Types Of Social Interactions Research Articles

Insight into the Role of Interaction in Language Acquisition: Vygotsky’s Interactionist Theory of Language

Psychologists’ theoretical implications have led to several studies investigating L1 and L2 acquisition. This research examines Vygotsky’s (1978, 1987a, 1987b, 1997, 2012) interactionist view of language acquisition and draws on a critical review methodology to assess the relevance of Vygotsky’s (1978) interactionist theory in L1 and L2 acquisition. To assess whether Vygotsky’s (1978) theory of language acquisition is effective, the selected articles will be critically examined. This research indicates that the articles under review prove the validity of Vygotsky’s (1978) arguments. However, they did not address how children from non-western cultures and those with disabilities acquire language, on the one hand, and the role of self-regulatory speech in language acquisition, on the other hand. Though Chomsky’s (1965) Universal Grammar and Skinner’s (1957) behaviourist theory have inspired scholars, linguists, and researchers to examine L1 and L2 acquisition deeply, Vygotsky’s (1978) interactionist theory explains how social interaction is crucial to a child’s cognitive development. The theory’s emphasis on learner-centeredness may significantly empower language teachers if implemented wisely into the L2 Curriculum. To maximize the effectiveness of social interaction in L2 learning, more profound and longitudinal research on the integration of zone of proximal development and scaffolding into teaching is required. Though teacher and peer interactions in L2 learning have been studied empirically, the types of social interactions that enhance language acquisition need to be assessed. Educators, researchers, and scholars must investigate how social interactions affect the cognitive and linguistic development of learners. Educators, researchers, and scholars must investigate how social interactions affect the cognitive and linguistic development of learners.

Social interoception: Perceiving events during cardiac afferent activity makes people more suggestible to other people's influence

Our judgements are often influenced by other people's views and opinions. Interoception also influences decision making, but little is known about its role in social influence and particularly, the extent to which other people may influence our decisions. Across two experiments, using different forms of social influence, participants judged the trustworthiness of faces presented either during the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle, when baroreceptors convey information from the heart to the brain, or during diastolic phase, when baroreceptors are quiescent. We quantified the extent to which participants changed their minds (as an index of social influence) following the social feedback, in order to compare two competing hypotheses. According to the Arousal-Confidence Hypothesis, cardiac signals create a context of heightened bodily arousal that increases confidence in perceptual judgements. People should, therefore, be less subject to social influence during systole. By contrast, according to the Uncertainty-Conformity Hypothesis, cardiac signals increase neural noise and sensory attenuation, such that people should display greater effects of social influence during systole, as they then underweight private interoceptive signals in favour of the external social information. Across two studies that used different kind of social interactions, we found that participants changed their minds more when faces were presented at systole. Our results, therefore, support the Uncertainly-Conformity hypothesis and highlight how cardiac afferent signals contribute to shape our social decision-making in different types of social interactions.

What allays loneliness? A fine-grained examination of daily social interactions

Loneliness is a rising global problem just as digital communication platforms have afforded people greater opportunities to interact. This paradox suggests that increased opportunities for social interactions may be insufficient for relieving loneliness. Using daily diary methodology, we examined how features of social interactions—type and perceived quality—predicted daily loneliness. Over 14 consecutive days, 269 adult participants provided 2986 daily reports on their loneliness levels, the types of daily social interactions they had, and the quality of these social interactions. Results indicated that in-person interactions most strongly predicted reduced loneliness relative to other interaction types. Interactions characterized by positive qualities were associated with lower same-day loneliness. In turn, interactions characterized by negative qualities were associated with higher same-day loneliness. Across all subjective qualities, feeling closed off and distant from others during interactions was the strongest predictor of same-day loneliness. These findings highlight that time spent socializing is not a panacea for reducing loneliness, and increasing in-person interactions and reducing negative social experiences may best foster social connection.

