Types Of Sounds Research Articles

Effects of species-relevant auditory stimuli on stress in cats exposed to novel environment

ABSTRACT Environmental changes like vet visit could cause stress in cats. Studies have attempted to develop stress management strategies targeting sensory systems. Even though species-appropriate music which includes cat affiliative sound (e.g., cats’ purring and suckling sound) has been shown to relieve stress in cats. Little is known whether the cat sound alone works in stress management. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of species-relevant auditory stimuli on stress in cats exposed to a novel environment. During the 28-day experiment periods, 20 cats received four types of sound treatments which included silence (T1), purr of cats (T2), eating sound in cats (T3), and the mixed sound of T2 and T3 (T4) in a novel environment in random orders with intervals of 1 week between treatments. Cats’ behaviors were recorded during each 10-min test. Results showed that T4 reduced visual scanning (P = 0.017) without significantly affecting other behaviors, compared with other treatments. Together, the two types of cat-specific sounds did not exert pronounced effects of relieving stress on cats exposed to a novel environment.

Variation of <i>k’</i> / <i>t’</i> as a Characteristic Feature of the German Mennonites Language in Siberia

The article is based on the material of one of the Germanic languages represented in Siberia, known in the world as Plautdietsch or the Low German language (dialect) of the Mennonites. One of the striking features of the Plautdietsch consonant system is considered – the variation of the k’/t’ sound types in certain positions in the word, primarily in combination with the vowels of the front row (k’int / t’int ‘child’, k’oak’ / t’oat’ ‘church’), as well as in some consonant combinations (for example, drin’k’ә / drin’t’ә to ‘drink’, ma:lk’ / ma:lt’ ‘milk’). The use of k’ or t’, respectively, was considered by some researchers to be the markers of two dialects within the Mennonite language: k’ – Chortiza and t’ – Molotscha. From a diachronic point of view, these sounds go back to the common German k; they appeared as a result of the so-called Frisian palatalization. Archival dialectological material confirms the use of these two sounds in the Mennonite colonies of southern Russia at the beginning of the last century.In the settlements of Siberia, where there are a large number of Plautdietsch speakers, according to our observations, the forms with t’ were used according to the Molochna type (t’oat’ ‘church’, t’int ‘child’, veat’ ‘week’).A new impetus to the exploration of this alternation was given by the material collected during the last linguistic expedition to the village of Apollonovka in the Omsk region, where a large isolated community of Plautdietsch speakers is located. In the speech of the inhabitants of this village, the use of t’ (Molochna type) prevails in all these positions, however, the forms on k’ used by some carriers were also recorded (so, you can hear ma:lk’ / ma:lt’ ‘milk’, k’in’a / t’in’a ‘children’ and so on). At the same time, both forms are recognized by the informants as correct.The assumption is made that these sound types cannot be regarded as consonants marking different dialects, but rather as optional variants.A sound was also recorded that was not mentioned in the studies earlier (s’t’), which appears in preposition to sonorants, especially before -l: k’lɔid / t’lɔid / s’t’lɔid ‘dress’. The consonant under consideration can be tentatively designated as a soft medial-occlusive spirant. Most likely, its appearance represents the third stage of mitigation in the considered alternation according to the scheme k > k’ > t’ > s’t’.The observations presented in the article, based on the analysis of actual field material, can be the beginning of further study of the variability of the Mennonite language in Siberia.

Research on Multi-Source Simultaneous Recognition Technology Based on Sagnac Fiber Optic Sound Sensing System

To solve the problem of multiple sound recognition in the application of Sagnac optical fiber acoustic sensing system, a multi-source synchronous recognition algorithm was proposed, which combined the VMD (variational modal decomposition) algorithm and MFCC (Mel-frequency cepstral coefficient algorithm) algorithm to pre-process the photoacoustic sensing signal, and uses BP neural network to recognize the photoacoustic sensing signal. The modal analysis and feature extraction theory of photoacoustic sensing signal based on the VMD and MFCC algorithms were presented. The signal recognition theory analysis and system recognition program design were completed based on the BP neural network. Signal acquisition of different sounds and verification experiments of the recognition system have been carried out in a laboratory environment based on the Sagnac fiber optic sound sensing system. The experimental results show that the proposed optical fiber acoustic sensing signal recognition algorithm has a simultaneous recognition rate better than 96.5% for six types of sounds, and the optical acoustic signal recognition takes less than 5.3 s, which has the capability of real-time sound detection and recognition, and provides the possibility of further application of the Sagnac-based optical fiber acoustic sensing system.

