Types Of Shelters Research Articles

Effects of shelter type, early environmental enrichment and weather conditions on free-range behaviour of slow-growing broiler chickens

Free-range use by broiler chickens is often limited, whereas better use of the free-range area could benefit animal welfare. Use of free-range areas could be stimulated by more appropriate shelter or environmental enrichment (by decreasing birds’ fearfulness). This study aimed to assess the effects of shelter type, early environmental enrichment and weather conditions on free-range use. Three production rounds with 440 slow-growing broiler chickens (Sasso T451) were carried out. Birds were housed indoors in four groups (two with males, two with females) from days 0 to 25, during which two of the groups received environmental enrichment. At day 23 birds’ fearfulness was assessed with a tonic immobility (TI) test (n=100). At day 25 all birds were moved (in mixed-sex groups) to mobile houses, and provided with free-range access from day 28 onwards. Each group could access a range consisting for 50% of grassland with 21 artificial shelters (ASs, wooden A-frames) and for 50% of short rotation coppice (SRC) with willow (dense vegetation). Free-range use was recorded by live observations at 0900, 1300 and 1700 h for 15 to 21 days between days 28 and 63. For each bird observed outside the shelter type (AS or SRC), distance from the house (0 to 2, 2 to 5, >5 m) and its behaviour (only rounds 2 and 3) were recorded. Weather conditions were recorded by four weather stations. On average, 27.1% of the birds were observed outside at any given moment of observation. Early environmental enrichment did not decrease fearfulness as measured by the TI test. It only had a minor effect on the percentage of birds outside (0.4% more birds outside). At all distances from the house, SRC was preferred over AS. In AS, areas closer to the house were preferred over farther ones, in SRC this was less pronounced. Free-range use increased with age and temperature and decreased with wind speed. In AS, rainfall and decreasing solar radiation were related to finding more birds outside, whereas the opposite was true in SRC. Behaviour of the birds depended on shelter type, distance from the house, early environmental enrichment, time of day and age. Chickens ranged more and farther in SRC, possibly because this provided a greater sense of safety because of the amount of cover and/or better protection against adverse weather conditions. These results indicate that SRC with willow is a more appropriate shelter for slow-growing broiler chickens than A-frames.

Shelter type and birth number influence the birth and death sites of lambs and ewe movement around lambing time

Shelter type and birth number influence the birth and death sites of lambs and ewe movement around lambing time

The behavioural consequences of translocation: how do invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) respond to transport and release to novel environments?

Invasive species must respond appropriately to novel habitats as they expand their ranges. The degree of habitat novelty is likely to be the highest immediately following human-mediated range-expansion, which can move an individual very large distances beyond its home range within a short space of time. How does translocation affect those critically important initial colonists? We collected cane toads (Rhinella marina) in eastern Australia in heath and woodland habitats, simulated either short-distance or long-distance transport (level of transport stress) and then either returned toads to their exact collection point or reciprocally translocated them to a novel site. Following release, we radio-tracked toads for 5 days and recorded their shelter types and microhabitat use daily. We also examined the thermal and hydric conditions experienced by toads and tested if prey intake, stomach mass and body condition of translocated toads differed from those of resident conspecifics. Translocated toads used different types of diurnal shelters, were more exposed by day and experienced higher diurnal temperatures (but not more desiccating conditions). Analysis of stomach contents indicated that translocation per se did not reduce feeding rates, nor reduce body condition. However, toads exposed to higher transport stress (simulating long-distance displacement) exhibited changes to body condition and hydric balance. Shifts in toad shelter site use induced by translocation may increase the toads’ visibility to diurnal predators, thereby reducing toad survival but also exacerbating the ecological impact of toads during the initial phase of post-translocation dispersal. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Each stage of the invasion process poses unique challenges for invading taxa, and very few species possess the full suite of behavioural, physiological or morphological traits required to pass through all stages of the invasion pathway. Although the study of invasion biology has grown exponentially, most research has focused on the determinants of invasion success during the later stages of establishment and spread, neglecting the earlier stages of transport and introduction. Understanding how species respond to all stages of the invasion process can clarify the non-random traits that allow certain species to become successful invaders.