Are relations between children’s hyperactive behavior, engagement, and social interactions in preschool transactional? A longitudinal study

Based on bioecological systems theory, engagement is the mechanism for children’s learning and development. However, children with hyperactive behavior tend to be less engaged in early childhood education and care (ECEC), which might negatively influence their learning and development. On the other hand, social interaction might support children with hyperactive behavior staying engaged in these activities. The current study investigates whether the association between teacher responsiveness, positive peer-to-child interaction (i.e., the quality of peer interaction) and children’s hyperactive behavior and engagement levels are transactional. Two hundred and three children aged 1 to 5 in Swedish preschool settings were followed. Data was collected at three points in time between 2012 and 2014. This data was then analyzed to identify associations and how they changed over time. Transactional paths were found between children’s levels of core engagement, teacher responsiveness, and the quality of positive peer-to-child interaction. Children’s core engagement increases the probability of better quality positive peer-to-child interaction and teacher responsiveness, increasing core engagement over time. Teacher responsiveness and the quality of positive peer-to-child interaction are predictors of reduced hyperactive behavior over time. Meanwhile, children’s hyperactive behavior does not significantly influence these two types of social interaction, that is, decreased hyperactivity may not improve social interaction to the same extent as increased engagement. The findings are discussed in relation to how special support for children with hyperactive behavior can be designed, with a focus on increasing core engagement in preschool settings.

Features of the Functioning of the Legal System in the Context of Digitalization Processes

Using a documentary-based methodology, the aim of the study was to identify the key features of the functioning of the legal system in the context of digitization processes. The rapid growth of information volumes, the formation of information sets and databases, the intensive development of digital technologies, their widespread introduction in various spheres of public life, their mediation in a growing number of areas and types of social interaction, the activities of state and public institutions are a significant factor in the development of modern society, forming a "digital" reality. It is concluded that, in the conditions of the new reality, the law becomes not only a means, a tool ensuring digitalization of economy, management and other segments of social life, but also, an object of influence of "digitalization", by virtue of which it undergoes changes in its form, content, system, structure, mechanism of action and shows tendency to intensify emerging transformations. As a result of the study, the current trends and prerequisites for the characteristics of the functioning of the legal system in the context of digitization processes were investigated.

Associations between living alone, social interactions, and physical performance differ by sex: Results from the Baltimore Hip Studies.

There is mixed evidence on whether living arrangements and social interactions are associated with poorer health outcomes after hip fracture repair. Distinct social profiles among male and female older adults may explain some of the differences. However, prior studies did not evaluate these differences by sex. This article aims to assess if the associations between living alone, social interaction, and physical performance differ by sex among hip fracture survivors. This prospective cohort study is part of the Baltimore Hip Studies seventh cohort, with 168 male and 171 female hip fracture patients assessed at baseline (≤22 days after hospitalization) and at 2, 6, and 12 months post admission. Living arrangements and interaction with children or siblings and others in the past 2 weeks were collected at all visits. Physical performance was measured in the follow-up visits with the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Linear mixed models tested associations of living alone and social interaction with SPPB over time adjusted for age, education, comorbidities, physical functioning pre-fracture, cognitive function, self-rated health, and time. For men only, living alone was associated with worse performance (0.7 points lower SPPB scores, p = 0.05). Higher social interaction was associated with 0.8 and 1.2 point higher SPPB scores for men and women, respectively (p < 0.05). Visiting with friends was significantly associated with better function among males, while visiting with children or siblings was associated with worse SPPB among females. Living arrangements and types of social interaction are differentially associated with physical function for older men and women. Screening for social isolation/integration and including interventions that promote social interaction and participation should be considered in healthcare programs for hip fracture survivors.

Smaller preferred interpersonal distance for joint versus parallel action.

