Shark Type Research Articles

Identification, relationship and population status of sharks and rays landed at Rigaih Fishing Port as an effort of genetic conservation to endangered biota

Aceh Jaya is one of the potential habitats and migration areas for various types of sharks because of its geographical location directly facing the Indian Ocean. This research was conducted to contribute to shark data collection through molecular genetic approaches. The objectives of this research include: conducting molecular identification of the types of sharks found; Analyzing the kinship relationships of the types of sharks found, and determining the conservation status of the types of sharks found. The results of the research that has been carried out found 6 individuals of sharks and 4 individuals of rays from 6 species of IU and 2 species of rays landed at Rigaih Fishing Port. The results of molecular identification show similarities with morphological identification results with an average percentage of per. ident reaching more than 95% and query cover more than 85%. The results of phylogenetic analysis show that the types of Sphyrna lewini and Rhynchobatus australiae have plesiomorphic characters. Based on references to the IUCN Red List standard unit, it shows that there are 3 species of sharks landed at Rigaih Fishing Port with critical status (CR), 4 species with vulnerable status (VU), and one species with near extinction status (NT). This result is an important finding where so far the status of shark populations landed and traded at Rigaih Fishing Port is unknown and has not been recorded statistically.

Morphogenetic Sharks of Genus Carcharinus Traded at Southwest Aceh Fish Landing Sites

Research on the types of sharks traded at the Southwest Aceh fish landing site was conducted in September 2022. The purpose of this study is to analyze the morphology and genetic analysis of sharks. Sampling uses purposive sampling techniques, for morphological analysis refers to shark identification books, while genetic analysis uses the Sanger method used at the sequencing stage. Morphological data analysis using Image-j software, for genetic analysis, using Mega 6 (Molecular Evolutionary Genetic Analysis). Morphological analysis was carried out at the Laboratory of Biosystematics and Marine Genetics, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Teuku Umar University. Genetic analysis was carried out at the Denpasar Biodiversity Laboratory, Bali. The results of this study found two species of sharks with a total of 8 individuals from the genus Carcharinus

Molecular identification of sharks and rays species from Aceh waters, Indonesia

Shark is a cartilaginous fish that is widely hunted because it has high economic value. The waters of Aceh are directly adjacent to the Indian Ocean and the Malacca Strait making it a preferred habitat for pelagic fish, especially sharks. Information on shark species landed in the waters west and east of Aceh is very limited due to difficulties in identification and commonly used local names. This study aimed to determine the types of sharks landed in Banda Aceh, Meulaboh, Langsa, Southwest Aceh and Simeulu and to find out specifically what species of sharks are most often landed in Aceh waters. Primary data gathering consisted of four stages, namely sample collection, identification using identification books, molecular identification cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and phylogenetic analysis. The results of the molecular analysis of 46 tissue samples from five locations identified 13 species of sharks, namely Carcharhinhus sorrah, Carcharhinhus amboinensis, Triaenodon obesus, Isurus oxyrinchus, Sphyrna zygaena, Sphyrna lewini, Loxodon macrorhinus, Hemipristis elongaria, Stagostoma fasciatum, Nebrius ferrugineus, Chilloscyllium punctatum, Isurus oxyrinchus, Alopias pelagicus, Alopias supercillosus and 1 species of rays, namely Rhynchobatus australiae. Phylogenetic tree reconstruction using the Neighbor Joining method of 610 basepairs consisting of two large clades separates the species Alopias pelagicus and Isurus oxyrichus with Carcharhinus sorrah, Sphyrna lewini, Loxodon macrorhinus and Rhyncobatus australiae with boostrap values of 87% and 64%. The haplotype diversity shown ranged from 0.667-0.889 while the nucleotide diversity ranged from 0.001-0.097. These values indicates high diversity because of the variance in the number of species found.Keywords:BarcodeCOISharks catchAlopias supercillosusSphyrna lewini

Sustainability Study of Scalloped Hammerhead Shark (Sphyrna lewini) in Indramayu Waters

Hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini) population decline is a global problem experienced by various ocean basins worldwide, including Indramayu waters. As the regency known by its fishery barn that supplies 65% of captured fisheries in West Java, Indonesia, illegal fishing practices towards this protected species is inevitable. In 2017, 2869 tons of sharks were landed in Indramayu with the production value of IDR 44.01 billion, which hammerhead shark catch reaches 268 tons. This research aimed to observe the sustainability of hammerhead shark in Indramayu waters using a bio-economic model of Gordon Schaefer (GS) and Gompertz. The results showed the overfishing of hammerhead shark in Indramayu waters on actual conditions in 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018, both in the GS and Gompertz models. The abundant number of hammerhead sharks started to deplete from 2015 to 2018, and the highest depletion was found in 2017, with a depletion value of 16 tons and depreciation value of IDR 164 million. The depletion rate suffered the most significant decline in 2011 to 2012 for all types of sharks, including hammerhead. The prohibition of consistent fishing and more pronounced law enforcement for hammered shark fishing are needed to maintain the sustainability of this resource.

The Ultimate Book of Sharks

I have always been a big fan of the National Geographic “Big Book of ___” series. Each of these books is a journey into a targeted topic with the quality of scientific accuracy and imagery we all expect from National Geographic. This “Ultimate” book is no exception, highlighting the work of Brian Skerry, a photojournalist for National Georgraphic and other publications. The book is not only a collection of incredible images he has collected over a 20-year career in photography, it is also essentially a young scientists’ encyclopedia of sharks! It features a wide range of species, from fan favorites (great whites, tiger sharks) to smaller species (angels, dogfish). In addition to current sharks and their whereabouts, the book takes a trip through the fossil record to look at the evolution of sharks and how ancestral species lived and hunted. In addition to types of sharks, there are full chapters on anatomy and physiology as well as the secret lives of sharks in the ocean. My favorite chapters are found at the end of the book. In one of these chapters, Skerry tackles common myths about sharks – like their interactions with people, how they select food, and those bites. Another is a chapter on “super sharks,” delving into the superlatives of the shark world – such as the best camo, the deepest dweller, and the fastest swimmer. And most important is a chapter calling for the defense of sharks through conservation and protection of the oceans!Overall, this book is a fantastic look at the world of sharks, infused with the experiences of someone who has photographed them over a career. Each chapter has great “Moments of AHHHHH!” built in to tell a story beyond just the facts about these magnificent creatures.

Analysis of Shark Fisheries Typology in TPI Pangandaran, Pangandaran Regency, Indonesia

Knowledge of the shark fisheries typology for manager or related stakeholder is a supporting factor for the success of the basic fisheries management program, especially shark fisheries. This study aims to analyze the technical, social and cultural typology of shark fisheries in TPI Pangandaran, Pangandaran Regency. This research was conducted using the case study method and the method of sampling (purposive sampling) and the data were analyzed descriptively qualitatively and quantitatively, the qualitative method is carried out by interpreting data, facts and information that have been collected through an understanding that is built based on empirical experience, quantitative method is done by using a measurement scale, measurement scale based on data obtained from the questionnaire. The benefits of the results of this study are expected to be input for managers and related stakeholders in formulating policies for the development of fisheries activities, especially shark fisheries so that shark fisheries in Indonesia can be sustainable. The results showed that the commercial status of fishermen is the main occupation, including labor fishermen, the average fisherman goes to sea in a day. In general, fishermen are aged between 44-54 years with primary education level with 10-20 years of work experience. Catching sharks is carried out using a 3 GT motorized boat, with trips (years) of 210 times on the 3 GT vessel size and the type of fishing gear used is Gill net. The shark catching areas were obtained from Pangandaran Beach, Pananjung Bay, Nusakambangan Waters and Cilacap waters. There are two types of sharks that are landed in TPI Pangandaran namely Lonjor Sharks (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) and Martil Sharks (Sphyrnalewini). The largest production output in 2019 is 5887 kg. The results of the feasibility analysis of shark fishery business in TPI Pangandaran are with a profit value of Rp. 10.200.000 and the value of the Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) which is 1.2 means that the business is feasible and sustainable.