Diel activity and use of multiple artificially constructed shelters in Astacus leptodactylus (Decapoda: Astacidae)

Abstractis a widespread European crayfish species with both native and invasive populations. However, in spite of its wide distribution, studies regarding its activity seem to be lacking. Thus, our goal was to study its preference towards shelters built from natural and artificial materials and follow its activities throughout the day in order to understand its diel activity patterns. We analyzed the video recordings of diel activities for 20 individuals to find out more about this species routine in a captive environment. Every specimen spent 22 hours in an arena with 4 different kinds of shelters provided (stone, wood, PVC pipe, vegetation). We investigated time spent in every shelter and different activity patterns throughout the analysis period. A preference for stone and wooden shelters was clearly expressed by all the individuals, independent of sex and size. Most of the activity was concentrated in close proximity to the provided shelters. Individuals exhibited both daytime and nighttime activity, with the latter being more intense, although, specimens spent almost 85% of the entire time inside shelters. Crayfish used all available shelters during our trials, proving a wide flexibility of the species towards shelter type, but the frequency of visits and time spent inside certain type of shelter varied significantly. Our study brings novel information regarding narrow-clawed crayfish shelter preference and activity in the proximity of the shelters, highlighting the importance of natural refuges in its daily routine.

Effect of free-range access, shelter type and weather conditions on free-range use and welfare of slow-growing broiler chickens

Free-range access for broiler chickens can benefit animal welfare because the birds have access to a more natural environment and more opportunities to perform natural behaviours than in indoor systems. Also, they have more space and more environmental enrichment, which could lead to better leg health and decreased fearfulness. In practice, however, use of the free-range area is often low. Lack of shelter likely plays an important role in this, as do weather conditions. In this study during 2 production rounds of slow-growing broiler chickens, 200 chickens were housed indoors (IN), 200 were provided with free-range access to grassland with artificial shelter (AS), and 200 were provided with free-range access to an area with short rotation coppice (SRC) from 4 until 10 weeks of age. Free-range use was monitored using photographs and live observations. Weather conditions and free-range use were monitored throughout the outdoor period. Tonic immobility (TI) as fearfulness assessment was done at the beginning (round 2 only) and the end of both production rounds; leg health and tibia bone health were assessed at the end of the production rounds.Mean percentage of birds using the free-range area was higher in SRC than in AS groups (42.8% vs. 35.1%; F1,7=1180.00, P<0.001). The mean percentage of animals located further than 5m from the house was 10.6±1.1% of the chickens that were outside in the SRC groups vs. 4.1±0.8% in the AS groups (F1,7=24.03, P=0.002). The interactions of shelter type with rainfall (F2,5578=70.59, P<0.001), increasing radiation (F2,5578=300.93, P<0.001) and increasing wind speed (F2,5578=14.77, P<0.001) showed that these factors were related with fewer chickens being outside; and that these effects were more pronounced in SRC than in AS chickens. An increasing temperature was related with more free-range use (F1,5578=32.24, P<0.001). A shorter TI duration in week 3 (at group level) was associated with more chickens further than 5m from the house (F1,250=13.79, P<0.001). The percentage of animals needing more than one induction to induce TI in week 10 was higher for chickens from SRC (29.7%) than from IN groups (4.8%; t102=−2.61, P=0.028) but not AS (14.8%). Hock dermatitis occurred less in AS (7.6%) than in IN (40.1%; t222=3.15, P=0.005) but not SRC (13.7%). These findings indicate that presence of SRC was most effective in encouraging chickens to use the free-range area, but that free-range access was only moderately related to better leg health and fearfulness (at group level).

