Type Of Soap Research Articles

Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Plumeria alba L., Polianthes tuberosa L., and Cananga ordorata L. Flowers Essential Oils as Bioadditives in Transparent Solid Bath Soap

This study aimed to analyze the chemical components and antibacterial activity of essential oils from kamboja (Plumeria alba L.), sedap malam (Polianthes tuberosa L.), and kenanga (Cananga ordorata L.) flowers against Staphylococcus aureus ATTC 25923. Additionally, the study explored the application of these essential oils as bio additives in transparent solid bath soap. The research consisted of several stages: isolation and identification of chemical components of essential oils using the GC-MS Method, transparent solid bath soap formulation, antibacterial activity test of essential oils and transparent solid bath soaps against Staphylococcus aureus ATTC 25923, organoleptic test (color, aroma, transparency, solidity, and foam) and quality test of transparent solid bath soaps (pH, water content, foam stability, saponification number, and transparency). The essential oils extracted from kamboja, sedap malam, and kenanga flowers were found to contain 17, 20, and 20 compounds, respectively. Based on the result of GC-MS analysis showed that the predominant chemical components in each essential oil were 1,1’-oxydi-2-propanol (21.01%) for kamboja, benzyl ethanoate (24.52%) for sedap malam, and caryophyllene (43.77%) for kenanga. Transparent solid bath soaps with the highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus ATTC 25923 were obtained in the formula added with kamboja, sedap malam and kenanga flowers essential oils at 3.0%, 3.0%, and 3.0%, respectively, with respective inhibitory power of 14.48 mm (strong), 13.73 mm (strong) and 13.56 mm (strong) in diameter. Organoleptic tests revealed that each soap type exhibited characteristic of the respective flower. All soap types demonstrated good quality based on parameters such as pH, water content, foam stability, saponification number and transparency. Keywords: Cananga ordorata L., essential oil, Plumeria alba L., Polianthes tuberosa L., transparent solid bath soap

Durability of PBO nets (Olyset Plus®), 12 months after their distribution in Bertoua, Cameroon

BackgroundThe rapid spread of pyrethroid resistance has led to a change in strategy, going from pyrethroid-based nets to PBO + pyrethroid-treated nets. Although these new nets may significantly improve the control of pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes, their durability in the field remain not yet well documented. This study investigates the durability and washing resistance of Olyset-Plus nets in the city centre and rural areas of Bertoua, Cameroon. In each site, a semi-structured questionnaire was administered to at least 190 households with an Olyset-Plus net. Factors such as net use, physical integrity and bioefficacy were recorded. Bioassays were conducted on the collected nets to assess their bioefficacy and resistance to washing. They were tested against wild Anopheles gambiae sensus lato (s.l.). Unused nets and the Kisumu strain were used as controls. Washing and cone testing of the nets was carried out according to standard WHO protocols. ResultsA high rate of net use by children was recorded in the urban area (89.1% (106/119)) compared to the rural area (39.7% (118/297)). The majority of Olyset-Plus nets inspected 82.2% (162/197) in the rural area and 88% (206/234) in the urban centre were in good condition (Hole Index<64). Only 5.6% and 6.8% of nets were badly torn in rural and urban sites respectively. Nets were washed more regularly in the urban centre. 88.1% of urban dwellers reported having washed their nets at least once compared to only 62% of rural dwellers. Bioefficacy tests with nets indicated a mortality rate ranging from 66% for unwashed nets to 86.7% for nets washed at least once. Bioefficacy varied significantly in the city of Bertoua according to net washing frequency, soaking time, soap type and drying location, whereas in the rural village, only washing(washed or unwashed) and soaking status (soaked or unsoaked) significantly influenced the bioefficacy of Olyset-Plus nets. ConclusionsThis study revealed different handling practices of bed nets in rural and urban settings which could significantly affect Olyset-Plus nets bio-efficacy and durability. Routine monitoring and sensitization of communities to best practices concerning bed nets usage and handling during mass distribution might enhance the net durability in the community.

