of infectious diseases have assumed homogeneous mixing in the host population. However, it is increasingly recognized that heterogeneity can arise through many processes. It is then important to consider the existence of subpopulations of hosts, and that the contact rate within subpopulations is different than that between subpopulations. We study models with hosts distributed in subpopulations as a consequence of spatial partitioning. Two types of models are considered. In the first one there is direct transmission. The second one is a model of dynamics of a mosquito-borne disease, with indirect transmission, and applicable to malaria. The contact between subpopulations is achieved through the visits of hosts. Two types of visit are considered: a first one in which the visit time is independent of the distance travelled, and a second one in which visit time decreases with distance. There are two types of spatial arrangement: one dimensional, and two dimensional. Conditions for the establishment of the disease are obtained. Results indicate that the disease becomes established with greater difficulty when the degree of spatial partition increases, and when visit time decreases. In addition, when visit time decreases with distance, the establishment of the disease is more difficult when the spatial arrangement is one dimensional than when it is two dimensional. The results indicate the importance of knowing the spatial distribution and mobility patterns to understand the dynamics of infectious diseases. The consequences of these results for the design of public health policies are discussed.