Species composition and size distribution of sharks and rays caught in Bali Strait and its surrounding area and its relation to fisheries management

Muncar is one of the shark production centers in Java, where the fishing ground in Bali Strait and its surrounding area. Routine data collection was carried out from May 2018 to April 2019 at the Brak Fish Market and the Muncar Coastal Fishing Port (PPP), Banyuwangi to determine the species composition and size distribution of sharks and rays caught in Bali Strait and its surrounding area. Data collection was done by census and almost of all individuals were identified to species level and and measured. During the study, 3.551 individuals of sharks and rays were landed in this port, consisting of 75 species from 25 families (48 species of sharks, one species of ghost shark and 26 rays species). The most common types of sharks belong to Carcharhinidae and for the rays was Dasyatidae. Among these, thirteen species were listed in Appendix II CITES, i.e. Carcharhinus falciformis, Alopias pelagicus, A. superciliosus, Isurus oxyrhinchus, I. paucus, Sphyrna lewini, S. zygaena, Mobula mobular, M. tarapacana, M. thrustoni, Glaucostegus typus, Rhynchobatus australiae and Rhyna ancylostoma. Most of sharks and rays caught were juvenile to adolescent and at immature or maturing stages.

PEMBELAJARAN INTERAKTIF MENGENAL ANEKA RAGAM IKAN HIU DENGAN METODE COMPUTER BASED INSTRUCTION

This animal recognition learning material is sometimes studied without visual aids or animations making it difficult for students to understand more deeply related to the correct type. Based on the problems above, the writer tries to make an interactive learning in helping the learning process of introducing shark mikan sports. The method of developing multimedia learning materials used is the Computer Based Instruction method where this application can be used to study the types of sharks with a combination of text, graphics, video, sound, and animation. This interactive learning application also provides several interactive games. This Interactive Learning is made using Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Flash CS6.

Deficit in digestive capabilities of bamboo shark early stages under climate change

Little empirical information is currently available on the potential effects of acidification and/or warming in sharks, but none exist about digestive capabilities under such future conditions. Here, we investigated the impact of both acidification (ΔpH = 0.5) and warming (+4; 30 °C) on the digestive enzyme levels of recently hatched tropical bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium punctatum). Thirty days post-hatching, juvenile sharks revealed a significant increase in pancreatic trypsin levels under warming, but also a significant decrease under acidification, namely a 42 % drop under present-day temperature and 44 % drop under the warming condition. A similar trend was recorded for the alkaline phosphatase activity in shark’s intestine, i.e. the impact of environmental hypercapnia was also quite notorious—a 50 % drop under present-day temperature and 49 % drop under the warming condition. Thus, our present findings suggest that acidification and warming acted antagonistically, leading to similar enzyme activities under present and future conditions. Future directions on this topic of research should point towards the study of other types of sharks, namely pelagic ones with quite higher energetic demands.

Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with immune tolerance induced by gavage shark type II collagen in rats

Objective:To investigate the efficacy of immune tolerance induced by gavage shark typeⅡcollagen(SCⅡ)on rheumatoid arthritis(RA)in rats and its mechanism.Methods:Sixty rats were randomly divided into 6groups.Except those rats in the blank control group,all the remaining rats were induced by Freund complete adjuvant to develop RA models.Rats in the model control group were gavaged with 0.2ml of 0.05mol/L acetic acid solution,while rats in the other groups were gavaged with 0.2ml of 1mg/ml bovine typeⅡcollgen(BCⅡ),1mg/ml SCⅡ,3mg/ml SCⅡ,10mg/ml tripterygium polyglycosides respectively to induce immune tolerance.The efficacy of SCⅡon RA was evaluated by the following 5parameters:delayed hypersensitivity,the level of circulating immune complexes,the serum level of interleukin-10,histomorphology of ankle joint and the repair of ankle cartilage tissue.The mechanism of immune tolerance induced by SCⅡ was studied by in vitro cell experiment.Results:Gavage administration of SCⅡ could induce immune tolerance,decrease delayed hypersensitivity,make circulating immune complexes negative,increase the serum level of interleukin-10,repair the damaged ankle cartilage tissue and increase the amount of Fas/Apo-1in T cells.The efficacy of SCⅡ with an optimal dose of 3mg.kg-1.d-1 was superior to BCⅡand tripterygium polyglycosides in the treatment of RA.Conclusion:In the RA rat model,gavage of SCⅡ could induce immune tolerance,which could produce effect on RA.