Utilizing Used Cooking Oil and Organic Waste: A Sustainable Approach to Soap Production

This research examined the potential for utilizing waste materials generated during the production of dishes/meals and organic waste. Specifically, it evaluated the use of orange peel (OP), spent coffee grounds (SCG), and waste cooking oil in the production of soaps. For the purposes of this study, homemade soaps were made from used food oils using the cold saponification method using sodium hydroxide. During the soap preparation, spent coffee grounds and orange peel were added to the samples in increasing concentrations of 1%, 2.5%, and 5%. The quality of the individual types of homemade soaps was evaluated on the basis of physicochemical properties such as pH, moisture, total alkalinity, total fatty matter, malondialdehyde content, fat content, foaminess, and hardness. All soaps produced using the cooking oil met the ISO quality criteria and reveal a high TFM content, low moisture content, and also very good foam stability and satisfactory foaming stability. However, no relationship was observed between the use of OP and SCG in soap production and these parameters. However, according to the ABTS test, OP and SCG significantly contributed to the antioxidant properties of the soaps, while SCG-impregnated soaps performed slightly better in this respect. Soaps with SCG also had the highest levels of flavonoids. On the other hand, the fillers used for the soap formulation reduced their hardness. All soaps showed 100% solubility in water, thus confirming the biodegradability of the product. This study demonstrated the novel potential of incorporating waste products like orange peel, spent coffee grounds, and waste cooking oil into homemade soaps, highlighting their contributions to its antioxidant properties and water solubility while ensuring high quality standards.

Empowering Family Welfare In Corpse Care Simulation: A Case Study In Punggul Village, East Java

Women's empowerment is an important focus for the world as stated in SDGs point 5 on gender equality which is key in achieving sustainable development and community welfare. PKK (Empowering Family Welfare) as a forum for empowering women or housewives is the main subject in research on training activities for caring for the dead. The targets of this research are PKK women in Punggul Village, Gedangan District, Sidoarjo Regency. The research method used is a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach to understand the experiences and perspectives of PKK Village Ibu Punggul, Ibu 'Modin', and the Community Service Team of Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember in the case of handling corpses. Data collection in this study was through direct observation and field observation during the implementation of the simulation of caring for the corpse. Then, the research results are presented based on descriptive data analysis. The service activity of caring for the corpse began with a theoretical presentation led by the community service team and continued with a simulation led by the 'Modin' together with PKK women. Different views began to emerge at the opening of the discussion session, starting from the use of types of soap, toiletries, prayer leaders, and women's participation in caring for the corpse. This training has a positive impact, both in terms of preserving cultural values and strengthening social cohesion.

Design of Liquid Refill Station for Dish Soap Product Based on Internet of Things

The abundance of plastic waste from liquid products such as dish soap, shampoo, mineral water, etc., has been a big problem so far. Therefore, a liquid refill station for liquid products has been designed to reduce plastic waste, and in this research, we used dish soap as liquid product. The tool works equipped with two pumps and a water flow sensor. So that customers can choose the volume and type of dish soap they want to buy from the two available brands. All purchase data in the form of customer ID, the brand of dish soap purchased, the volume of dish soap bought, and the date of the purchase were saved in the database. The residual volume in the tank is monitored and displayed on the Grafana dashboard. The timeout of dish soap volume in the tank is predicted using linear regression with the independent variable in the form of time (days) of purchase and the dependent variable in the form of the remaining dish soap in the tank. The prediction uses training data taken from the remaining volume data in the tank when it is first filled until it is first used up. The training data found that the coefficient of determination R2= 0.99 for the two brands.