Thermal–Acoustic Interaction Impacts on Crowd Behaviors in an Urban Park

As urbanization accelerates, parks, as vital urban public open spaces, and their acoustic and thermal ambience directly impact visitors’ comfort and the sustainability of parks. Selecting Xihu Park in Fuzhou, China located in the subtropical region as a typical example, this study utilizes covert observational experiments with different typical sounds (grass cutting, music, and no sound source) across temperature levels to examine the influence of thermal–acoustic interactions on crowd behaviors in the park. The findings are as follows: (1) melodious music can attract more tourists, while strong stimulating grass cutting noises under high temperatures reduce crowd flow. Excluding unpleasant audio sources, park soundscapes across temperatures have a relatively limited influence on attractiveness to people flow. (2) High temperatures diminish tourists’ interest in landscape experiences and persons staying, especially when the soundscape quality is poorer. Under non-high temperatures, audio environments have a minor impact on the staying time. (3) The soundscape quality plays a role by affecting people’s path choices of approaching or avoiding sound sources, where grass cutting noise has the most negative influence. Music, grass cutting sounds, and natural sounds demonstrate conspicuous differences in their effects under varied temperatures. (4) Comfortable acoustic environments can draw larger crowds and decrease the walking pace. High temperatures make crowds take slower steps. Different sound types have significant influences on crowd movement velocity under three typical temperature levels. This study comprehensively investigates the mechanisms of typical thermal–acoustic environments’ impacts on park crowd behaviors, providing important references for optimizing the acoustic and thermal environments of urban parks, while also enriching related research on landscape design and environmental psychology. Future studies can conduct in-depth explorations by creating more abundant thermal–acoustic combinations and probe differences across diverse populations.

Types of Erroneous Sounds in Pronouncing Speech Segments of the English Consonant Phonemes (Evidence from Indonesian Native Speakers as EFL Learners)

Types of Erroneous Sounds in Pronouncing Speech Segments of the English Consonant Phonemes (Evidence from Indonesian Native Speakers as EFL Learners)

Rainforest IV at 50

Rainforest by David Tudor was a commissioned piece in 1968 for Merce Cunningham’s dance RainForest, in which Tudor experimented with using found objects (with transducers) as loudspeakers (Rogalsky 2006, 93). In 1973, Tudor “gave the piece away” and led a workshop of emerging artists in New Hampshire (Rogalsky 2006, 183-184), expanding the work to the immersive experience known as Rainforest IV. Fifty years later, our goal was to capture the creativity and community of the 1973 workshop, while incorporating new approaches.
 From exploring scrapyards to borrowing vintage geography equipment from Queen’s University, we collected items that contributed unique acoustics to the sounds we wanted to match with them. Our collection was narrowed down to 30 items chosen by participants during our workshop at the H’Art Centre, a local art centre, after two weeks of testing objects and sounds. Although many types of sounds were used, there was discussion around the use and practice of field recordings. At the end of our workshop, we took our objects to the Baby Grand Theatre, where they were suspended, lit, transducers attached, and fed sounds that suited them best. A significant difference from 1973 was the use of impulse responses, in place of contact microphones, to enhance the sounds. During a 5-hour live performance, our session was recorded and then played back through our objects as a stand-alone installation over the following ten days. 
 I discovered through this process that community is the heart of Rainforest IV. Tudor’s kindness influenced both the participants, through shared meals and encouraging advice (Adams, et al. 2023) and the piece itself. In 2023, shared skills, ideas, and meals helped create both an “electronic ecology” (Rogalsky 2006, 205), and a community. Despite our changes, Tudor’s vision of community was ever present- as if it came from the piece itself.
 