창의성 증진을 위한 국내놀이터 공간특성 및 개선방안 연구

As the paradigm which emphasizes nurturing creative elites is introduced, more attention has been paid to children playing and their creativity. This change means that the importance of creativity is emphasized in the education of children, and furthermore, playgrounds which focus on creativity and imagination are needed. Therefore, this study examines the spatial characteristics of playgrounds for children and suggested strategies to improve them. There are five spatial characteristics of a creative playground: aesthetics, being eco-friendly, exploration, challenging and variable. Through the five characteristics, playgrounds were analysed based on ten expressive elements and the results are summarized: Creative playgrounds for children should have an attractive design with sculptural elements which stimulate children to be excited through associable shapes and abstract colors. Second, shelter type structures and a flexible flow design are needed so that children can feel free and be encouraged to explore in diverse ways. Third, as playgrounds for children provide spaces for rest in addition to play, organic facilities and eco-friendly materials for the rest space should to be used. Fourth, as childhood is a period when emotional, cognitive and physical development are achieved, organic geographical features and atypical facilities should be provided so that children can acquire extensive skills and join in physical activities. Finally, creative playgrounds for children should have mobile or variable facilities which consider the characteristics of children who want to do diverse activities and play different games. This study analysed playgrounds for children and suggested strategies to improve them. For successful design and use of creative playgrounds, it is suggested that intensive research on them and consultation with experts should be considered.

Methods for U-series dating of CaCO 3 crusts associated with Palaeolithic cave art and application to Iberian sites

U-series dating is a precise and accurate geochronological tool which is widely applied to date secondary CaCO3 formation, for example in speleothem based palaeoclimate research. It can also be employed to provide chronological constraints for archaeological sites which have a stratigraphic relationship with speleothem formations. We present in detail our methods to conduct precise and accurate U-Th dating of calcite crusts that formed on top of cave paintings. Our protocols allow the application of U-series measurements on small, thin calcite crusts covering cave art, which can be found in many sites, while taking care not to harm the art underneath. The method provides minimum ages for the covered art and, where possible, also maximum ages by dating the flowstone layer the art is painted on. We present dating results for crusts from two locality types in Spain, a typical cave environment (La Pasiega) and a more open, rock shelter type cave (Fuente del Trucho).

AVALIAÇÃO DE ABRIGOS ALTERNATIVOS PARA TERMO-HIGROMETROS EM FUNÇÃO DO CUSTO, MANUSEIO E ANÁLISE ESTATÍSTICA DO DESEMPENHO

The standardization of data collection instruments is critical to the quality of the microclimate studies. Due to financial constraints and specific needs many sensors, shelters and alternative systems the standards are developed, based on experience and creativity of researchers. The objective of this study is to provide subsidy to the urban climate studies, checking the influence of different types of alternative shelters thermo-hygrometers at fixed points, and were built five types of shelters and evaluated for performance, ease of implementation, materials and tools used, and the costs involved. Based on the performance of alternative shelters analyzed, it has the shelter of the vertical type and the ice cream pot does not demonstrate efficient to collect data at fixed points, especially if used during the day. It can also conclude that not only material used is linked to the performance, but also on its architecture.

A Study on the Anti-penetration Properties of a Biomimetic Hexagonal Honeycomb Shelter

Based on an analysis of the strengthening and toughening mechanisms of natural composites (shells and pearls) and the biomimetic principle, a new type of hexagonal honeycomb shelter was designed using concrete-filled steel tubes. Experiments were conducted to investigate the anti-penetration properties of the honeycomb shelter. The experimental results showed that in contrast to a reinforced concrete shelter, damage from an impacting projectile only occurred within a single hexagonal unit of the honeycomb shelter; in addition, the damaged area on the honeycomb shelter was relatively small. Furthermore, the projectile tended to yaw when it penetrated the honeycomb shelter. The results of the experiments on the honeycomb shelter were also analyzed in terms of stress wave propagation, which was examined using a numerical simulation. The analysis showed that due to the restriction and obstruction effects of the hexagonal steel tubes on the concrete within the steel tubes, the resistance on the projectile increased during the penetration process, which reduced the damage caused by the projectile. The experimental results and analysis showed that a honeycomb shelter composed of concrete-filled steel tube components exhibits relatively good anti-penetration properties.

Geometric Design and Construction of Structurally Stabilized Accordion Shelters

Accordion patterns are widely used for deployable shelters, due to their simple construction, elegant deployment mechanism, and folded plate form with an inherent structural efficiency. This paper proposes two new accordion-type shelters that use modified geometries to improve on the structural stability and stiffness of the typical accordion form. The first shelter is termed a distributed frame accordion shelter and is generated by separating fully folded accordion frames between spacer plates aligned with the transverse direction. A transverse stiffness and increased flexural rigidity can therefore be achieved while maintaining a nonzero floor area. The second shelter is termed a diamond wall accordion shelter and is generated by inserting secondary wall elements that increase wall sectional depth and counteract the coupled rotational-transverse displacements at accordion roof–wall junctions. For both shelter types, a geometric parameterization and a full-scale prototype are presented. Good correlation is seen between the designed and constructed surfaces. A numerical investigation also shows that the new forms have substantially increased flexural rigidities compared to the typical accordion form.