Sensitivity of some types of Gr+ and Gr- bacteria to some types of commercial soaps

The use of soap is one of the most important means of ionic cleansing and getting rid of some types of bacteria that may be harmful and present on the skin, especially after using the toilet, as part of them may remain on the surface of the skin, causing some pathological injuries, and the ability of soap to remove or eliminate these germs varies according to the soap type and the period of its use in washing, the study aimed to determine the ability of some types of liquid soap to eliminate different types of Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The plate method was used to find out the sensitivity of each of the types of bacteria(Klebsiella, E.coli Staph aureus, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus,) towards types of liquid soaps produced by international companies, including Bivy, Dettol, ActiveX, Lifebuoy, Oud, using the tablet method, and it was determined The minimum inhibitory concentration for each type of liquid soap (depending on the bacterial species used). Klebsiella E.coli showed high sensitivity to Dettol soap, while Pseudomonas and Staph aureus bacteria showed high sensitivity to Bivy soap. Streptococcus bacteria appeared to be highly sensitive to Lifebuoy soap, and the sensitivity of bacterial species to the rest of the soaps varied between medium and weak.

Efficacy of Different Soaps available in Kathmandu, Nepal

The main objective of this research was to assess the antibacterial activity of commonly used different soaps. Altogether 8 different types of soaps which were used in our daily life were collected from market of Bagbazar, Kathmandu and processed in the Microbiology laboratory of Padmakanya Multiple Campus from June 2022 to August 2022. Agar well diffusion method was done for studying antibacterial activity of soaps against the bacteria cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebsialla pneumonia, Salmonella Typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobactor spp, Proteus mirabilis and Shigella dysenteriae along with ATCC culture of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC: 25923) and Escherichia coli (ATCC: 25922). A cork borer of 7mm diameter was used for preparing wells in MHA plate in which 70μl of soap samples (100mg/1ml) along with positive control (Ofloxacin) and negative control (distill water) were pouring then incubated at 37°C for 24 hrs to 48 hrs. After incubation, clear zone of inhibition was measured in which antiseptic soaps were found to be highly effective for both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria than other soaps. For total bacterial load reduction (before wash hand and after wash hand with the soaps) from hands of students, antiseptic soaps S1 and S2 showed the higher reduction of bacteria which was 91.3% and 95.91% respectively. It was concluded that hand washing with soaps reduced the daily encountered bacteria as well as human pathogenic bacteria.

F FORMULASI SABUN PADAT TRANSPARAN DENGAN PENAMBAHAN EKSTRAK BUNGA TELANG (Clitoria ternatea)

Soap is one of the commodities of the beauty and medical sectors that have been utilized in daily life to purify the grime that adheres to the skin. Bath soap is categorized into two types, namely liquid and solid soap. Solid soap is comprised of 3 kinds, specifically cloudy, translucent, and transparant soap. Transparant solid soap is an innovation in beauty and body cleansing products that enhances the attractiveness of soap products with its translucence, softer lather, and shinier appearance compared to other types of solid soap. The primary ingredient used in this research for soap production is sodium hydroxide and coconut oil. Meanwhile, butterfly pea is used as an additional ingredient in this study to enhance the quality of soap products, both in terms of usability and appeal. In this study, the extraction of butterfly pea extract was conducted using the maceration method, and different variations of the extract were used, namely 4 ml, 6 ml, and 8 ml and variations of coconut oil used were 80 ml and 50 ml. Several analytical tests, including pH analysis, free alkali, free fatty acids, mineral oil, water content, and organoleptic tests, were performed to determine the feasibility of this transparent solid bath soap. Based on the analysis results of the solid bath soap, the best sample obtained was formulation A2, which used 80 ml of coconut oil with the addition of 6 ml of butterfly pea extract. The analysis results showed a pH value of 9, 0% free fatty acids, 0% free alkali, 13.6% water content, and no presence of mineral oil. Keywords : transparant solid soap, butterfly pea, sodium hydroxide, coconut oil

P-439 Intimate hygiene practices and the correlation with abnormal vaginal microbiota in in vitro fertilization (IVF) patients – a cohort study in 1421 patients