 Bibliography 
 Adams, John DS, John Driscoll, Phil Edelstein, Linda Fisher, Ralph Jones, Ron Kuivila, Petr Kotik, and Susan Stenger, interview by Matthew R Rogalsky and Laura J Cameron. 2023. David Tudor's Rainforest IV at 50: A Conversation (July 15).
 Rogalsky, Matthew R. 2006. "Idea and Community: The Growth of David Tudor's Rainforest, 1965-2006." London: none, April. Accessed 2023.

A neuropsychological study of misophonia

Background and objectivesMisophonia is a recently identified condition characterized by negative emotional responsivity to certain types of sounds. Although progress has been made in understanding of neuronal, psychophysiological, and psychopathological mechanisms, important gaps in research remain, particularly insight into cognitive function. Accordingly, we conducted the first neuropsychological examination of misophonia, including clinical, diagnostic, and functional correlates. MethodsA misophonia group (n = 32) and a control group (n = 64) were screened for comorbidities using a formal semi-structured interview and completed a comprehensive neuropsychological battery and self-report measures of depression, anxiety, stress, impulsivity, and functional impairment. ResultsThe misophonia group significantly underperformed the control group on only 2 neuropsychological outcomes involving verbal memory retrieval. Subscales of the Misophonia Questionaaire (MQ) were inversely correlated only with measures of attention. The misophonia group reported significantly higher anxiety symptoms, behavioral impulsivity, and functional impairments, and had numerically higher rates of ADHD and OCD. LimitationsTo facilitate comparability, in lieu of a formal diagnostic algorithm for misophonia, we used a commonly used empirical definition for group allocation that has been utilized in numerous previous studies. ConclusionsMisophonia was associated with a reduction in performance on a minority of cognitive tasks and a modest increase in some psychological symptoms and comorbid conditions. Correlational data suggest that difficulties with attention regulation and impulsivity may play a role in misophonia, albeit attention functions were intact. Results should be interpreted with caution given the variability in diagnostic definitions, and more research is needed to understand cognitive functioning under ‘cold’ conditions in misophonia.

Evolution of the Stethoscope: Advances with the Adoption of Machine Learning and Development of Wearable Devices.

The stethoscope has long been used for the examination of patients, but the importance of auscultation has declined due to its several limitations and the development of other diagnostic tools. However, auscultation is still recognized as a primary diagnostic device because it is non-invasive and provides valuable information in real-time. To supplement the limitations of existing stethoscopes, digital stethoscopes with machine learning (ML) algorithms have been developed. Thus, now we can record and share respiratory sounds and artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted auscultation using ML algorithms distinguishes the type of sounds. Recently, the demands for remote care and non-face-to-face treatment diseases requiring isolation such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection increased. To address these problems, wireless and wearable stethoscopes are being developed with the advances in battery technology and integrated sensors. This review provides the history of the stethoscope and classification of respiratory sounds, describes ML algorithms, and introduces new auscultation methods based on AI-assisted analysis and wireless or wearable stethoscopes.

Suitability of standardized single-number ratings of impact sound insulation for wooden floors – Psychoacoustic experiment

Wooden floors usually have worse impact sound insulation (ISI) at low frequencies than concrete floors having the same rating level. Rating level is usually expressed by single-number quantities (SNQs), such as weighted normalized impact sound pressure level Ln,w. Psychoacoustic research among wooden floors is very limited although a controlled laboratory experiment is the strongest method to point out the most adequate SNQs to be declared for the floors. The purpose of our study was to determine how four standardized SNQs of ISO 717-2, Ln,w, Ln,w + CI, Ln,w + CI,50, and LiA,Fmax,V,T, and a recently proposed SNQ, Ln,w + CI,25, are associated with the annoyance of natural impact sounds transmitted through wooden floors. Fifteen floors were built in the laboratory based either on cross-laminated timber (heavy) or open box wood (light) slabs. Different coverings and suspended ceilings were applied on these slabs. The ISI was tested within 25–3150 Hz using both tapping machine and rubber ball. Thereafter, five natural impact sounds were recorded for each floor: rubber ball drops, steel ball drops, walking, jumping, and chair pushing. Fifty-two people rated the annoyance of these 75 recorded natural impact sounds in psychophysics laboratory. Annoyance was best associated with Ln,w for all the five impact sound types. That is, measurement of ISI within 100–3150 Hz is sufficient from subjective point of view. All four SNQs based on tapping machine explained annoyance better than the SNQ based on rubber ball. Our results can significantly guide the future research, development, and regulations of wooden floors.

