Type Of Solvent Research Articles

Base-Driven Ring-Opening Reactions of Vinylene Carbonate

Vinylene carbonate (VC) is the most commonly applied performance-enhancing electrolyte additives in Li-ion batteries to date. Despite numerous studies, there is a lack of consensus regarding the various reaction pathways of VC and their implications. VC has primarily been observed to either polymerize forming poly(vinylene carbonate) (poly(VC)) or decompose releasing major amounts of CO2, two seemingly contradictory processes. Herein, we present evidence of additional reaction pathways of VC highlighting its role as a H2O scavenging agent. In contrast to the typical electrolyte solvent ethylene carbonate, VC reacts much more rapidly with water impurities, especially when in contact with hydroxides, forming products less likely to influence cell performance. Efficient removal of water and hydroxides is essential to preserve the stability of Li-ion electrolyte solvent and salt, hence guaranteeing a long lifetime of the battery. Model studies pinpointing reaction pathways of electrolytes and additives, as presented herein, are critical not only to improve modern Li-ion cells but also to establish design principles for future battery chemistries.

Antibacterial Activity of Herbal Tea Extract from Lotus Leaves (Nelumbo nucifera) Using Different Solvents

This research aimed to examine the antibacterial activity of lotus leaf (Nelumbo nucifera) extract as a basis for herbal tea production. Lotus leaf was chosen as the herbal tea ingredient due to its abundant availability in South Kalimantan and its believed beneficial phytochemical content for health. The research process involved several stages including lotus leaf herbal tea processing, multi-stage maceration extraction using hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol solvents, and testing the extract's ability against Escherichia coli bacteria. The research design employed a 2-factor complete randomized design, with the first factor being the extract concentration and the second being the solvent type. Data analysis was conducted using Two-Way ANOVA in IBM SPSS 25. The results revealed that ethanol solvent produced the highest concentration extract with a yield of 10.86%, while hexane solvent yielded the lowest at 1.64%. Subsequent antibacterial activity testing was carried out using direct contact method with lotus leaf extract concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% in all three solvents. The findings indicated that 0.5% and 1% concentration extracts inhibited Escherichia coli growth across all solvents, whereas the 1.5% extract concentration in ethanol was capable of killing Escherichia coli bacteria. It was concluded that lotus leaf extract holds potential as an antibacterial agent, with higher extract concentrations showing greater efficacy in inhibiting bacterial growth. The 1.5% concentration (45 μl) exhibited the most effective results in killing Escherichia coli, underscoring the potential of Nelumbo nucifera lotus leaf in the development of antibacterial herbal products.

Phytochemicals from Bark Extracts and Their Applicability in the Synthesis of Thermosetting Polymers: An Overview.

This review focuses on recent research on the phytochemicals found in bark from different trees and their potential to be used as substrates for the synthesis of thermosetting resins. Recent studies about the influence of each bark harvesting step on the extracted phytochemicals, from debarking to extraction, are investigated. A comparison of bark extracts in terms of the correlation between extraction conditions and efficiency (based on the total phenolic content (TPC) and extraction yield) is presented for six groups of trees (Norway spruce, pine species, other conifers, oak species, other deciduous trees of the north temperate zone, tropical and subtropical trees) and evaluated. The evaluation revealed that there is an interesting relationship between the extraction time and the type of solvent for some types of tree bark. It was found that a relatively short extraction time and a solvent temperature close to the boiling point are favourable. The latest research on the application of bark extracts in different types of thermosetting resins is described. This review discusses the attractiveness of bark extracts in terms of functional groups and the possibilities arising from extractable phytochemicals. In addition, different approaches (selective versus holistic) and methods of application are presented and compared.