Oral Administration of Shark Type II Collagen Suppresses Complete Freund’s Adjuvant-Induced Rheumatoid Arthritis in Rats

Objective: Shark type II collagen (SCII) is extracted as a glycoprotein from the cartilage of blue shark (Prionace glauca). We aim to confirm the effects of oral tolerance of SCII on inflammatory and immune responses to the ankle joint of rheumatoid-arthritis rats induced by Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA). Materials and Methods: The onset of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was observed 14 ± x days after injection of CFA. Rats in the control group were treated with acetic acid by oral administration (0.05 mmol kg−1d−1, days 14–28), while rats in experimental groups were treated by oral administration with SCII (1 or 3 mg kg−1d−1, days 14–28), Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycosidium (TWP) (10 mg kg−1d−1, days 14–28), and bovine type II collagen from US (US-CII) (1 mg kg−1d−1, days 14–28), respectively. The severity of arthritis was evaluated by the articular swelling. The immunological indexes observed included delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction, the level of interleukins 10 (IL-10) in rat blood serum and morphological characterization. Mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) was performed to investigate the relationship between T cell apoptosis and specific immune tolerance induced by SCII. Results: Treatment with SCII for 2 weeks significantly attenuated the acute inflammation. The rats orally administrated with SCII at the level of 3 mg kg−1d−1 (SCII 3) and US-CII had decreased DTH reaction compared with rats in control group. Rats treated with SCII 3 had the highest level of IL-10 with 102 pg/mL. SCII with concentration of 10 μg/L could help to significantly enhance level of Fas/Apo-1 in T cell in vitro. The result of histological staining indicated that the recovery of the articular membranes of ankle joint in SCII 3 group was greatly enhanced. Conclusions: Our results suggest that appropriate dose of SCII can not only ameliorate symptoms but also modify the disease process of Complete-Freunds-Adjuvant-induced arthritis. Oral administration of SCII might be a potential candidate as a novel drug for further investigation.

Estimates of Shark Species Composition and Numbers Associated with the Shark Fin Trade Based on Hong Kong Auction Data

The species composition and number of sharks used by the shark fi n trade were estimated from a partial set of daily auction records for the world's largest shark fi n trading centre in Hong Kong for the period October 1999 to March 2001. More than 10 000 lot descriptions of shark type, fi n position, fi n size and fi n weight were translated and statistically modeled using Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods (WinBUGS). These methods allowed a robust estimation of missing information in individual auction records, as well as of entire auctions for which no data are available, through a hierarchical model with uninformative priors. The model provides estimates of the complete data set for the sampled period, including the total auctioned weights of fi ns by shark type and fi n position. Separate studies, undertaken in Hong Kong to genetically map trade names to species names, are being used to align the estimates with particular taxa. This paper demonstrates how the traded quantity estimates can be converted to the weight and number of sharks represented based on preliminary conversion factors from the literature and from this research. A potentially more robust Bayesian conversion algorithm, involving fi n size-classes and stochastic relationships between fi n lengths and fi n weights, is outlined for future implementation.

