Types Of Rubber Research Articles

Cracking, structural, and mechanical property changes of SIBR and related elastomers during the ozone aging process

The evolution of the structure, cracks and mechanical properties of Styrene-Isoprene-Butadiene Rubber (SIBR) during ozone aging process is investigated in this work. SIBR is a new type of tire tread rubber, and ozone aging is a key factor affecting the service life of tires. Therefore, it is very important to study the ozone aging performance of SIBR. The changes in the microstructure of the rubber at the ozone crack are innovatively monitored by the microscope-infrared technology in this work. The rubber is more prone to undergo ozone aging at the ozone crack. SIBR mainly participates in the ozone aging reaction where concentrated on the cracks. Therefore, the number of cracks on the surface of SIBR is relatively smaller. In comparison with Solution polymerization Styrene Butadiene Rubber and Neodymium Catalyzed-Isoprene Rubber (Nd-IR), the initial cracking time of SIBR is in the middle of the initial cracking time of SSBR and Nd-IR, and the growth rate of ozone cracks in SIBR is slower. In summary, SIBR has better resistance to ozone cracking.

Emission Characteristics and Environment Impacts of VOCs from Typical Rubber Manufacture

The emission characteristics of VOCs from three typical rubber manufacture industries were studied by GC-MS/FID. Maximum incremental reactivity(MIR) and fractional aerosol coefficient(FAC) were employed to evaluate the ozone formation potential(OFP) and secondary organic aerosol(SOA) formation potential. The results show that the VOC types emitted from the manufacturing of rubber products mainly include alkanes, ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, and benzene series. For traditional rubber products manufactured through rubber mixing and vulcanization, the main pollutants are ketones and alcohols, whereas for production processes involving gluing and painting, the main pollutants belong to the benzene series. In terms of ozone impact, the traditional processes contribute to ozone formation mainly through oxygenated hydrocarbons. In industries that utilize adhesives and paints, the extensive use of these organic solvents lead to a significantly higher contribution of the benzene series than other VOC species to ozone formation; the benzene series account for 82.9% of the total contribution. In terms of SOA impact, the benzene series are the main contributor to SOA, whereas the contribution of VOCs from traditional processes is small; hence, SOA primarily originates from the gluing and painting processes. Therefore, in traditional production of rubber products through rubber mixing and vulcanization, the emission of oxygenated hydrocarbons should be preferentially controlled, whereas for rubber industries utilizing gluing and painting processes, the emission of benzene series should be preferentially controlled.

Compatibility Study of Silicone Rubber and Mineral Oil

In this study, three types of silicone rubbers, namely, insulative silicone rubber, conductive silicone rubber and silicone rubber with conductive as well as insulative layers are investigated for their compatibility with mineral oil. Mineral oil with different silicone rubber samples is thermally aged at 130 °C for 360 h, 720 h and 1080 h and at 23 °C, 98 °C and 130 °C for 360 h. At the end of each ageing interval, mineral oil and oil-impregnated silicone rubbers are investigated for their dielectric properties. Aged mineral oil samples are investigated for their moisture content, breakdown voltage, colour number, dissolved gases and total acid number, whereas solid insulation samples are investigated for their moisture content. Additionally, pressboard samples in mineral oil and mineral oil without any solid insulation materials are also aged under the same conditions and are investigated for their dielectric properties. From the obtained results, it can be assessed that the presence of carbon particles in conductive silicone rubber negatively impacts the dielectric properties of mineral oil. Among the investigated silicone rubbers, the insulative silicone rubber exhibits good compatibility with mineral oil and a strong potential for being used in mineral oil.

Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) Quantification of Tire and Road Wear Particles (TRWP) in Environmental Matrices: Assessing the Importance of Microstructure in Instrument Calibration Protocols