Effect of factors on phytochemical compound extraction from Asystasia gangetica through factorial analysis

This study aims to identify the phytochemical compounds of Asystasia gangetica and to investigate the best extraction conditions to maximize phytochemical concentration. The factors affecting the concentration of total phenolic compound (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity (AA) of Asystasia gangetica were evaluated through the two-level factorial analysis including types of solvent (methanol and ethanol), solvent percentage (70 and 85%), extraction times (2 and 5 hours), temperature (50 and 80℃) and agitation (absent or present) to determine the most significant factor. The results show that solvent percentage contributed most to the TPC and agitation in TFC extraction. Meanwhile, the temperature, agitation and solvent percentage were significant for AA. The overall best conditions for phytochemical extraction were found at 5-hour extraction times, 70% methanol, 80℃ temperatures with agitation. At this condition, the highest recorded TPC, TFC and AA were 0.2149, 0.3281 and 6.6360 respectively. Acknowledging the suitable range of processing factors during phytochemical extraction could significantly affect the yields. The factorial analysis could be useful to tailor the range of factors chosen to obtain the desired outcome.

Mapping the Influence of Solvent Composition over the Characteristics of Polylactic Acid Nanofibers Fabricated by Electrospinning

AbstractThis study investigated the solubility of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) in various solvents (to achieve an 8 % (w/v) polymer solution) and its impact on the morphology of electrospun PLA nanofibers. Several solvents, such as dichloromethane (DCM), chloroform (CHL), tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetone (AC), acetonitrile (ACTNR), dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide (DMAc), ethylene glycol (ETGLY), distilled water (WATER), methanol (MEOH), formic acid (FA), and n‐hexane (NHX) were used in their pure and binary forms at several ratios (4 : 1, 2 : 1, 1 : 1, 1 : 2, 1 : 3, and 1 : 4). The study aims to explore the correlation between PLA solubility and its electrospinnability using solvents mapped from the Teas graph across different parameter zones and chemical groups. Hansen solubility parameters, including dispersion cohesion fractional solubility parameter (fd), the polar cohesion fractional solubility parameter (fp) was employed to identify the most effective solvents for PLA dissolution. Teas graph analysis highlighted a correlation between PLA solubility and solvent proximity to Hansen solubility parameters. Additionally, the solubility time varied between 1 hour and 24 hours. Polar solvents such as DCM, CHL, THF, ACTNR, and FA were able to dissolve 8 % (w/v) of PLA at different times, but only very high and effective dissolution of PLA was achieved in pure DCM and CHL whereas FA dissolved PLA in 24 hours, which resulted in the slowest solubility rate. Several structures of nanofibers, such as smooth, heterogenous, porous, fibrous, and beaded, were observed and discussed accordingly in terms of solvent type and ratio. The average nanofiber diameter ranged between 0.18 μm and 3.81 μm. Moreover, physical tests, including surface tension, density, viscosity, and conductivity, were conducted on solvent systems and CHL displayed higher viscosity, while ACTNR had the lowest viscosity and highest conductivity among pure solvents. According to the results of our study, it is possible to design further studies with the aim of deciding which solvents or binary forms should be applied to dissolve PLA within a certain time. The desired structure can be easily arranged to be used as a filter, biomimicking tissue environment, drug delivery system, or extra.

A fast, simple and efficient surface floating organic droplet–based air–assisted liquid–liquid microextraction for simultaneous extraction of multiclass pesticides from environmental water, mineral water and soft drink samples by HPLC–DAD

A fast, simple, efficient and selective surface floating organic droplet–based air–assisted liquid–liquid microextraction method coupled with high performance liquid chromatograph–diode array detector was developed for simultaneous extraction of six multiclass pesticides. The developed method was validated for the extraction, enrichment and quantitative determination of trace level multiclass pesticides from environmental water, mineral water and soft drink samples. The effect of experimental parameters such as type and volume of extraction solvent, addition of salt, solution pH and extraction number were successfully optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the method showed good linearity for all the six multiclass pesticide residues with coefficient of determination within the range of 0.9979–0.9994. The limit of detection and quantification were in the range 0.01 to 0.07 µg L−1 and 0.03 to 0.25 µg L−1, respectively. The reproducibility and repeatability study in terms of %RSD were in the range of 0.88–5.28 and 1.35–6.08, respectively, indicating good precision of the method. The method exhibited acceptable mean relative recovery (%RR) in the range of 71.82 to 110.16 % with %RSDs (n = 3) less than 8 % for all the samples. Thus, the developed method could be utilized as selective extraction and preconcentration of multiclass pesticides from environmental water samples, mineral water and soft drink samples, as well as samples with similar matrices.