Moving distance and speed of Octopus (Octopus vulgaris) between pipe and no shelter type by changing water temperature in the indoor water tank

The common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) is considered a strong candidate for marine aquaculture due to its high growth rate and competitive market price. To investigate product potential, This study aims to investigate the moving patterns of common octopus between pipe and no shelter type up on changes of water temperature (10, 15 and 20℃). Experiments were conducted in a recirculation aquaculture system with dimensions of 2100 × 1000 × 1100 mm for 15 days (16 to 30 Nov, 2015). Three octopuses used in the experiment was 430 ± 21.6 g in body weight. Video cameras were set on the upper, front and inside of water tank and video camera footage were analyzed by PVS (private virtual studio) program.BR The octopuses showed the highest activity at 20℃ of water temperature in no shelter condition and at 15℃ of water temperature in shelter condition. The maximum moving distance and speed of 29.80 m in no shelter condition and approximately 27 10-3m/s at 20℃.

Yes, they can! Three-banded armadillos Tolypeutes sp. (Cingulata: Dasypodidae) dig their own burrows

It is believed that the two species of Tolypeutes Illiger, 1811are the only armadillos that do not dig their own burrows, and that these species simply re-use burrows dug by other species. Here, we show that Tolypeutes matacus (Desmarest, 1804) and Tolypeutes tricinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) dig their own burrows. We describe the burrows and three other types of shelters used by them, and provide measurements and frequency of use of the different types of shelter. We have studied free-ranging individuals of T. matacus in two locations in Central Brazil and individuals of T. tricinctus in semi-captivity in the Northeast of Brazil. Individuals of T. matacus were found primarily in small burrows (76%), straw nests (13%), shallow depressions covered with leaf-litter (7%) or in straw nests made on shallow depressions (4%). Adult males and females of T. matacus did not differ in frequency of use of different types of shelter. Sub-adults T. matacus used shallow depressions and nests more often (40%) than adults (22%) and nurslings (10%). Nurslings of T. matacus reused the shelters more frequently (66%), than sub-adults (46%) and adults (35%). Adult females reused burrows and other types of shelter more frequently than adult males. Tolypeutes tricinctus rested mainly in burrows and under leaf-litter, but did not dig depressions or build nests. Tolypeutes tricinctus occasionally used burrows dug by Euphractus sexcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758), but T. matacus never used burrows dug by other species. Nursling T. matacus always shared shelter with an adult female therefore, both used shelters with similar frequency. Adult females and nurslings of T. matacus reused shelters in higher frequency. That can be explained by the fact that adult females with offspring tend to remain for consecutive nights in the same burrow when cubs are recently born. Due to their smaller body size, subadult T. matacus used shelter strategies that require less energetic effort more frequently than adults and nurslings. The habit of covering the burrow entrance with foliage and the burrow?s reduced depth, indicates that Tolypeutes use of burrows is more likely to be related to parental care behavior and thermoregulation strategies than to defense mechanisms. We are confident that the burrows used for resting were indeed dug by Tolypeutes because, besides the direct observation of armadillos digging burrows, the measures of the burrows are very distinctive from those presented as characteristic for the co-occurring burrowing species and are congruent with Tolypeutes size and carapace shape. The newly acquired knowledge that species of Tolypeutes dig burrows can be used to increase the well-being of individuals kept in captivity by adapting enclosures to enable their digging behavior. In addition, this information contributes not only to the study of the ecology and natural history of the species, but can shed new light on the study of the anatomy of specialized diggers. Tolypeutes spp. can comprise the least fossorial of all living armadillo species, but they can no longer be classified as non-diggers.