The Levels of Auditory Processing during Emotional Perception in Children with Autism.

The perception of basic emotional sounds, such as crying and laughter is associated with effective interpersonal communication. Difficulties with the perception and analysis of sounds that complicate understanding emotions at an early development age may contribute to communication deficits. This study focused on auditory nonverbal emotional perception including emotional vocalizations with opposite valences (crying and laughter) and neutral sound (phoneme "Pᴂ"). We conducted event-related potential analysis and compared peak alpha frequencies (PAFs) for different conditions in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developing (TD) children aged 4 to 6 years old (N = 25 for each group). Children with ASD had a higher amplitude of P100 and lower amplitude of N200 for all types of sounds and higher P270 in response to neutral phoneme. During the perception of emotional sounds, children with ASD demonstrated a single P270 electroencephalography (EEG) component instead of a P200-P300 complex specific to TD children. However, the most significant differences were associated with a response to emotional valences of stimuli. The EEG differences between crying and laughter were expressed as a lower amplitude of N400 and higher PAF for crying compared to laughter and were found only in TD children. Children with ASD have shown not just abnormal acoustical perception but altered emotional analysis of affective sounds as well.

19. Short- and medium-term effects of different types of sounds on the behaviour of gestating sows

19. Short- and medium-term effects of different types of sounds on the behaviour of gestating sows

Improved convolutional neural network and spectrogram image feature for traffic sound event classification

In recent years, Sound Event Classification (SEC) is a remarkable field of computer audition research. The abilities to automatically capture and classify sound events are meaningful for expanding the auditory ability of autonomous vehicle in a complex driving environment. The Autonomous vehicles will encounter some special road conditions during driving, such as large truck occlusion, tunnels, and buildings that hinder radar detection. Therefore, the perception capabilities of on-board lidar, vision, and other sensors are impacted, resulting in a great threat to the safe driving of the car. At this time, auditory environment perception can provide auditory dimension information for the vehicle. However, with the increase of noise level, the SEC task of autonomous vehicle becomes seriously difficult. Traditional machine learning methods show weak robustness in the highly noisy environment. In this work, an autonomous vehicle Sound Event Classification (AVSEC) framework based on Spectrogram Image Features (SIFs) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) algorithm is proposed to solve the SEC question. Further on, the ambulance, bus, civil defense siren, fire truck, screaming, etc. are taken as the research traffic sounds. Traffic Sound Datasets (TSD) are collected, augmented and customized. Then, directly connected channel (DCC) between convolutional blocks and Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) are designed to optimize the neural network. Testing results show that the AVSEC system achieves an accuracy of 97.18%. Furthermore, the results of AVSEC and other machine learning methods are compared, which shows that the combination of SIFs and AVSEC-net provides better noise robustness and classification accuracy in AVSEC task. The sound classification algorithm designed in this paper, as an advanced auxiliary driving system for sound detection, can identify the sound types in the current traffic environment of the Autonomous vehicles, that is, the traffic scene category. The vehicle computer can remind the driver to pay attention to driving safety through the above sound types, so as to improve the safety of the driver and the vehicle.

Abnormal Respiratory Sound Identification Using Audio-Spectrogram Vision Transformer.

Respiratory disease, the third leading cause of deaths globally, is considered a high-priority ailment requiring significant research on identification and treatment. Stethoscope-recorded lung sounds and artificial intelligence-powered devices have been used to identify lung disorders and aid specialists in making accurate diagnoses. In this study, audio-spectrogram vision transformer (AS-ViT), a new approach for identifying abnormal respiration sounds, was developed. The sounds of the lungs are converted into visual representations called spectrograms using a technique called short-time Fourier transform (STFT). These images are then analyzed using a model called vision transformer to identify different types of respiratory sounds. The classification was carried out using the ICBHI 2017 database, which includes various types of lung sounds with different frequencies, noise levels, and backgrounds. The proposed AS-ViT method was evaluated using three metrics and achieved 79.1% and 59.8% for 60:40 split ratio and 86.4% and 69.3% for 80:20 split ratio in terms of unweighted average recall and overall scores respectively for respiratory sound detection, surpassing previous state-of-the-art results.