Thermogravimetric methods with internal polymer standards have successfully quantified environmental tire and road wear particle (TRWP) concentrations. However, TRWP quantification in environmental matrices via pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (py-GC-MS) using butadiene rubber (BR) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) marker 4-vinylcyclohexene (4-VCH; 1,4-butadiene-1,4-butadiene dimer) may be uncertain because of variable polymer compositions and BR and SBR microstructures. To determine if tire polymer microstructure is contributing to potentially over- or underestimating TRWP in the environment in py-GC-MS analyses, SBR materials (n = 8) commonly found in tire tread with varying microstructure were quantified via py-GC-MS, using 4-VCH and the deuterated internal standard d-4-VCH to provide a response ratio for each polymer. The response ratios of the dimer response to the total polymer quantity (instrument response slope) varied up to 6.8-fold for SBR, with a reduction to a 3.6-fold range when the polymer quantity was expressed as 1,4-butadiene mass rather than total polymer mass. Variability was reduced further when considering the polymerization method for emulsion-SBRs (n = 3; 1.4-fold range), but not solution-SBRs (n = 5; 2.7-fold range), which reflects the random versus structured heterosequencing of the two rubber types, respectively. Our findings suggest that py-GC-MS response should be interpreted based on empirical analysis of an appropriate number of regionally representative tire tread materials, rather than individual rubbers, because of the lack of methods available for determining unknown average microstructure in environmental samples.

Evaluation of solvent transport and cure characteristics of chlorobutyl rubber graphene oxide nanocomposites

Chlorobutyl rubber (CIIR) is a significant type of synthetic rubber with interesting properties and thereby finds applications in numerous filed. Insertion of nanofillers like organo clay, carbon nanotubes, graphene etc. into CIIR matrix reduces the permeability which is useful for the synthesis of membranes with less solvent and gas permeation. In this work, introduction of graphene oxide (GO) improved the cure characteristics of CIIR matrix. Bound rubber content also improved with increasing filler concentration. Moreover, a reduction in mol percentage of uptake was observed with increase in temperature. This study clearly shows the ability of GO in CIIR matrix to prevent the solvent transport through the polymer, which opens its application in chemical protective clothing.

Ballistic performance of composite structure configurations with high elongation calendered rubber layer laminated to AA5083-H112 aluminum alloy

This study aims to determine the ballistic performances of laminated composite plates produced with AA5083-H112 series aluminum and rubber material with high elongation capacity under impact loading. To investigate the effect of rubber compounds, two types of rubber with calendered and damping were prepared. Thanks to the surface treatment applied to the aluminum plates, the rubber–metal adhesion strength was adjusted, and four different laminated composite plate samples were prepared. Calendered rubber was used on the bullet impact surface of all samples, and damping rubber was used on the back. It has been observed that the pressure barrier created by the calendered rubber bullet on the front face provides high performance to absorb energy. A detailed study was carried out on the total thickness of laminated composite plates, the interface adhesion strength between rubber and aluminum layers, and the ballistic performance of aluminum-rubber combinations. It was concluded that the laminated composite plate’s energy absorption would increase, especially by increasing the thickness of the dumping rubber layer on the back of the aluminum sheets. In the strong metal-rubber interface interaction between the rubber and aluminum layer, the bullet is stopped before the pressure barrier is formed. The penetration depth and bulging height increase, and most of the energy are transmitted through the aluminum plate. In the weak metal-rubber interface interaction, a significant portion of the energy is absorbed by the rubber and air thanks to the pressure barrier.

Silicone Rubber Composites Reinforced by Carbon Nanofillers and Their Hybrids for Various Applications: A Review.

Without fillers, rubber types such as silicone rubber exhibit poor mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. Carbon black (CB) is traditionally used as a filler in the rubber matrix to improve its properties, but a high content (nearly 60 per hundred parts of rubber (phr)) is required. However, this high content of CB often alters the viscoelastic properties of the rubber composite. Thus, nowadays, nanofillers such as graphene (GE) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are used, which provide significant improvements to the properties of composites at as low as 2–3 phr. Nanofillers are classified as those fillers consisting of at least one dimension below 100 nanometers (nm). In the present review paper, nanofillers based on carbon nanomaterials such as GE, CNT, and CB are explored in terms of how they improve the properties of rubber composites. These nanofillers can significantly improve the properties of silicone rubber (SR) nanocomposites and have been useful for a wide range of applications, such as strain sensing. Therefore, carbon-nanofiller-reinforced SRs are reviewed here, along with advancements in this research area. The microstructures, defect densities, and crystal structures of different carbon nanofillers for SR nanocomposites are characterized, and their processing and dispersion are described. The dispersion of the rubber composites was reported through atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of these nanofillers on the mechanical (compressive modulus, tensile strength, fracture strain, Young’s modulus, glass transition), thermal (thermal conductivity), and electrical properties (electrical conductivity) of SR nanocomposites is also discussed. Finally, the application of the improved SR nanocomposites as strain sensors according to their filler structure and concentration is discussed. This detailed review clearly shows the dependency of SR nanocomposite properties on the characteristics of the carbon nanofillers.