Modeling order–disorder boundaries of colloidal dispersions in organic solvents using interaction force measurements

HypothesisThe formation of soft colloidal crystals, which are nonclose-packed ordered arrays of colloidal particles suspended in a solvent, is dictated by a single physical factor that yields a fixed threshold at order–disorder boundaries for different experimental conditions such as ion concentration, solvent type, and particle size. Identifying the determinant factor and its threshold value should enable the prediction of the critical concentrations of colloidal particles to form soft colloidal crystals. ExperimentsSoft colloidal crystals were fabricated using a series of monohydric alcohols as dispersion media and reflectance spectra were measured to locate order–disorder boundaries. The interaction forces acting between particles were also measured by employing atomic force microscopy. FindingsThe interparticle forces at the order–disorder boundaries exhibited a universal threshold that was independent of the solvent types including alcohols and water. Therefore, the determinant factor for the formation of soft colloidal crystals was determined to be the force acting between the particles. Furthermore, a priori calculation of this critical force and consequently the critical particle concentration in colloidal systems was demonstrated by referring to the pressure at the liquid-to-solid transition in a hard sphere system (Alder transition).

Antioxidant, Tyrosinase Inhibition Activity, and In Vitro SPF Evaluation of Pepino Fruit Extract (Solanum muricatum Aiton) in Different Solvent Types and Concentrations

Solvent is a key factor that affects the effectiveness of active compound extraction from plant materials (simplisia). This study aimed to determine the optimal type and concentration of solvent used in the extraction of pepino fruit based on the parameter of antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibition activity, as well as Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value. The extraction was carried out using the maceration method with ethanol or ethyl acetate as the solvent, each at concentrations of 50%, 70%, and 96%, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The inhibition of tyrosinase and the determination of the SPF value were carried out using in vitro test. The results showed that the ethyl acetate extract was better than that of the ethanol extract in terms of antioxidant activity, tyrosinase inhibition, and SPF value. In the ethyl acetate solvent, a concentration of 96% provided the strongest antioxidant, tyrosinase inhibition activity, and the second highest in SPF test. It can be concluded that the optimal solvent for extracting pepino fruit as promising compound for sunscreen formulation is 96% ethyl acetate.

Sustainable solutions of using deep eutectic solvents for hemp degumming: A combined experimental and DFT study

AbstractAiming at the problems of heavy environmental pollution, high energy consumption, and process complexity for current degumming techniques, three types of deep eutectic solvent (DES) systems as eco‐friendly sustainable solutions including choline chloride/urea (CU), ethylenediamine hydrochloride/ethylene glycol (EE) and choline chloride/imidazole (CI) were prepared and applied to the degumming of seed hemp. It was clearly showed that all three DES systems exhibit excellent degumming efficiency on seed hemp to remove noncellulosic components involving in pectin, hemicellulose, and lignin in amorphous region without damage to the structure and crystalline morphology of cellulose, leading to an increase of cellulose portion from 54% to about 80%. CI with the molar ratio of 3:8 at 175°C for 2.5 h give the best removal performance for hemicellulose and pectin while EE with molar ratio of 1:2 at 175°C for 3 h can remove lignin with highest efficiency. However, CU with the lowest cost reveals a balanced removal of three noncellulosic components, which may be the optimal choice for industrial production. Furthermore, density functional theory analysis disclosed the essential information of configuration stability for three DES systems.

Supramolecular solvent-based-vortex-assisted-dispersive liquid liquid microextraction of Sudan Black B in food samples prior to spectrophotometric detection.

A new, simple and rapid spectrophotometric method was developed for determination of Sudan Black B in food products by supramolecular solvent-based-vortex-assisted-dispersive liquid liquid microextraction (SUPRAS-VA-DLLME). Extraction solvent type, volume of solvent, pH, volume of THF, centrifugation time, vortex time, and sample volume were investigated as optimization parameters of the developed method. Under the optimum conditions, limit of detection and limit of quantification, preconcentration factor and enhancement factor of the developed method were calculated to be 9.01 μg L-1, 29.73 μg L-1, 20, and 55, respectively. The developed microextraction method was successfully applied to food samples for the determination of Sudan Black B.