During social interaction, humans prefer to keep a certain distance between themselves and other individuals. This preferred 'interpersonal distance' (IPD) is known to be sensitive to social context, and in the present study we aimed to further investigate the extent to which IPD is affected by the specific type of social interaction. In particular, we focused on the contrast between joint actions, where two or more individuals coordinate their actions in space and time to achieve a shared goal, and parallel actions, where individuals act alongside each other but individually. We predicted that joint action would be associated with a smaller preferred IPD compared to parallel action. Additionally, given that this research took place in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, we aimed to assess whether IPD preferences are affected by individuals' concerns about infection in general, as well as COVID-19 in particular. We predicted that higher individual concerns would be associated with greater preferred IPD. To test these hypotheses, we asked participants to imagine different social scenarios (involving either joint or parallel actions alongside a stranger) and indicate, on a visual scale, their preferred IPD. The results of two experiments (n = 211, n = 212) showed that participants preferred a shorter distance when they imagined acting jointly compared to when they imagined acting in parallel. Moreover, participants who reported higher discomfort for potential pathogen contact and who were more aware of the COVID-19 context in which the study took place preferred a larger IPD in general. Our results provide further evidence that different types of social interaction shape IPD preference. We discuss potential reasons for this phenomenon and highlight remaining questions for future research.

Men’s Facial Hair Preferences Reflect Facial Hair Impression Management Functions Across Contexts and Men Know It

Men with distinct facial hair are perceived as more aggressive, dominant, older, and more formidable, mostly by other men. However, despite considerable interest in the social perception of beardedness, only a few studies have explored men’s preferences toward facial hair. We investigated men’s preferences toward facial hair and whether their judgments of facial hair appropriateness in social situations depended on their actual beardedness and the type of social interaction (N = 509; age: M = 29.35, SD = 7.24). Men preferred having more facial hair, particularly when they have a heavy stubble or a full beard. Men preferred more facial hair for themselves compared to other men, suggesting that men’s preferences for facial hair could be based on the frequency-dependent value of a display, namely more value assigned to rarer attributes. Men’s judgments of the appropriateness of facial hair were sensitive to social situations for displaying facial hair as well. More facial hair was considered more appropriate for informal situations, especially with another man. Social norms associated with formal interaction could, therefore, limit the impression management functions of beards in intrasexual competition.

Взаимосвязь ценностей и просоциального поведения в разных контекстах до и во время пандемии COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has unprecedentedly influenced social interactions, which can be implemented both in real life (offline) and on the Internet. Prosocial behavior as a type of social interactions has a positive impact on individuals and society, especially during crises. Prosocial behavior is determined by various factors, including individual values and contextual factors as the most influential ones. The form of prosocial behavior and its determinants may differ in different periods of the society functioning. Therefore, studying prosocial behavior before and during the pandemic, and identifying factors of its implementation in various contexts is a relevant task. This study explores the relationship between individual values and prosocial behavior, in an offline and an online context, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia. A cross-sectional study with two sub-samples — the “pre-pandemic” group (N=304) and the “pandemic” group (N=187) — was conducted online, using the short version of Human Values Scale by S. Schwartz (ESS-21) and scales of prosocial behavior in online and offline contexts. Results show that during a pandemic people are less likely to engage in prosocial behavior offline and rely less on Self-Transсendence values. At the same time, in “the pre-pandemic” group, Self-Transcendence values contribute to prosocial behavior in both contexts, while Self-Enhancement values contribute to prosocial behavior in the online context. Next, in the “pandemic” group, Self-Transcendence values and Openness-to-Change values promote prosocial behavior in both contexts, while Conservation values discourage it. The results are discussed regarding the impact a pandemic has on people's lives.

Reproductive variance can drive behavioral dynamics

The concept of fitness is central to evolution, but it quantifies only the expected number of offspring an individual will produce. The actual number of offspring is also subject to demographic stochasticity-that is, randomness associated with birth and death processes. In nature, individuals who are more fecund tend to have greater variance in their offspring number. Here, we develop a model for the evolution of two types competing in a population of nonconstant size. The fitness of each type is determined by pairwise interactions in a prisoner's dilemma game, and the variance in offspring number depends upon its mean. Although defectors are preferred by natural selection in classical population models, since they always have greater fitness than cooperators, we show that sufficiently large offspring variance can reverse the direction of evolution and favor cooperation. Large offspring variance produces qualitatively new dynamics for other types of social interactions, as well, which cannot arise in populations with a fixed size or with a Poisson offspring distribution.