Radiation Resistance Of Filled Elastomer Compositions

The paper investigates the physical and chemical properties of the carbon-containing material of the secondary raw material for the production of acetylene and its effect on the radiation resistance of rubber products and cable rubbers. It was found that the carbon-containing material is modified carbon, the surface of which is microencapsulated with oligomeric oxygen-containing compounds, its thickness, calculated from the value of the specific geometric surface, amounted to 50-60Å. The effect of carbon-containing material on the relaxation coefficient and compressive stress is shown, and radiation resistance by the relative elongation of rubbers in an ionizing radiation environment 60Co. At the same time, it was found that, due to the finished oligomer on the surface of particles of carbon-containing material, threshold dose of radiation of rubbers based on styrene butadiene rubber according to the relaxation index, compressive stress and the coefficient of radiation resistance in terms of relative elongation increases three times compared to carbon blacks P803. Similarly, dependencies were obtained in rubbers based on other types of rubbers, including nitrile butadiene rubbers, possessing low radiation resistance due to the increased tendency to structuring. The findings indicate that the carbon-containing material is an effective filler for increasing the radiation resistance of industrial rubber goods and cables, operated in the environment of ionizing radiation.

Experimental Dynamic Rigidity of an Elastic Coupling with Bolts

The paper presents an elastic coupling with bolts and intermediary non-metallic elements, which allows for radial and axial deviation and can absorb shocks and torsional vibrations. The designed bolts have a particular shape of a circular area of a length equal to the width of the non-metallic element, a cylindrical area larger than the diameter of the cylindrical groove where the non-metallic elements are mounted, and a cylindrical area smaller than the threaded area to avoid stress concentrators and bolt breakage. The coupling represents a symmetrical piece, having two planes of symmetry. Therefore, the study of such a mechanical system can be considerably simplified considering the design and description of the repeating elements. The novelty of this coupling consists in the existence of an intermediate disc between two half-couplings (driving and driven half-coupling). The non-metallic elements with different shapes are made of different types of rubber, mounted on cylindrical bolts fixed by the driving half-coupling, transmitting the motion in both directions.

Characterization of Mechanical and Dielectric Properties of Silicone Rubber.

Silicone rubber’s silicone-oxygen backbones give unique material properties which are applicable in various biomedical devices. Due to the diversity of potential silicone rubber compositions, the material properties can vary widely. This paper characterizes the dielectric and mechanical properties of two different silicone rubbers, each with a different cure system, and in combination with silicone additives. A tactile mutator (Slacker™) and/or silicone thickener (Thi-vex™) were mixed with platinum-cured and condensation-cured silicone rubber in various concentrations. The dielectric constants, conductivities, and compressive and shear moduli were measured for each sample. Our study contributes novel information about the dielectric and mechanical properties of these two types of silicone rubber and how they change with the addition of two common silicone additives.

Empirical Models for the Viscoelastic Complex Modulus with an Application to Rubber Friction

Up-to-date predictive rubber friction models require viscoelastic modulus information; thus, the accurate representation of storage and loss modulus components is fundamental. This study presents two separate empirical formulations for the complex moduli of viscoelastic materials such as rubber. The majority of complex modulus models found in the literature are based on tabulated dynamic testing data. A wide range of experimentally obtained rubber moduli are used in this study, such as SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber), reinforced SBR with filler particles and typical passenger car tyre rubber. The proposed formulations offer significantly faster computation times compared to tabulated/interpolated data and an accurate reconstruction of the viscoelastic frequency response. They also link the model coefficients with critical sections of the data, such as the gradient of the slope in the storage modulus, or the peak values in loss tangent and loss modulus. One of the models is based on piecewise polynomial fitting and offers versatility by increasing the number of polynomial functions used to achieve better fitting, but with additional pre-processing time. The other model uses a pair of logistic-bell functions and provides a robust fitting capability and the fastest identification, as it requires a reduced number of parameters. Both models offer good correlations with measured data, and their computational efficiency was demonstrated via implementation in Persson’s friction model.

Chemistry, Processing, Properties, and Applications of Rubber Foams.