Comparative Study on Cliff Dwelling Earth-shelter Architecture in Iran

Climatic diversity in Iran causes a variety of earth shelter type in the country. The two cliff dwellings which is alive till today are seen in cold and arid climate of Iran among 5 total climates of this country. This survey is used qualitative grounded theory method which for reach to formal comparative typology and to find the differences, similarities and pros and s of these two types of cliff dwelling and its compliances with their climate has been conducted by in field manner. The earth- shelter type is subset of earth architecture and cliff dwelling is one of seconds subsets that involve two alive communities in Iran which are continued cliff architecture and separated cliff architecture. Kandovan in East Atropatakan province of Iran by cold climate has a historical separated cliff dwelling and Maymand in Kerman province by arid climate has continued cliff dwelling. This two types have many differences in special structures, forms and climatically adaptations. Recognition of values of this kind of historic dwelling and its conservation is necessary. The result of this survey showed that special organization, climatically adaptation and suitable use of earth thermal behavior in Maymand is better than Kandovan instead the natural ventilation and use of day lighting is better in Kandovan because of its separated cliff forms.

Shelter preference in the Marmorkrebs (marbled crayfish)

For many animals, shelters are valuable source to hide from predators. To know acquisition of adequate shelter is important to understand social interactions of animals. Preferences for types of shelter used by the Marmorkrebs (marbled crayfish) were analysed behaviourally. Individual crayfish were presented with a choice between two PVC pipes with four different internal diameters (XL, L, M and S). The time spent in each shelter and the number of times crayfish entered each shelter were measured. Preference ranks of crayfish were XL = L = or &gt; M &gt; S. Our experiments strongly suggested that crayfish chose shelters based first on the diameter of the entrance, and then based on the length of the shelter. Crayfish recognised adequate shelters by visual cues under light conditions and utilised tactile cues from their antennae under dark conditions.

Behavior of horses on pasture in relation to weather and shelter—A field study in a temperate climate

Abstract The behavior and use of shelter by 426 domestic horses on 166 pastures was studied in relation to weather conditions in a temperate climate. The pastures varied in availability and type of shelter (artificial and/or natural). Observations were carried out once per pasture, but to increase the number of replicates in some classes of weather conditions, observations on some horses were repeated. Horses were observed without interfering with their everyday routine. At each sampling time, weather conditions, such as ambient temperature, humidity, wind speed, precipitation, and cloud cover were noted. A 5-point ordinal scale was used to score the horses' behavioral response to flies, defined as insect-avoiding comfort behavior. The mean use of the artificial shelters was 37.6% per observation moment. When dry air temperature was lower than 7.1°C or higher than 25.2°C, a 2-degree fit showed a higher artificial (man-made) shelter use. This is explained by the dampening effect of the artificial shelters on ambient temperature during cold circumstances, the temperature outside artificial shelter was lower than inside, whereas during warm circumstances temperature outside was higher. Regardless of temperature, but when wind speed was >2.8 m/s, shelter use was higher on rainy days than on dry days. Sheltering was also observed inside the thermo-neutral zone of horses (41.0% of the total observation time). This behavior could be explained by other micro-environment related aspects, such as insect harassment. These results suggest that having access to shelter seems important for horses.

도로경사와 연령별 보행속도 차이를 고려한 자연재난 대피소의 입지분석 - 서울시 사례분석

In Korea, local governments have decided the location of shelters as part of their disaster planning. However, no quantitative standards, such as assuming different hazard and shelter types, shelters` capacity, are specified in that planning. To propose the direction of disaster evacuation policy, first of all, the current state of shelters` location and evacuation area is needed to be analyzed. In addition, considering topographical condition such as road slope and physical strength by age are important factors to measure optimal evacuation route. The purpose is to suggest a new methodology of estimating optimal evacuation route considering resistance of road slope and difference of walking speed by age. Moreover, as a case study of Seoul, Korea, using coverage analysis of GIS analysis tool, the accessible area (or vulnerable area) to the shelters is evaluated based on the spatial distribution of disaster evacuation shelters and their accommodation capacity, according to evacuation time within 7.5, 15 and 30 minutes. The main results are summarized as follows: 1) The average area of disaster evacuation shelter per person is calculated as 0.45 square meters. Considering that the minimum shelters` area per person is 1 square meters, only 45% of people in Seoul can be accommodated. 2) The ratio of inhabitants who live in accessible area within 7.5 minutes presents only 33% of all. Furthermore, the ratio of inhabitants by age group of 5~9 or over 65 years old shows significantly lower percentage in comparison with 15~49 years old people.