New Insights on Solvent-Induced Changes in Refractivity and Specific Rotation of Poly(propylene oxide) Systems Extracted from Channeled Spectra.

Investigation of chiroptical polymers in the solution phase is paramount for designing supramolecular architectures for photonic or biomedical devices. This work is devoted to the case study of poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) optical activity in several solvents: benzonitrile, carbon disulfide, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and p-dioxane. To attain information on the interactions in these systems, rheological testing was undertaken, showing distinct variations of the rheological parameters as a function of the solvent type. These aspects are also reflected in the refractive index dispersive behavior, from which linear and non-linear optical properties are extracted. To determine the circular birefringence and specific rotation of the PPO solutions, the alternative method of the channeled spectra was employed. The spectral data were correlated with the molecular modeling of the PPO structural unit in the selected solvents. Density functional theory (DFT) computational data indicated that the torsional potential energy-related to the O1-C2-C3-O4 dihedral angle from the polymer repeating unit-was hindered in solvation environments characterized by high polarity and the ability to interact via hydrogen bonding. This was in agreement with the optical characterization of the samples, which indicated a lower circular birefringence and specific rotation for the solutions of PPO in ethyl acetate and p-dioxane. Also, the shape of optical rotatory dispersion curves was slightly modified for PPO in these solvents compared with the other ones.

A new anti-inflammatory lupane in Ziziphus jujuba (L.) Gaertn. var. hysudrica Edgew.

ObjectivesTo investigate extracts of the stem bark of Ziziphus jujuba (L.) Gaertn. var. hysudrica Edgew. (Rhamnaceae) for anti-inflammatory activity and isolate the active principle(s). MethodsThe dry powder was macerated separately in three types of solvents to prepare methanol extract (ME), ethyl acetate extract (EE), and chloroform extract (CE). Following in vitro anti-inflammatory screening, the most active extract was selected to isolate the active compound. Both, the active extract and isolated compound were further tested on rats using the carrageenan-induced inflammation model. The blood and paw tissue were subjected to qPCR, and histopathology, respectively. Key findingsCE showed comparatively higher anti-inflammatory activity (85.0–95.0 %) in all in vitro assays, except the heat-induced membrane stabilization model (p < 0.05), and upon column chromatography, it yielded a pure crystalline compound. The compound was a pentacyclic triterpenoid (Lupane), named as hydroxymethyl (3β)-3-methyl-lup-20(29)-en-28-oate (Hussainate). CE (500 mg/kg) and Hussainate (1.0 mg/kg) reduced edema in 5 h after carrageenan administration. The activity of Hussainate was found to be comparable to that of dexamethasone (standard). The possible activity mechanism was the downregulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-II), NF-κB, and IL-1β. ConclusionsThis study reveals that chloroform extract of the stem's bark of Z. jujuba may be used to prepare standardized anti-inflammatory herbal products using Hussainate as an active analytical marker. Hussainate may be used as a lead to develop anti-inflammatory drugs.

EKSTRATIF BEBERAPA JENIS DAUN BAMBU

This research aims to determine the extractive content based on the type of solvent in several types of bamboo leaves. Air dried bamboo leaves were chopped into particles and ground using a blender. After it was finely ground, the sago waste was sieved using 40 and 60 mesh sieves, to obtain bamboo leaf powder with a size of -40/+mesh (TAPPI T 257 cm-85) for testing chemical components. Testing for bamboo leaf powder includes testing the content of cold-water soluble extractive substances, the content of hot-water soluble extractive substances, and the levels of ethanol-toluene soluble extractives. The results of the research showed that the type of bamboo leaf had a significant effect on the levels of cold-water soluble extractive substances, the levels of hot-water soluble extractives, and the levels of ethanol-toluene soluble extractives. Cold water soluble extractive content was 8.4149-10.6612%, hot water soluble extractive 9.1871-10.7843% and ethanol-toluene soluble extractive 4.2009-7.1242%. The solubility of extractives in hot water tends to be higher for all types of leaves and suanggi bamboo tends to contain higher extractives for each type of solvent.