With the ever-increasing development in science and technology, as well as social awareness, more requirements are imposed on the production and property of all materials, especially polymeric foams. In particular, rubber foams, compared to thermoplastic foams in general, have higher flexibility, resistance to abrasion, energy absorption capabilities, strength-to-weight ratio and tensile strength leading to their widespread use in several applications such as thermal insulation, energy absorption, pressure sensors, absorbents, etc. To control the rubber foams microstructure leading to excellent physical and mechanical properties, two types of parameters play important roles. The first category is related to formulation including the rubber (type and grade), as well as the type and content of accelerators, fillers, and foaming agents. The second category is associated to processing parameters such as the processing method (injection, extrusion, compression, etc.), as well as different conditions related to foaming (temperature, pressure and number of stage) and curing (temperature, time and precuring time). This review presents the different parameters involved and discusses their effect on the morphological, physical, and mechanical properties of rubber foams. Although several studies have been published on rubber foams, very few papers reviewed the subject and compared the results available. In this review, the most recent works on rubber foams have been collected to provide a general overview on different types of rubber foams from their preparation to their final application. Detailed information on formulation, curing and foaming chemistry, production methods, morphology, properties, and applications is presented and discussed.

A review: Study on waste rubber as construction material

Sustainable construction is highlighted in current development as the environmental issue is one of the major issues of global concern. This issue also relates to waste generated each year. The bulk of waste was estimated to increase, which can reduce space in the world and can cause pollution. Many researchers have come up with inventions and ideas to manage that situation. Some researchers use the waste rubber in a concrete mix as a partial coarse or fine aggregate replacement. The alternative in a concrete mix depends on the size of the rubber that is used and the appropriateness. In this paper, the critical perspective of waste rubbers discussed in detail. It is shown from the review that if compared with the existing one, there is some reduction in the workability and mechanical properties of concrete. Rubberised concrete, however, still has its superiority in terms of energy absorption. The use of pozzolanic material in the concrete mix, the application, the proportion of rubber and the choice of rubber types helps a lot to compensate for the weakness of rubberised concrete.

RESEARCH OF THE INFLUENCE OF LASER BEAM PARAMETERS ON THE NEOPRENE LASER ENGRAVEMENT AND LASER CUT

The report considers the possibility of using laser technology for neoprene engraving and cutting. This modern material is a type of synthetic rubber with great strain resistance, general durability and excellent temperature insulation properties. This study uses a CO2 laser system SUNTOP ST-CC 9060 with a wavelength of 10640 nm with a goal to achieve the best engraving and cutting quality of the material and Zwick / Roell machine for testing the samples. As a result of experimental studies, power density and processing speed parameters were optimized for high – quality engraving and cutting of the neoprene.

Numerical Simulation of Mechanical Properties of Series System with Bearing and Pier Under Lateral Load

The local series system with typical common plate rubber support/pier in highway reinforced concrete girder bridge is the object of the current research. The finite element numerical simulation method is used to study sensitive parameters – the mechanical properties of the series system under the horizontal load. The simulated results show that the interface bonding strength between the bearing and adjacent structure is reduced; the equivalent shear deformation and the horizontal force of bearing under horizontal load change insignificantly with the increase of horizontal displacement. However, the total shear deformation and equivalent shear deformation increase with the increase of the axial compression ratio. In addition, the top horizontal force and displacement of the pier significantly decrease with reduction of the connection strength at both ends of the bearing. Therefore, adjusting the axial compression ratio of the pier and interfacial connection mode can obviously affect the mechanical properties of the support and adjacent structure, even the failure mode of the local structure. This approach can help estimate the mechanical properties of the existing bridge and determine the reasonable maintenance plan.

Investigation on mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of rubber for packer in CO2-H2S gas well

The rubber materials used in the packer play a key role to ensure the operation safety of oil and gas wells. Hence, it is of great significance to study the corrosion behavior of rubber materials in the packer under the CO2-H2S coexistence environment. In this study, the corrosion behavior of AFLAS, FKM and HNBR rubber under the CO2-H2S coexistence environment was observed by using a high-temperature and high-pressure autoclave. The experiment investigated mass growth rate, volume growth rate and mechanical properties of the samples. Based on EDS results and tensile fracture morphology, the corrosion mechanism of the three types of rubbers exposed to CO2-H2S environment was concluded. The results indicate that the mass and volume growth rate of AFLAS rubber is close to FKM, and the growth is at a rather low rate. By contrast, sharp increases both in mass and volume of HNBR rubber are clear to be seen. The effect of corrosion on the mechanical properties of AFLAS and FKM rubber is not evident, but the effect on HNBR is very significant. FKM rubber possesses properties of good corrosion and aging resistance, AFLAS following it, and HNBR has the worst corrosion and aging resistance capability under the CO2-H2S corrosive environment. Therefore, the use of HNBR rubber as packer material should be carefully considered in CO2-H2S gas wells.