Effects over time of different types of sounds on gestating sows’ behavior

Noise can alter the behavior and welfare of pigs, although they have good adaptive abilities. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between different regularly emitted sounds and the behavior of gestating sows as well as their potential time of habituation to these sounds. Two groups of gestating sows (n = 15, n = 17) were involved in the experiment over two consecutive weeks. During the first week, (“Base week”), no sound was emitted, while the following week ("Test week") one sound among 40 sounds grouped into 4 types (alarm, animal, metallic, and human) was emitted randomly every 10 min during the observed periods. The sows posture (lying, sitting, standing) and behavior (sleeping, observing, in the automations) were observed thanks to manual video analysis during a resting period (PM: 13:30 h – 18:30 h) and a feeding period (Night: 23:00 h – 04:00 h) on Mondays (for Base and Test weeks – Test1) and on Wednesday (only for Test week – Test2). Sows' location in the different areas of the room, posture, and behaviour were recorded. The sows spent less time sleeping during Test1 than Base but this behavior increased again during Test2. The number of behavior changes increased during Test1 and decreased in Test2. In Test1 during the PM time, the number of area, posture and behavior changes was higher during the emissions of Alarm sounds than during the emission of other sounds, but no difference among the type of sounds was observed during the Night. During the emission of Human sounds in Test2, the sows spent more time sitting and observing, and less time sleeping than with the emission of other sounds. They also changed position more during PM of Test2 with the emission of human sounds. To conclude, frequent emission of short sounds, even below 85 decibels, can reduce to time spent sleeping and cause behavior changes. However, gestating sows can habituate to the sound stimuli and return to normal behavior by the second day of testing. The effects of different types of sounds on sow behavior and posture are not yet fully understood and require further research based on the sounds characteristics.

80 Hz auditory steady state responses (ASSR) elicited by silent gaps embedded within a broadband noise.

Although auditory temporal processing plays an important role in speech comprehension, it cannot be measured by pure tone audiometry. Auditory temporal resolution is often assessed by behavioral gaps-in-noise test. To evaluate whether auditory temporal resolution could be objectively assessed, we measured the auditory steady state response (ASSR) elicited by silent gaps embedded within broadband noises at 80 Hz. We prepared six sound types as test stimuli. One was a continuous broadband noise without a silent interval as a control stimulus and the others were broadband noises with 80 Hz silent intervals of 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.1, and 6.3 ms. Significant ASSRs were recorded only when the gap length was longer than the behavioral thresholds and the ASSR amplitude increased as the gap length increased. Eighty Hertz gap-evoked ASSR appears to reflect the neural activity related to the auditory gap processing and may be used as an objective measure of auditory temporal resolution in humans.

How visible street greenery moderates traffic noise to improve acoustic comfort in pedestrian environments

The effects of street greenery on the perceptual response to the acoustic comfort of pedestrian streets in traffic noise environments were examined through an experimental study that considered an audio-visual environment with no/low, medium, and high street greenery, dominated by road traffic, anthropogenic, and natural sounds. The results showed that the differences in the acoustic comfort evaluations without and with medium or high greenery were statistically significant. Under the effects of greenery, the acoustic comfort evaluation of each sound type dominating the environments without greenery increased by as much as one level, based on a five-point ordinal category scale. Considering various greenery conditions, dominant sound sources, and environmental functions, greenery was the most significant factor affecting acoustic comfort, and evaluations of pedestrian environments without greenery increased more in leisure environments (0.65–1.42) than in transportation environments (0.45–1.29) when road traffic sounds were at lower levels (50, 55, and 60 dBA) and anthropogenic and natural sounds were predominantly heard and influenced by street greenery. However, sound levels were the most significant factor affecting acoustic comfort when road traffic at 50–70 dBA was predominantly heard. Based on the negative linear relationships between sound levels and acoustic comfort evaluations for no/low, medium, and high greenery conditions, the evaluations affected by greenery increased with the increase in road traffic sound levels in transportation environments, whereas those influenced by either high or medium greenery in leisure environments tended to decrease gradually. These audio-visual perception-based findings provide reference guidance for PE quality optimization and related urban design considering comfortable sound environments.