Insight into the solution thermodynamic properties of cimetidine form A and form B based on experiments and molecular simulations

Cimetidine (CIM) is an antagonist of the type II histamine receptors, and act as a significant agent in the treatment of stomach ulcers. In this work, the effect of polymorphism and solvent type on the thermodynamic properties of CIM was investigated based on experimental results and molecular simulations. The solubility data of two polymorphs for CIM (forms A and B) in organic solvents were measured and correlated with four thermodynamic models. It could be found that the solubility of CIM form A is higher compared to form B. In addition, molecular simulations were adopted to investigate the mechanism of the solubility and stability of the two forms. Hirshfeld surface analysis shows that strong H···N interaction contributes to better stability of form B. Meanwhile, molecular electrostatic potential surface and radial distribution function results indicate that the solubility behavior is significantly influenced by the intensity of the solute–solvent interactions. Finally, the dissolution thermodynamic properties, including the enthalpy change, the Gibbs energy change, and the entropy change, were calculated and the results show that the dissolution process of CIM is endothermic, entropy-driven and spontaneous.

Impact of formulation parameters on self-assembled liposomes (LeciPlex® III): A detailed investigation

The present study investigated the feasibility of fabricating self-assembled liposomes, LeciPlex®, a phospholipid-based vesicular nanocarrier using cationic, anionic, and nonionic stabilizers. The phospholipid investigated was soy phosphatidylcholine and the nano-precipitation method based on solvent diffusion was applied as the fabrication technique of liposomes in this study. The effects of various formulation variables, such as lipid and stabilizer concentration, total solid concentration, and solvent type on the self-assembly of vesicles were studied for physical characterization including particle size analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, viscosity, optical transmittance, transmission electron microscopy, and small angle neutron scattering. All three LeciPlex® systems exhibited a direct relationship between particle size and phospholipid concentration. The two categoric variables, solvent, and stabilizer used to prepare LeciPlex® demonstrated a significant effect on particle size for all three LeciPlex® systems. Small angle neutron scattering, and optical transmittance confirmed the formation of micellar systems at a phospholipid: stabilizer ratio of 1:2 and vesicular systems at a ratio of 2:1 for the systems stabilized with anionic and nonionic surfactants. In contrast to this, the LeciPlex® formed with the cationic stabilizer Dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB), formed vesicles at both ratios. From these investigations, it was clear that the formulation space for LeciPlex® was diversified by the addition of cationic, anionic, and non-ionic stabilizers.

EFFECT OF SOLVENT TYPE ON THE AMOUNT OF YIELD FROM MACERATION OF MORINGA PLANTS (Moringa oleifera)

Introduction: The use of herbal plants in the field of dentistry has begun to be widely studied, but it is still not widely developed. One of the uses of herbal plants is to make them as raw materials for Moringauthwash. The Moringa plant (Moringa oleifera/Moringa) is an herbal ingredient that qualifies as an alternative antibacterial agent. The type of solvent, extraction temperature, and extraction duration are some variables that can affect the extraction yield, but the dominant type of solvent for the extraction of herbal plants, especially Moringa, is still not specific.This study aimed to determine the effect of solvent types on the amount of yield of the maceration of Moringa plants. Method: This was a true experimental study using a factorial complete randomized design with maceration (method of extraction) on Moringa oleifera with variations in solvent types. Results: The Kruskall-Wallis test showed that based on the solvent type treatment group, a significant value of 0.003 (&lt;0.05) was obtained, meaning that there was an influence of the type of solvent on the amount of yield from Moringa oleifera maceration. Conclusion: In conclusion, the type of solvent has a significant effect on the amount of yield resulting from Moringa maceration.

Optimizing shellac nanoparticle fabrication: Influence of formulation and process parameters

This study aimed to fabricate shellac (SHL) nanoparticles by optimizing the formulation and electrospraying process. We investigated the influence of formulation factors, including solvent types and SHL concentration, and process parameters like feed rate and applied voltage, on physical appearance, particle size, size distribution, and aspect ratio. Optimized conditions were determined using a Box–Behnken design. It was found that particle formation was significantly affected by the type of solvent, SHL concentration, applied voltage, and feed rate. Under the optimized conditions, uniform spherical nanoparticles were achieved. Overall, this study presents a simple and effective approach to producing nanoparticles as potential nanocarriers for drugs and related compounds in future applications.