Abstract Study question What are the intimate hygiene practices of women in IVF treatment and do they correlate with the vaginal microbiota? Summary answer Hygiene practices, in specific douching and use of intimate soap significantly increased the risk of abnormal vaginal microbiota (AVM). What is known already The normal vaginal microbiota acts as a defense system against infection. AVM is a molecularly defined vaginal dysbiosis, resembling bacterial vaginosis (BV) and is dominated by anaerobic bacteria such as Gardnerella vaginalis. Importantly, AVM is associated with an increased risk of genital tract infections, poor IVF outcomes, early miscarriage and preterm labor. The cause of AVM is multifactorial and hygiene practices may interrupt the normal microbiota. Previous small studies suggested vaginal douching to be associated with an increased risk of AVM. Few studies have investigated the possible correlation between intimate hygiene practices, menstrual practices and the vaginal microbiota. Study design, size, duration Observational cohort study, including a total of 1421 IVF patients from four Danish fertility centers. The inclusion period was from 2017 to January 2022. Participants/materials, setting, methods Patients aged 18-42 years and undergoing their first, second or third IVF stimulation cycle were eligible for inclusion. The intimate hygiene practices in terms of type of soap, menstrual protection, douching and probiotics, were reported in a structured questionnaire including a total of 40 questions. Vaginal swabs were obtained prior to ovarian stimulation and subsequently subjected to quantitative PCR testing, targeting DNA of dysbiotic bacteria. Main results and the role of chance AVM was present in a total of 34 % (479/1421) of women, and 20% (272/1384) reported vaginal douching, which significantly correlated with AVM (p &amp;lt; 0.01, OR = 1.62 [1.23-2.12]). Intimate soap was used by 39 % (535/1384) of patients, which also significantly increased the risk of AVM ( P = 0.04, OR = 1.35 [1.08-1.69]). Water only was used by 36% (492/1384), and regular soap was used by 27% (374/1384). No correlation between use of water only and regular soap and AVM was detected. For menstrual protection 40% (433/1078) used pads, followed by tampons alone 25% (265/1078) or a combination 21% (230/1078), and 14 % (148/1078) used a menstrual cup. A trend for an increased risk of AVM when using tampons, OR 1.21 [0.91-1.62] was seen whereas use of a menstrual cup seemed to lower the risk of AVM, OR 0.71 [0.48-1.04] Active smoking, higher BMI, drinking &amp;gt;7 units per week and previous chlamydia infection significantly correlated with AVM (p = 0.01, p = 0.01, p = 0.04 and p = 0.01). Finally, 84% (1190/1421) reported gynecological symptoms such as vaginal discharge, dyspareunia and fungal infection, but only fishy odor significantly correlated with AVM (p &amp;lt; 0.01). Limitations, reasons for caution To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest study investigating the intimate hygiene practice and its correlation with AVM in an IVF population. As these results describe the practices of a Scandinavian IVF population, results may differ from other settings and ethnicities. Wider implications of the findings Exploration of the cause-and-effect relations between intimate hygiene practices and AVM is needed, requiring intervention-based prospective studies. This would lead to evidence-based advice on intimate hygiene practices and AVM prevention, possibly increasing live birth rates. The unexpected high prevalence of douching in a Danish IVF population needs further exploration. Trial registration number NCT03420859