English Vowel

In this case the differences that exist in two different languages Pronunciation can be a barrier to communication. A speaker can cause misunderstandings when he mispronounces a word in a foreign language. English has a number and types of sounds that are very different from the number of sounds in that language. Indonesian.Also, a letter with a different word can represent a different sound. The aim of this course is to equip students with knowledge of English vowels so that they can improve the pronunciation of English words to make them better and correct. This training is conducted online via Zoom Media because You are taking the semester through the use of two approaches namely teaching and training.Although not 100% of partners succeed in producing the correct pronunciation, improvements can be seen in the pronunciation of the accompaniment. Partners, meanwhile, had a positive attitude toward the activity through active participation in the training provided and also satisfaction. From the survey data provided by the service team, partners were identified as part of the campaign.Barriers encountered during the activity were due to the partner's lack of confidence and the influence of the partner's mother tongue.

EFFECTS OF SOUND AND HOW AUDIENCES PERCEIVE’. A SPECIFIC REFERENCE STUDY USING THE MALAYALAM FILM "JALLIKATTU

In the world of cinema, audio is more important than visuals. According to the Academy Award-winning sound designer, "sound in cinema is a subconscious craft." In movies, the emotions, mood, story, and feelings are produced using music and numerous forms of sounds. The three types of sounds employed in the creation of movies are human voices, music, and sound effects. These three types of noises need to be present for a viewer to interpret a movie as genuine. The Aurangabad Film Festival's best sound award went to Lijo Jose Pellishery's film ‘Jallikattu’, which revolutionised Malayalam cinema and was formally nominated for India's Oscar submission. The focus of the researcher in this study is on how sound affects how viewers perceive the plot and violence in the chosen film.

UPAYA MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN MEMBACA PERMULAAN MENGGUNAKAN MEDIA KARTU SUKU KATA DI SEKOLAH DASAR

Reading has a big effect on students' ability to accept subject matter, especially text-based learning, students who are unable to read well will have difficulty participating in learning activities for all subjects. Children's initial reading ability is the child's ability to master reading techniques and understand the contents of the reading well. One of the learning methods to improve children's early reading skills is to use syllable media. The method used in this research is literature research (library research). Beginning reading ability in children is focused on six stages of ability aspects, namely: (1) Ability to read symbols, (2) Ability to read letters, (3) Ability to read types of vowel and consonant sounds, (4) Ability to name letter sounds, (5) Ability reading syllables, and (6) Ability to read words. Media Syllable cards can help teachers achieve instructional goals because apart from being cheap and easy to obtain media, they can also increase student activity. In addition, students' knowledge and understanding becomes wider, clearer, and not easily forgotten

The Role of Sound on Spirituality in Religious Environments and Islamic Architecture by Using EEG.

This present study aims to investigate the effects of the sound pressure level on mosque users' brain waves in the interior of the Nasir al-Mulk mosque in Shiraz. The research hypothesis is based on the fact that the sound pressure level is significantly related to the spiritual sense in the environmental psychology of the mosque. According, in the first step, a survey method is applied, the population of experts is formed, and sound characteristics are ranked using a questionnaire and Friedman's test. Next, the sound pressure level, which obtained the top rank, is selected to be tested and examined. In the second step, using a laboratory method and a brain wave recording device, 6 sound intensities indices were simulated and prepared in the software to carry out the test. The sound used in the present study is "Adhan" since the case study is an Islamic mosque. The test was done in the laboratory and a quiet room. To do the tests, the subjects were asked to sit and the sound was played through headphones for them. The 360-degree image of the mosque was shown to the subjects through virtual reality glasses, and finally, the data obtained from the brain waves recorded by special devices are prepared for review and analysis. The general results of the first step showed that among the characteristics of sound that are effective in creating/enhancing the spiritual sense in the architecture of mosques, sound pressure level obtains the highest score, followed by sound concept, the amplitude of sound, sound quality, sound source, and sound type, respectively. Also, the general results of the analysis of users' brain waves in the second part showed that sound pressure level (40-45dB) is the most effective level in creating/enhancing a spiritual sense in the Nasir al-Mulk Mosque in Shiraz.