Low-Frequency Spectra of Hydrated Ionic Liquids with Kosmotropic and Chaotropic Anions.

In this study, we investigated the water concentration dependence of the intermolecular vibrations of two hydrated ionic liquids (ILs), cholinium dihydrogen phosphate ([ch][dhp]) and cholinium bromide ([ch]Br), using femtosecond Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy (fs-RIKES). The anions of the former and latter hydrated ILs are kosmotropic and chaotropic, respectively. We found that the spectral peak of ∼50 cm-1 shifted to the low-frequency side in hydrated [ch][dhp], indicating the weakening of its intermolecular interactions. In contrast, no change in the peak frequency of the low-frequency band at ∼50 cm-1 was observed with increasing water concentration in hydrated [ch]Br. The vibrational density of states (VDOS) spectra generated from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were in qualitative agreement with the experimental results. Decomposition analysis of the VDOS spectra for each component revealed that the red shift of the low-frequency band in the hydrated [ch][dhp] upon water addition was essentially due to the contributions of anions and water rather than that of the cholinium cation. We also found from the low-frequency spectra of the two hydrated ILs that they differed in the concentration dependence of the 180 cm-1 band, which is assigned as a hindered translational motion of water molecules combined to form O···O stretching motions. From the relationship between the peak frequency of the low-frequency band and the bulk parameter, which is the square root of the surface tension divided by the density, we found that the peak frequency in the hydrated IL with kosmotropic [dhp]- depends on the bulk parameter, similar to the case for an aqueous solution of the typical deep eutectic solvent reline. However, the peak frequency of the hydrated IL with chaotropic Br- is constant with the bulk parameter.

QSRR modeling of lipophilicity of new spirohydantoin derivatives determined with various TLC systems.

A Quantitative structure-retention relationship (QSRR) analysis has been carried out on the chromatography parameters of lipophilicity of selected spirohydantoins. Multiple linear regression (MLR) was applied for construct the QSRR models. The chromatographic parameters of lipophilicity were determined by reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography. Chromatographic analyses were performed on C-18 modified silica gel with a two-component mobile phase consisting of water and protic organic solvent (ethanol, n-propanol, i-propanol, or t-butanol) in different ratios. QSRR models were built and for additional four aqueous mobile phases: acetone-water, acetonitrile-water, tetrahydrofuran-water, and 1,4-dioxane-water (results published before). In total, chromatographic lipophilicity parameters obtained for two types of organic solvents was subject of the QSRR. The predictive ability of each model was defined by an internal validation coefficient. The best QSRR model for predicting the chromatographic parameter of lipophilicity was obtained for tetrahydrofuran as an organic solvent.

Improved preconcentration workflow for organic explosive traces in aqueous samples using solvent-assisted dispersive solid-phase extraction

The present study deals with the development of a solvent-assisted dispersive solid phase extraction method for the extraction of HMX, RDX, and TNT from aqueous samples. Benzophenone and methanol were selected as explosives sorbent and dispersive solvent respectively. Extraction parameters like pH, extraction time, amount of sorbent, volume and type of the disperser solvent and centrifuge time were optimized. Dispersion of 0.5 mL dispersive solution (4% (w/v) benzophenone in methanol) was performed by injection into the 5 mL aqueous sample (pH=7) using a 1.0 mL syringe. After centrifuge, the extracted explosives were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-Uv). The results indicated that the linear ranges with the correlation coefficients of 0.99 ≤ R2 were 1.6–204.6 μg L−1, 1.4–213.7 μg L−1 and 1.3–225.9 μg L−1 for HMX, RDX and TNT respectively. The limit of detection and limit of quantification obtained for each explosive were: 0.3 μg L−1 and 0.8 μg L−1 for HMX, 0.3 μg L−1 and 0.9 μg L−1 for RDX and 0.2 μg L−1 and 0.7 μg L−1 for TNT. Finally, the practical applicability of the developed method was evaluated for the extraction of some organic explosives in water samples followed their determination by HPLC-Uv.