FORMULASI DAN EVALUASI MUTU SABUN PADAT DENGAN PENAMBAHAN EKSTRAK SERAI, DAUN SENGGANI, DAN KULIT JERUK SIAM

Solid soap is a type of solid soap with the addition of lemongrass extract, senggani leaves and Siamese orange peel which is expected to increase the benefits of solid soap. The purpose of this study was to determine the process and formulation of making solid soap using the addition of lemongrass extract, senggani leaves and siam orange peel on the characteristics of soap. The research method used in this study is an experimental design study method using ANOVA. The treatment in this study was with the addition of 70grams: 30grams of senggani leaves (SS1), 60grams of lemongrass: 40grams of senggani leaves (SS2), 50grams of lemongrass: 50grams of senggani leaves (SS3), 70grams of lemongrass:30grams of Siamese orange peel (SS4), 60grams of lemongrass. :40gram Siamese orange peel (SS5), 50gram lemongrass :50gram Siamese orange peel (SS6). Parameters observed were water content test, vitamin C content, acidity pH. The results of the water content test are 17.51%, vitamin C content is 6.68%, the pH value is in accordance with SNI 3532-2016 with a pH value of 8-11, the organoleptic results of solid soap are on the parameters of color, aroma and texture with each the mean level of liking (6.2), (5,7), and (5,7).

Comparative Analysis of Produced Organic Soap from Garlic Juice-Benni-Seed Stalk Ash Extract and Coconut Oil and Some Selected Commercial Soaps

Comparative Analysis of Organic Soap Produced from Garlic Juice-Benni-Seed Stalk Ash Extract and Coconut Oil and some Selected Commercial Soaps. The method used involved Collection of Benni-seed stalk and preparation of Alkali, Collection and Extraction of Coconut Oil, Collection of Garlic Bulb and Preparation of the Garlic Juice- based Alkaline. The produced soap was characterized based on physical characteristics (Soap Types, Colour, Texture, Aroma and Cleaning efficiency), pH of the soap samples, Foaming Stability, water hardness Test and Wash Fastness Properties Test. The result of the study shows that variation occurred among soap types as a result of addition of colouring matter such as dyes and degree of unsaturation of fatty acids. The pH of all the soaps falls within the range pH of (7-8) improving soaps quality but to regulate the pH level which will not contribute to the harshness of hands and skin. In terms of foaming stability, result obtained from GBC Soap was the best due to its solubility in water. Analysis of Soap hardness in soft water and hard water shows that Bright Soap had the highest value (8.5) in soft water which made it the best among other soap products. Premier Soap had the best ability to maintain the quality of fabric material when washed in water.

Hand Hygiene by Ward Staff at Dapaong Regional Hospital in Togo

Introduction: Hand hygiene (HH) is an effective way to fight infections in healthcare settings. The general purpose of our study was to explore the knowledge, attitudes and practices of health care providers on HH at Dapaong regional hospital (DRH). Methodology: This was a prospective, descriptive cross-sectional study conducted from March to June 2022 in the DRH wards. Data were collected using a questionnaire and observation grid. Results: 90 care providers were surveyed. Males and non-physician personnel predominated with 57.8%, and 94.4% respectively. The survey on staff’s knowledge reported: 31.1% of practitioners did not wash their hands on arrival and departure in services. 24% did not know the difference between simple hand washing (SHW) and hygienic hand washing (HHW). 23.3% did not know the type of soap to use for HHW. The caregivers did not know the type of hand washing (HW) required after a septic and non-septic procedure in respectively 41.6%, and 37.8%. They did not know that there are two types of hand antiseptics (45.4%), nor the amount of antiseptic for HW (78.9%). The survey on staff’s attitude regarding HW found that: 70% did not remove all jewels prior HW, and 51.1% did not know that wearing gloves cannot replace the HW. For HW Staff Practice: 62.2% did not wash their hands before treatment. 91.1% did not spread the soap on their hands and forearms after wetting them. 65.55% did not rinse hands from nails to elbows. Conclusion: The HH was poorly known, the attitude of the staff was dangerous in relation to the HH and the practice of HH was very inadequate at the RHC-Dapaong. As a result, there is a need to retrain staff to increase their capacity to prevent care-related infections and enhance patient safety in the hospital.