Responsiveness in mother-infant social interactions among immigrant and nonmigrant families: Japanese, South Korean, South American, and European American

A culture learning perspective motivated the present study of the acculturation of responsiveness in mother-infant interactions. Several conceptual and analytic features of responsiveness in mother-infant social interactions were examined: Temporal contingency, mean differences in responsiveness among and within dyads, attunement of mother and infant responsiveness withing dyads, and the influence of acculturation on individual responsiveness. Methodologically, acculturation was assessed at group and individual levels in immigrant Japanese, South Korean, and South American dyads in comparison with nonmigrant dyads in their respective cultures of origin (Japan, South Korea, and South America) and their single common culture of destination (United States). In total, 408 mothers and their 5½-month-old infants were observed in the naturalistic setting of the home, and observations were coded for mothers’ speech to infant, social play, and encouraging her infant to look at her, and infants’ looking at mother and nondistress vocalizations. Odds ratios were then generated for mother and infant responsiveness in four types of social interactions: Mother speaks to infant and infant looks at mother (Mother Speak/Infant Attend), mother plays with infant and infant looks at mother (Mother Play/Infant Attend), mother plays with infant and infant vocalizes (Mother Play/Infant Vocalize), and mother encourages infant to look at her and infant vocalizes (Mother Encourage/Infant Vocalize). Five key findings emerged. Specifically, mother and infant responsiveness in Mother Speak/Infant Attend interactions were temporally contingent in all cultures. Mean differences in responsiveness among cultures emerged, and within dyads infants were more responsive than their mothers in Mother Speak/Infant Attend interactions. Mother and infant responsiveness in Mother Speak/Infant Attend interactions were attuned in all cultures. Responsiveness in Mother Play/Infant Vocalize interactions showed acculturation effects at the individual level. Implications of these findings for understanding the development of responsiveness in social interactions and acculturation in immigrant families are discussed.

The Role of College and High School Partnerships for International Student Experiences

The purpose of this study is to understand the experiences of international students engaged in partnership programs between their high school and a destination college. Specifically, this study focuses on the experiences and perceptions of a group of Brazilian international students who graduated from a dual diploma high school program prior to arriving at a four-year research university in the United States to complete their postsecondary education. The study is guided by a conceptual model based in the literature around challenges of international students, Tinto’s (1975) academic and social integration theory, and the four primary types of social interactions (Rose-Redwood &amp; Rose-Redwood, 2013). We utilize a case study method centered on six interviews which investigated students’ college experiences during their social and academic integration processes. The findings provide insight into how participation in the dual diploma high school program benefited international students in their college integration.

Health, Education, and Economic Well-Being in China: How Do Human Capital and Social Interaction Influence Economic Returns.

In developing countries, it is generally believed that a good health status and education (human capital) bring economic well-being and benefits. Some researchers have found that there are overall financial returns and income premiums correlated with human capital because of its excellent and higher ability. Due to different views and a lack of consensus, the role of human capital is still ambiguous and poorly understood. This study investigates the economic returns of health status, education level, and social interaction, that is, whether and how human capital and social interaction affect employment and income premiums. Using the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) for specification bias, we used the instrumental variable (IV) approach to specify the endogeneity and interaction effect in order to identify the impact and economic returns of human capital and social interaction on the values of other control and observed variables. However, we show that an individual with strong and higher human capital positively affects economic returns, but the variability of these estimates differs across estimators. Being more socially interactive is regarded as a type of social interaction but as not human capital in the labor market; thus, the empirical findings of this study reflect social stability and that the economic well-being of socially active individuals is an advantaged situation. Furthermore, men with substantial human capital and social interaction are in a more advantaged position compared to women with similar abilities.