Plastic debris collars on juvenile carcharhinid sharks ( Rhizoprionodon lalandii) in southwest Atlantic

Three juvenile Brazilian sharpnose sharks ( Rhizoprionodon lalandii) caught in gillnets in southeast Brazil, southwest Atlantic, were found with plastic debris rings around their gill or mouth region. The rings caused severe abrasion on the sharks’ tissues as the animal grew, the collars probably hampering normal feeding and/or ventilation since two of the collared individuals were emaciated. The rings were identified as detachable lid parts from plastic bottles, likely thrown overboard by fishery and/or recreation boats. As several carcharhinid shark species dwells and reproduce in shallow waters, the impact of discarded plastic debris likely is greater on this shark type.

Use of shark collagen for cell culture and zymography.

The uses of shark collagen as a matrix for cell culture and as a substrate for zymography were investigated. Fibroblasts were cultured on a gel matrix of shark type I collagen at 30 degrees C. The collagen gel had contracted by 4 days of incubation. Individual fibroblasts were visible against the transparent background of the contracted collagen as long, lean star-shaped cells. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) from fibroblasts secreted from the medium more easily digested shark gelatin than pig gelatin. MMP-2, -9, and that of potential form were recognizable in the zymographic gel of shark gelatin.

Improvement of shark type I collagen with microbial transglutaminase in urea.

In the presence of urea, type I collagen could form a gel with crosslinks with microbial transglutaminase (MTGase). Collagen self-assembly was accelerated with the addition of MTGase. The proportion of reconstructed collagen fibrils was raised with the addition of MTGase. MTGase-treated collagen gel remained gelled at high temperatures at which collagen denatured. By treatment with MTGase, collagen could form the gel under impossible condition to collagen self-assembly, and that denaturation temperature was raised.

Effect of transglutaminase on reconstruction and physicochemical properties of collagen gel from shark type I collagen.

The effects of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) on type I collagen self-assembly and properties of reconstructed collagen fibrils from shark were investigated. Collagen self-assembly was accelerated with the addition of MTGase in dependence on that concentration. The relative amount of reconstructed collagen slightly decreased with MTGase. The diffusion coefficient of collagen gel was reduced by treatment with MTGase, and that suggested the reduction of mobility of the whole collagen network. At a high temperature, used to denature the collagen, MTGase-treated collagen gel remained as aggregates. By differential scanning calorimetry, the denaturation temperature of MTGase-treated collagen gel was about 2 degrees C higher than that of nontreated collagen gel. Treatment with MTGase yielded thermally stable cross-links in collagen molecules.

Improvement of the material property of shark type I collagen by composing with pig type I collagen.

Fibril reconstruction process, that is, the nucleation and growth of mixed type I collagen fibril of shark and pig, progressed faster than that of the individual collagen species of shark or pig. The reconstructed mixed collagen fibril had a greater resistance to return to the solution or to melt into gelatin in comparison with the counterpart consisting solely of shark collagen. The denaturation temperature of the mixed collagen gel was about 10 degrees C higher than that of shark, and about 5 degrees C lower than that of pig. By scanning electron microscopy, the diameter of mixed collagen fibril showed an intermediate range between shark and pig collagen fibril. The breaking strength of the mixed collagen gel was tougher than that of pig, but weaker than that of shark. Other physicochemical properties of the mixed type I collagen gel were observed to be at intermediate positions between those of shark and pig type I collagen gels.

The Physicochemical Property of Shark Type I Collagen Gel and Membrane

The physicochemical properties of shark type I collagen gel and membrane were not same as those of pig type I collagen. The denaturation temperature of shark collagen gel was about 15 degrees C lower. According to scanning electronic micrography, the diameter of shark collagen fibril was relatively thin and more homogeneous. The breaking strength of shark collagen gel was greater, and shark collagen membrane had a greater mechanical strength and a higher water vapor sorption.

Structural Property andin VitroSelf-assembly of Shark Type I Collagen

The main structure of shark type I collagen is similar to that of land mammals, with a partial difference in amino acid sequence and post-translational modification. By static light scattering, the weight-average molecular weight of shark collagen (7.52 x 10(5)) suggests the presence of some aggregated molecules, oligomeric collagen. The self-assembly curve of shark collagen had a shorter lag phase and a longer growth phase than that of pig collagen. The optimum temperature and pH of shark collagen self-assembly is different from that of pig collagen.