Non‐chromate conversion process for zinc coating with durable hydrophobicity and enhanced corrosion resistance

AbstractA Zn‐based coating with durable hydrophobicity and good corrosion resistance was formed on a mild steel substrate, which involves electroplating Zn from a non‐aqueous electrolyte, followed by passivation in an oleic acid (OA) solution. The electrodeposited Zn coatings were porous, which facilitated the formation of a chemical conversion layer of Zn oleate (ZO) during OA passivation. The Zn coating after passivation had a two‐layer structure, which included an outer layer of ZO with a thickness of ∼26 μm and an inner layer of Zn with a thickness of ∼6 μm. The outer layer ZO is a type of metal soap with a smooth surface and durable hydrophobicity, such that water droplets can easily slip off its surface. Corrosion testing and electrochemical measurements in 3.5 wt.% NaCl aqueous solution indicate that the Zn coating after OA passivation exhibits outstanding anti‐corrosion properties compared with those exhibited by pure Zn coating. The corrosion products and mechanism of the two‐layer coating were explored. This study shows that smooth metal oleate coatings can provide hydrophobicity and corrosion resistance simultaneously to mild steel substrates.

Efficacy of Newly Emerging Detergents, Laundry Bleach, and Toilet Soap against Bacteria Isolated from Fairly used Clothes, Male/Female Underwear

The aim of this study is to determine the potency of newly emerging detergents, laundry bleach, and toilet soap on bacteria isolates from fairly used clothes and Female Underwear. The current study included sample collection from used clothing and female underwear and compared the efficacy of detergents, toilet soap and laundry bleach (Jik),to reduce the microbial load in the used cloth. Organisms were isolated from the used cloth and female underwear, identified, and microbiologically characterized using the conventional method of microbiology assay. i.e, biochemical test,a compilation of cultural colonial and characteristics. Test Samples were washed using four (4) types of detergents and five (5) types of toilet soap and laundry bleach. The results of the colony-forming unit (CFU) before and after washing with detergent and toilet soap and laundry bleach were recorded, washing with detergents and toilet soap. The results showed that detergents were more effective in reducing bacterial load than toilet soap in all test samples. the addition of laundry bleach (Jik) also shows the effectiveness in reducing bacterial load in fairly used clothes and Female Underwear The antibiotics susceptibility test were determined using disc diffusion and agar well diffusion methods respectively. Eight (8) bacteria were identified include Aerobacter aerogenes (3), Bacillus polymyxa (5), Staphylococcus aureus (2), Veillonella parvula (5), Escherichia freundii (1), Escherichia coli (3), Enterobacter aerogenes (2) and Aerobacter cloacae (1). Bacillus polymyxa, and Veillonella parvula were the most common organism isolated and followed by Escherichia coli from fairly used clothes and Female Underwear. In this study, some of the Gram-positive(+ve) bacteria isolates were sensitive to commonly used antibiotics like Streptomycin, Tarivid, Reflacine Ciprofloxacin, Augmentin, Gentamycin, Ceporex, Nalidixic acid, Septrin, and Amplicin. Gram-negative bacteria isolated were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and all the isolated organisms were resistant to Ceporex. Gram-positive (-ve) bacteria were sensitive to Streptomycin and were resistant to Rifampicin. To determine the growth dynamics and killing kinetics of the isolated organisms, from fairly used clothes and Female Underwear, an Ultraviolet spectrophotometer were used to determine the wavelength and killing kinetics of isolated organisms from fairly used clothes and Female Underwear. The addition of antibiotics to the isolated organisms at the 48th-hour speed up the death rate of the isolates from fairly used clothe washed with different detergent Laundry Bleach and toilet soaps. It can be deduced that this study validates the efficacy of newly emerging detergents, Laundry bleach, and toilet soap against bacteria isolated from fairly used clothes. It is also recommended to wash fairly used clothes using different methods of soaking the fairly used clothes and female underwear in the Laundry Bleach for some days before finally washing in detergents and ironing before use. This method will drastically reduce and remove bacterial load in the fairly used clothes and female underwear.