Growth and mortality of the juvenile common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) in pipe- and tire-type shelters placed in flow-through seawater tanks

The common octopus, which has a high growth rate and high market price, is a prime candidate for commercial marine aquaculture operations. We evaluated the effectiveness of two types of shelters (pipe and tire types) for juvenile common octopus growing out in flow-through seawater tanks. Growth rates were evaluated in two experiments. The first experiment (Experiment 1) ran for 72 days, and the second (Experiment 2; replicated) ran for 46 days. Each trial included 40 octopuses fed a diet of frozen sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) and swimming crab (Portunustri tuberculatus) at 3-8% of body weight once every 3 days. In the two experiments, the respective specific growth rates were 0.3 and 0.04%/day in pipe-type shelters and 0.00 and 0.88%/day in tire-type shelters, while the respective percentage survivals were 80 and 80% in pipe-type shelters and 70 and 90% in tire-type shelters. Shelter type had little influence on the growth rate (P

Reduction of energy consumption using passive architecture in hot and humid climates

Energy shortages, pollution, global warming, and the impacts of urban heat islands are among the pressing issues in this century all over the world. Historically, local architecture was based on people’s experience and knowledge. It was sympathetic to the climate and environment. After a period of building design that ignored the local climate, more passive buildings, low energy buildings, and zero buildings have come into focus because of the environmental pollution caused by an excessive use of fossil fuels. The historic architectural style in Dezful includes underground shelters, 5–12m deep, to improve the indoor climate conditions in this hot and semi humid city. This type of underground shelter, known as a Shavadoon, is regarded as one of the passive energy strategies to seek temperature comfort using the earth annual temperature stability and natural ventilation. The present study was conducted in a house owned by Mohammad Reza Ghamsari. The house was used to test the accuracy of numerical simulation of the temperature and air flow within the Shavadoon spaces. Temperature contours, streamlines, and other related findings are reported. The results show that space conditioning costs could be cut and adequate comfort could be derived using such passive heating and cooling systems.

Effects of stocking density and shelter type on the growth and survival of pandalid shrimp (Pandalopsis japonica Balss, 1914) juveniles

In this study, we determined the optimal shelter type by comparisons of growth, survival and RNA/DNA ratio of Pandalopsis japonica juveniles after rearing for 1 month and examining the effects of some shelters. The shelters used were brush-type, coloured pompons, and vinyl blankets. Attachment of individuals was highest, 117.7 ± 9.29 shrimp/900 cm2, with brush-type shelters. In rearing experiments for 1 month with four shelters and two stocking densities, carapace length (4.44-4.48 mm), wet weight (119.1-126.9 mg/ind.) and RNA/DNA ratio (0.11-0.12) were not significantly different between the treatments. Survival was highest with the brush-type shelter, but values were not significantly related to stocking density. In conclusion, the shelter type most enhancing attachment to the substrate and survival was a brush-type shelter. Regarding stocking density, survival was higher with a lower stocking density (60 juveniles/900 cm2). Thus, the quantities of reared shrimp can be enhanced by introducing shelters in aquaculture tanks.

Effects of Tree Shelters on the Survival and Growth ofArgania spinosaSeedlings in Mediterranean Arid Environment

The argan tree is endemic species of Morocco. It occupies an area of more than 8700 km2and plays essential ecological and economical roles. In spite of their value, the argan woodlands are subject to rapid and uncontrolled degradation during the last decades, mainly due to overgrazing and systematic collection of argan nuts. The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of two types of tree shelters on survival and growth ofArgania spinosaseedlings planted in the southwest of Morocco in order to improve the results of reforestation programs which usually end by repeated failures. The experiment was conducted in the Mesguina forest for two growing seasons after transplantation in the field. After two years, the use of tree shelters significantly increased tree survival and allowed a gain of 20%. Height growth was positively affected by tree shelters. The use of tree shelters showed no significant decrease in basal diameter. In contrast, the height to diameter ratios of sheltered trees were much higher compared to the control. Thus, the use of the tree shelters could aid the early establishment and growth ofArgania spinosaunder conditions similar to those of the experiment.