Highly grafted functional polymer for promoting mechanical properties of EPDM/NFMs composite

It is of a great challenge to apply nonmetal fractions (NMFs) of waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) as reinforcing fillers in rubbers. In this paper, a typical amorphous synthetic rubber, ethylene propylene terpolymer (EPDM), is used as the model material to investigate the mechanical properties of EPDM/NMFs composites. A multifunctional grafting monomer containing two thiol groups and two carboxyl groups is designed and synthesized. The monomer is used to synthesize highly grafted EPDM-g-AA via melt grafting. Tensile strength of EPDM/NMFs composite sharply increases to 18 MPa when 10phr of EPDM-g-AA is used. The grafted polymer also significantly improves the thermal oxidation resistance. It can be expected that the strategy is able to be expanded to other rubber systems and opens the door to application of NMFs in rubber industry.

Similarity Calculation Method for Infield and Outfield Low-Temperature Environmental Tests of Aircraft Sealing Rubber Material

This study aims to accurately simulate the outfield low-temperature environment for the key components of aircraft in the parking state, using the infield low-temperature environmental test chamber, when there is a difference between the infield and outfield environments; and, moreover, reveal the similarity between the influences of the infield and outfield low-temperature environments on the elastic properties of the rubber sealing materials for aircraft. Two kinds of rubber materials were examined in the infield and outfield—the tensile springback test and the isobaric elongation test—and the measured data of low-temperature steady-state response (elastic property) were obtained under the typical temperature of −40 to 10 °C, finding that there is difference of elastic property between the infield and outfield environment. Three fitting methods were then used to describe the relationship between elasticity and temperature. In view of the difference of the elastic response of the typical rubber sealing materials to the low-temperature infield and outfield, a similarity calculation method of infield and outfield low-temperature tests was proposed, based on the translation and scaling transformation of the similarity curve. The outfield test data verify that the method proposed has high goodness of fit, and it is feasible and generalizable in the low-temperature performance testing and research of rubber materials and components.

Effect of graphene and multiwalled carbon nanotube additives on the properties of nano-reinforced rubber

In this study, two types of polybutadiene rubber reinforced by graphene and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were successfully prepared for tire manufacturing applications. The effect of non-materials addition on the thermal, structural, and mechanical properties of the rubber was investigated. The effect of adding graphene and MWCNTs at varying weight composition of 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 wt% on the nanocomposite was investigated. The addition of the graphene and MWCNTs nanomaterials to the polybutadiene rubber significantly influenced its measured properties and specifications in comparison with the parent rubber. The SEM results showed a high dispersion for both graphene and MWCNTs in the rubber matrix. The mechanical properties of the nano-reinforced rubber showed a considerable increase with an increase in the loading of both nanomaterials. The study shows that the best nano-additive composition was 2 wt% for graphene and MWCNTs thereby resulting in the highest values of the tensile strength (12.5 and 10.8) MPa, hardness (52, 49), and compression strength (11.33, 10) MPa, respectively.

Ceramic-rubber hybrid materials – A knowledge-based design concept

Many industrial applications require transportation of raw materials - a process which is generally highly abrasive. At certain occasions, e.g. transfer between conveyer belts, additional impact cannot be avoided. Rubber-ceramic hybrid materials are a sustainable solution for such applications, as they combine the wear resistance of ceramics and the impact resistance of rubber.Here we present an approach to design an optimal ceramic-rubber hybrid for a given application. Thereto, mechanical characterisation at high strain rates – similar to parameters during impact incidents - were done by tension, compression and bending tests up to strain rates of 100 s−1. On this basis numerical simulations were done by a time-explicit FEM-Code (LS-Dyna). In the simulation the ceramic size (shape, area, thickness) and the rubber (type and thickness) were varied. Thereafter, prototypes were built and impacted to confirm results of the numerical simulations.A purpose optimized impact resistance could be calculated with the simulation model and verified by the prototype tests. The area of the ceramic showed the largest influence on the stresses, but also the rubber thickness and type can substantially affect the occurring stresses. On this basis we give mathematical relations and practical recommendations to design ceramic-rubber hybrid plates for a given load.