THE DYNAMICS OF NEIGHBORHOOD SPEAKING: A SOCIOPRAGMATIC STUDY

Neighboring life is a type of social interaction that shows many symptoms of social conflict. The social conflict appears in various illocutionary speech acts found in neighboring social interactions. This study examines illocutionary speech acts using listening and speaking techniques in collecting data and translational and pragmatic equivalent methods in processing data. Data was obtained naturally through mutual interaction with neighbors. This study shows variations and rich pragmatic features in neighborly interactions. All speech acts have hidden meanings that deserve to be studied. The realization of illocutionary speech acts in this study is manifested in five ways: directive speech acts of ordering, expressive speech acts of mocking, commissive speech acts of offering, assertive speech acts of boasting, and declarative speech acts of confirming. In contrast, the speaking strategy obtained from the research data is divided into four parts: speaking frankly without further ado, speaking candidly with positive Politeness, speaking candidly with negative Politeness, and the strategy of vaguely speaking. - vague. Furthermore, the factors that influence the realization of speech acts are speech situation, age, kinship, gender, social status, and social relations. This research has implications for kinship relations between neighbors. Understanding speech acts can prevent social conflict and create closeness between neighbors.

Ride-sharing platforms: the effects of online social interactions on loyalty, mediated by perceived benefits

PurposeThis study examines how customer loyalty among DiDi users in China is affected by two types of online social interaction (transactional and interpersonal) and how the online interaction–customer loyalty relationship is mediated by three kinds of perceived benefits (functional, social-hedonic and safety).Design/methodology/approachThis study empirically examines research hypotheses based on a questionnaire survey of 428 DiDi consumers.FindingsThe results reveal that transactional interactions significantly enhance customer loyalty among DiDi users via the partial mediating effects of customers' perceived functional, social-hedonic and safety benefits. By contrast, interpersonal interactions do not directly influence customer loyalty, and only social-hedonic benefits fully mediate the positive influence of interpersonal interactions on loyalty.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the theoretical development of interactive marketing management by examining how two types of online social interactions contribute to customer loyalty on sharing economy platforms by influencing the perception of benefits. It also provides useful managerial insights to help ride-sharing platforms design online social interaction functions that improve customer perceptions and loyalty.

Designing for social interaction in high-density housing: A multiple case analysis of recently completed design-led developments in London

Over the past two decades, the Greater London Authority (GLA) has pursued the delivery of high-density development in London in order to respond to population growth whilst protecting the green belt. Though high-density places have been associated with sustainable outcomes, it is well documented that residents interact less frequently and build fewer relationships in these environments. This can be particularly detrimental since social contact is fundamental for our general wellbeing and happiness. In response to this problematic, this study explored if and how we can design for social interaction in high-density housing. To do so, it adopted the process of inducting theory from case studies. Firstly, three case studies of recently completed developments were undertaken to determine whether social interaction was a driving factor in the design process, the type and location of social interactions, and clarify the influence of physical design on social contact in comparison to other factors. Three research methods were used to find answers to these questions including interviews with the residents and architects of the schemes, participant observation, and content analysis. These design-led schemes were chosen for investigation as award-winning developments which had received commendation for creating the foundations for a strong community. Next, a cross-case comparison was undertaken to identify hypotheses that addressed the research question and objectives. Providing support for existing literature in the context of high-density housing, it was discovered that limiting the number of apartments to a building allows for collective stewardship, and that communal areas shared by smaller groups are used more intensively. Moreover, combining shared paths and communal areas was observed to support fleeting interactions and helped to nurture a local sense of community. New findings included that externalizing the circulation spaces of multi-story apartment blocks can facilitate conversations between neighbors, and that bike stores can represent an epicenter for contact if internalized and co-located with shared paths. Notably, the impact of physical design factors was not deterministic.