Hand washing in operating room: a procedural comparison

&#x0D; BACKGROUND Hand washing has been considered a measure of personal hygiene for centuries and it is known that an improper hand hygiene by healthcare workers is responsible for about 40% of nosocomial infections. Therefore, surgical hand preparation is a critical element for healthcare safety in order to reduce microbial contamination of surgical wound in case of non detected break of the gloves. The aim of our study is to evaluate the efficacy three antiseptics: Povi-iodine scrub; EPG (Ethanol, Hydrogen Peroxide, Glycerol, recommended by WHO), and common marseille soap type in a liquid formulation.&#x0D; METHODS It was designed a randomized, double-blind, single-center study conducted in the University Hospital of Messina, from January to June 2013. We asked operators to put the fingertips of their right hand (if not left-handed) for one minute on the PCA medium, before washing with the three types of antiseptics, and after washing and drying. Drying was made using sterile gauzes or disposable wipes. Then, we measured the number of colony forming units per mL (CFU/mL) and calculated the percentage of microbial load reduction.&#x0D; RESULTS 211 samples have been considered for statistical analysis: in 42 samples, in fact, initial microbial load was lower than after washing. Washing with EPG reduced CFU/ml from a mean of 38,9 to 4,1 (86,5% reduction), washing with povi-iodine scrub from 59,55 to 12,9 (75,9% reduction) and washing with Marseille soap from 47,26 to 12,7 (64,3% reduction).&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that washing with EPG has superior efficacy in CFU reduction. Antiseptic hand washing, however, cannot be considered the only measure to reduce infections: the anomaly of some results (initial microbial load lower than after washing) demonstrates that drying is an essential phase in the presurgical preparation. Therefore, hand hygiene must be part of a more complex strategy of surveillance and control of nosocomial infections&#x0D;

The Characteristics of Liquid Soap with Additional Variations of Moringa Seed Extract (Moringa oleifera L.)

Soap is a cleaning compound formed from the reaction between fatty acid compounds and alkaline bases. Various types of soap have been circulating in the market, one of which is liquid soap. Liquid soap that has antibacterial abilities is needed by many people. Moringa seed extract is one of the natural ingredients that can be used as an active ingredient in making liquid soap because it can inhibit bacterial growth. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in the addition of extracts and to obtain the best extract concentration treatment on physical, chemical, and organoleptic. The addition of moringa seed extract used was administered at 3%, 5%, and 7%. Data analysis was carried out by applying the ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) with a significant level of 5%. The De Garmo method was used to formulate the best liquid soap recommendation among various treatments. The results showed that the addition of moringa seed extract had a significant effect on the parameters of free alkali content, viscosity, specific gravity, antibacterial activity, and organoleptic. The best recommendation for liquid soap is a soap with a concentration of 7% with specific gravity characteristics of 1.066 g/ml, the viscosity of 1.983 cP, pH value of 10.53, foaming power of 5.63 cm, foam stability of 94.64%, and free alkali content of 0.023%, and the antibacterial ability against S. aureus bacteria (clear zone) was 19.17 mm.

Skin biophysical assessments of four types of soaps by forearm in-use test.

While soaps are the most commonly used cleansing agents for human skin, they also damage the epidermal barrier and potentially increase the risk of disorders such as contact dermatitis. This study set out to compare the potential skin irritancy of four types of soaps and their effects on the skin barrier function and biophysical parameters. In a nonblinded comparative study, three types of soaps (alkaline, creamy, and glycerin soaps), and a syndet were applied to four different groups of 15healthy subjects. Subjects washed their left forearm with the respective soap at home at least four times a day for seven days. Biophysical skin parameters, including transepidermal water loss (TEWL), erythema, friction, and pH, were measured at various time points using the Cutometer® MPA 580. After the first wash, a significant increase in TEWL was observed for all groups compared to the pre-intervention period. For the alkaline soap, a substantial increase in pH was observed at all time points compared to the baseline. Syndet, the only acidic soap in this study, showed a significant decrease in pH at the last time compared to all time points. The mean value of erythema was significantly higher in alkaline soap users than glycerin and creamy soap users. Our study showed that alkaline-based soaps could cause erythema and increase TEWL and skin pH due to their strong cleansing action, and the addition of compounds such as glycerin can modify these effects. A newer generation of soap containing a mild surfactant such as syndets causes less skin damage.