Miocene Vertebrate Geochronology of West Coast of North America: ABSTRACT

Part 1--Nonmarine vertebrates and marine-nonmarine tie-ins by Donald E. Savage. With the conviction that an agreement regarding precise Miocene-Pliocene and Oligocene-Miocene boundaries within the stratal succession of the West Coast region of North America is less important than the establishment of refined and subage correlations within this region, we assign the following to the Miocene Epoch: Latest Miocene (10-12 m.y. ago) Clarendonian mammal age, Cerrotejonian and Montediablan mammal San Pablo (Cierbo-Neroly) of mega-invertebrate ages, Mohnian and? Delmontian (in part?) foraminiferal ages. Late to middle Miocene (12-17 m.y. ago) Barstovian mammal age, Briones and upper part of Temblor mega-invertebrate age, later part of Saucesian plus Relizian and Luisian foraminiferal ages. Middle to early Miocene (17-21 m.y. ago) Hemingfordian mammal age, earlier part of Temblor mega-invertebrate age, middle part of Saucesian foraminiferal age. Earliest Miocene (21-26 m.y. ago) Arikareean mammal age (early part may be Oligocene), Vaqueros-Temblor transition plus Vaqueros or Vaquerosian mega-invertebrate ages, earliest part of Saucesian plus later part of Zemorrian foraminiferal ages. The Arikareean, Hemingfordian, Barstovian, and Clarendonian are easily recognized from joint occurrence of fossils representing certain genera of insectivores, rodents, carnivores, mastodonts, horses, rhinos, oreodonts, camels, and other groups of mammals. We are now concerned chiefly with deciphering a more precise time-stratigraphic range for each of the species. We intend to establish a well-disciplined (vertebrate) paleontologic stratigraphy, which can lead to zonation within the basins of nonmarine deposition. Unfortunately, fossils of land vertebrates are scarce in districts of littoral deposition, but the classic sections in the Tejon Hills, San Francisco East Bay, North Coalinga, Shark-tooth Hill-Pyramid Hill, Caliente Range-Cuyama Valley, Tecuya-San Emigdio Range, South Mountain, and Ana Mountains districts provide tie-ins between the generalized marine End_Page 436------------------------------ and nonmarine paleontologic stratigraphies and geochronologies of the Miocene. Part 2--Marine vertebrates by Lawrence G. Barnes. Emphasis on faunal studies and intensified fossil collecting have shown that marine vertebrates in Miocene strata of the West Coast of North America are useful in paleontologic correlation and in geochronology. Mammals, sharks, and bony fishes, in that order, are probably the most useful groups for correlation and chronology; birds and turtles are less useful at present because they are less well studied. Associations of marine vertebrate fossils with terrestrial mammals and marine invertebrates at several localities have permitted correlations between land-mammal and marine ages. There are three major chapters in the evolutionary history of marine vertebrates in the West Coast Miocene. These are termed early, middle, and late and are roughly equivalent to Vaqueros, Temblor, and Santa Margarita ages respectively. Early Miocene faunas are characterized by archaic mammals (eurhinodelphid dolphins, squalodonts, early sea lions) and birds, and mixed types of sharks. Middle Miocene faunas are characterized by relict archaic mammals (eurhinodelphids, squalodonts, primitive sea lions), some highly specialized mammals (desmatophocine sea lions, desmostylians), and the earliest ancestors of living groups (modernized dolphins, cetotheres). Middle Miocene fishes are tropical, the birds are related to modern taxa, and the sharks are noticeably different from early Miocene species. Late Miocene faunas closely resemble middle Miocene faunas, with similar sharks and birds, but usually lack most of the archaic mammals and turtles and show increased numbers of modernized ammals (dolphins, baleen whales, modern sea lions). Transitions between these three major marine faunas of the Miocene are rarely found. End_of_Article - Last_Page 437------------