Childhood trauma and real-world social experiences in psychosis

BackgroundChildhood trauma is associated with a variety of negative outcomes in psychosis, but it is unclear clear if childhood trauma affects day-to-day social experiences. We aimed to examine the association between childhood trauma and functional and structural characteristics of real-world social relationships in psychosis. MethodsParticipants with psychotic disorders or affective disorders with psychosis completed ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) over ten days (N = 209). Childhood trauma was assessed retrospectively using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Associations between childhood trauma and EMA-assessed social behavior and perceptions were examined using linear mixed models. Analyses were adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics and psychotic and depressive symptom severity. ResultsHigher levels of childhood trauma were associated with more perceived threat (B = −0.19, 95 % CI [−0.33, −0.04]) and negative self-perception (B = −0.18, 95 % CI [−0.34, −0.01]) during recent social interactions, as well as reduced social motivation (B = −0.29, 95 % CI [−0.47, −0.10]), higher desire for social avoidance (B = 0.34, 95 % CI [0.14, 0.55]), and lower sense of belongingness (B = −0.24, 95 % CI [−0.42, −0.06]). These negative social perceptions were mainly linked with emotional abuse and emotional neglect. In addition, paranoia was more strongly associated with negative social perceptions in individuals with high versus low levels of trauma. Childhood trauma was not associated with frequency (i.e., time spent alone) or type of social interactions. ConclusionChildhood trauma – particularly emotional abuse and neglect – is associated with negative social perceptions but not frequency of real-world social interactions. Our findings suggest that childhood trauma may affect day-to-day social experiences beyond its association with psychosis.

The Relationship Between Social Interaction and Anxiety Regarding COVID-19 in Japanese Older Adults.

While previous studies suggest that women have higher anxiety than men regarding COVID-19, underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study tries to explain the mechanisms by gender difference in social interaction based on a theory of social amplification of risk framework (SARF). We surveyed older adults in Japan regarding their anxiety regarding COVID-19, as well as the frequencies of their direct and indirect social interaction in July 2020 (N = 1,587, aged 78-99 years). To explore the way in which gender and anxiety regarding COVID-19 were mediated by these two types of social interactions, MODEL4 of SPSS's Process MACRO was applied to the data. We found that older women interacted more directly and indirectly with others than did older men. And, direct social interaction was negatively and related, but indirect social interaction was positively related to older adults' anxiety regarding COVID-19. Furthermore, direct social interaction was related to older women's low anxiety regarding COVID-19, whereas indirect social interaction was related to older women's high anxiety regarding COVID-19. The findings of our study suggest that the degree of anxiety regarding COVID-19 among older women may be dependent upon the types of social interaction they have with others.

Marketing in the Metaverse: Evaluation through the 7P Marketing Mix

The Covid-19 pandemic has led to marginal changes in traditional lifestyles and standards, and technological developments that bring physical reality closer to virtual reality, with the increasing influence of the digital revolution. Among these developments, Metaverse stands out the most, and due to its projection dating back much earlier than the Covid-19 pandemic, it provides the most systematic presentation as a virtual reality. With its collection of online worlds and lives, Metaverse can cause radical changes in daily life and, therefore, deserves special attention. As an alternative universe concept offered to people, this area is envisioned to provide all kinds of social interaction services, such as shopping, advertising, digital production, marketing, security, education, entertainment, and any other type of social interaction that comes to mind, just like in daily life. To benefit from these services, it is necessary to be present in the Metaverse universe as a unique avatar user. Users will be able to buy and sell digital objects with blockchain-based digital currencies, participate in digital partnerships and ventures, create digital markets, and thus increase their digital profits and pleasures. While Metaverse marketing is not based on a different logic than marketing in physical reality, it can bring a new dimension to the science of marketing as it provides a freedom-oriented activity area unencumbered by classical limitations due to blockchain advantages. A new field of activity is emerging that greatly expands the limits of marketing science with Metaverse, and all marketing actors should position themselves in the most accurate and timely manner against this innovation. This article discusses the philosophy, birth, operation, components, and development direction of Metaverse marketing based on the 7P marketing mix. Keywords: 7P marketing mix, Metaverse, marketing, metahuman. https://doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.50.3.14

Mimeme Attribute Classification using LDV Ensemble Multimodel Learning

One of the most common types of social networking interaction is memes. Memes are innately multimodal, so studying and processing them is a hot issue currently. This study's analysis of the DV dataset comprises classifying memes according to their irony, humour, motive, and overarching mood. The effectiveness of three different creative transformer-based strategies has been carefully examined. The DV Dataset used here is created by own meme data for this implementation analysis of hateful memes. Out of all of our strategies, the proposed ensemble model LDV obtained a macro F1 score of 0.737 for humour classification, 0.775 for motivation classification, 0.69 for sarcasm classification, and 0.756 for overall sentiment of the meme.