Uji Standar Mutu Sabun padat transparan minyak atsiri sereh wangi ( Cymbopogon nardus L )

Transparent solid soap is a bar-shaped soap with a transparent appearance, resulting in a softer foam on the skin and appearance is more shiny than other types of soap. Soap quality standards are needed to determine the quality of soap. This research aims to find out the quality standards of soap formula whether it meets SNI standards. Quality standard tests from the study were taken from transparent soap formulations using the active substances of fragrant lemongrass essential oil on a VCO basis made by the watering method (Fx). Evaluation of the quality standards of transparent solid soaps of fragrant lemongrass essential oil (Cymbopogon nardus L) is a free alkaline test, pH test, water content test using a comparison soap containing essential oils circulating in the market (Fy). Quality standard test results on the Fx and Fy formulas are on the verge of pH 9-11 meeting SNI standards. While the results of fx and Fy formula testing on water content testing &gt; 15% and alkali free &gt; 0.1% so it does not meet SNI standards. So the transparent solid soap formula of fragrant lemongrass essential oil (Cymbopogon nardus L) has not met the required SNI standards.

Impact and perception of COVID-19 among transgender

Background: Global pandemic of COVID-19 has affected all society sections, including transgender people who face neglect regarding medical care. Here we intended to study the awareness and perception of COVID-19 and its impact among transgender.Methods: A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted among transgender people and compared with age-matched controls who attended our OPD or consulted telephonically.Results: The study included 40 transgender and 40 controls. Almost half of the transgender group (52.5%) were not graduates, and about 50% worked in a private company. There was no significant difference in the knowledge in terms of information about COVID-19, source of information, awareness of online consultation, treatment of COVID-19, and safe distancing (p=NS). Personal hygiene knowledge was better in controls (p=0.002), and hand washing habit was more in transgender (p=0.014), but transgender people were at par with the control group regarding the type of soap used, protective coverings for face, and availing online consultation (p=NS). However, transgender used hand sanitizers less frequently (p=0.035) and walked barefoot more often (p=0.004). COVID-19 and lockdown had a similar impact in both the groups in terms of healthcare support, source of groceries, and getting stuck away from home (p=NS).Conclusions: Though the education level in transgender was less, the level of awareness, knowledge, practices, and attitude about COVID-19 infections was almost similar to the control group. However, regarding the frequency of handwashing and the use of hand sanitizers, transgender people lagged, which needs to be addressed.

Comparison Of Formulations And Antioxidant Activity Of Transparent Soap From Red And Black Plum (Prunus domestica L.)

Transparent soap is a type of soap for the face and body to cleanse and protect the skin from free radicals. Plums are fruits that have very high antioxidant capabilities, because they have the content of flavonoids and tannins. This research aims to make transparent soap with the addition of red and black plum juice and compare the antioxidant activity capabilities of soap. This research captures the process of taking cider, phytochemical screening, and soap making. Analysis is pH test, moisture content, foam stability, free alkaline, and antioxidant activity test with DPPH method. The results of the antioxidant activity test are very strong with a value of IC50 &lt; 50 ppm namely red plum juice (30.83 ppm), black plum juice (47.74 ppm), red plum soap (16.52 ppm), black plum soap (12.08 ppm). Soap has a pH of negative blanko (8.5), positive blanko (8.3), red plum (8.6), black plum (8.0). Water content of blanko soap is negative (1.88), blanko positive (2.69), red plum (1.76), black plum (1.83). Negative blanko soap foam stability (50), positive blanko (20), red plum (45), black plum (65), and alkaline free negative blanko soap (0.04), positive blanko (0.08), red plum (0.05), black plum (0.06). Transparent soap meets the quality requirements in accordance with SNI 3532:2016.