Types Of Rights Research Articles

TA-SPESC: Toward Asset-Driven Smart Contract Language Supporting Ownership Transaction and Rule-Based Generation on Blockchain

Aiming at insufficient situation to express and operate assets in smart contracts, in this article we attempt to add a new asset model into smart contract language (such as SPESC) through combing method of asset's expressions and transactions in real-world contracts. Moreover, a translation mechanism can be set up to accomplish a conversion from the asset model to an executable contract program. On this basis, we propose a new language design toward asset-driven specific smart contracts, called TA-SPESC. This language complies with the structure of real-world contracts and supports a formal definition composed of four modules: Party, asset, term, and contract attribute. This asset model on it can be used to define various types of rights (including the right of ownership, use, possession, usufruct, and disposition of assets), as well as five asset operations (including asset registration, deposit, withdrawal, transfer, and cancellation) to effectively support asset transaction. More important, a series of generation rules are proposed to translate the TA-SPESC contract to an executable contract program. Moreover, taking house rental contract as an example, we provide a TA-SPESC instance and its specific description of translation process according to the generation rules, which supports a semiautomatic generation to executable programs. Finally, the Solidity codes derived from TA-SPESC contracts are run and tested, and the experiment and comparison results indicate that TA-SPESC contracts have high abstraction and low complexity, as well as versatility and convenience of asset transaction, which lead to more reliable software with less errors and fewer misunderstanding.

‘Rights investing’ in Korea: focusing on the overturned decisions of the Constitutional Court

ABSTRACT This article examines the development of human rights discourse in Korea by focusing on some overturned cases by the Constitutional Court of Korea that declares new types of rights and offers new interpretations on existing human rights. While creating new human rights through court decisions have been criticised by those concerned about ‘rights inflation’ for devaluing the currency of human rights, this article argues that it is a natural process evolved along various aspects of a constantly changing society and increasing social demands. Moreover, the author argues that it is a desirable process in a democratic society because it enables us to empower many citizens, including the previously marginalised, to seek a less discriminatory society by distributing authority to speak out about unfairness and injustice. Introducing some empirical cases where the judicial decision considered constant changes in social situation and reflected on them in overturning precedents, the author stresses the need to look at the background and social circumstances wherein new rights emerged from a social and cultural perspective of law to better understand the human rights discourse, as well as elevate the level of human rights protection.

Property law in Poland

The article discusses the basic issues of Polish property law. In particular, it briefly addresses all types of rights in rem, i. e., ownership, perpetual usufruct, usufruct, easements (servitudes), pledge, co-operative ownership right of real estate, and mortgages. Emphasis is given to the pluralism of the sources of property law in Poland, on the one hand, and the presence of the numerus clausus principle in it, on the other hand. The difference between possession as a factual state and a real right is highlighted. The objective tendency to split the single concept of ownership into various forms of this right, which are meaningfully far apart from each other is described. It is noted that there is a clear differentiation in Polish law between binding contracts and causal dispositive transactions, as well as the assumption of transactions with a double effect (both binding and dispositive), which turns the system of transfer of real estate ownership into a consensual one. At the same time, attention is drawn to the fact that the ownership right passes to the acquirer as a result of the conclusion of the contract even before the corresponding registration of the transfer of title in the public register, which, thus, has a declarative character. Attention is also given to serious legal restrictions on the acquisition of real estate by foreigners. Furthermore, the article discusses the general trends in the development of Polish property law, inter alia digitization of land and mortgage registers, adjusting the system of mortgage lending to the needs of a developed market economy, regulation of the rapidly expanding housing market, as well as increasing restrictions on real estate trading and regulation of legal titles to real estate on which transmission facilities are located.

Re-Imagining Labour Rights in the Online Gig Economy after COVID-19

The COVID-19 crisis brought out the woes of India’s online gig workers as the lack of labour rights such as regulated hours of work, minimum wages, data rights and social protection exacerbated the precarity and insecurity of their work. In this context, this paper examines the question, how can labour rights be re-imagined for online gig workers in India. In particular, the study is interested in what type of rights constitute workers’ rights when work traverses online and offline medium as well as multiple legal orders such as formal and the informal sector of the economy. How can these interrelationships be acknowledged and imagined in a framework of rights? These are some of the aspects of the question, this study attempts to answer.

Foreign Experience in Ensuring Secrecy during the Fight against Crime by Police Units

An effective system of protection of state secrets is one of the guarantees of preserving the integrity and inviolability of any country, regardless of its location. In the context of the protracted armed conflict in eastern Ukraine, this issue is becoming particularly relevant and requires detailed study in the scientific field and appropriate regulation at the legislative level. One of the most effective methods of implementing this is to study the systems of protection of state secrets of the world in order to borrow their leading experience. This article examines the foreign law enforcement experience of ensuring secrecy in combating crime by criminal police units based on the practice of countries such as the United States, Australia, Iraq, Britain, Poland, and others. Emphasis is placed on the fact that as a positive foreign experience in terms of ensuring secrecy in combating crime by the British criminal police, we can single out the statutory mechanism of prohibition through the court of media coverage of certain information containing information classified as restricted. According to the author, the practice of the United States of America to reduce to a minimum the number of documents containing information that is a state secret and its maximum storage exclusively in electronic form on special secure computers is noteworthy. It would be expedient to introduce, as a positive experience, several promising areas of implementation of foreign practice on issues of ensuring secrecy during the implementation of the operational and investigative activities by units of the National Police of Ukraine. It is proposed to introduce into the national criminal law the distinction between criminal actions by officials for failure to ensure secrecy during the operational and investigative activities, depending on the consequences caused and the type of rights and freedoms that have been violated.

Land Registration Problems Related to Installation & Maintenance of Land Boundary Signs

The implementation of land registration activities itself is a government obligation which aims to provide legal certainty in order to protect the rights of land owners which also functions to determine the status of land parcels, who owns it, types of rights, land area, and use and utilization of the land as mandated by the Law. invite. In this research, the objective of this research is to find out what are the problems in land registration, the causative factors, and the role of BPN in dealing with the problems that occur.The approach method used in this research is the sociological juridical approach. This approach is taken to understand law in the context of its society, namely a non-doctrinal approach.The data needed, namely the types of primary data and types of secondary data, were taken by observation, interview and documentation methods. Methods of data analysis using qualitative descriptive analysis, meaning that this research uses data collection methods obtained directly from sources, either in writing or orally. The results showed that there are still land rights holders who do not fulfill their obligation to put up land boundary signs and the factors that cause land rights holders do not fulfill their obligations are due to lack of legal awareness. The role of BPN itself is to disseminate information to the community to install and maintain land boundary signs for the common interest and for the smoothness of the land registration process.

Land Registration Problems Related to Installation & Maintenance of Land Boundary Signs

The implementation of land registration activities itself is a government obligation which aims to provide legal certainty in order to protect the rights of land owners which also functions to determine the status of land parcels, who owns it, types of rights, land area, and use and utilization of the land as mandated by the Law. invite. In this research, the objective of this research is to find out what are the problems in land registration, the causative factors, and the role of BPN in dealing with the problems that occur.The approach method used in this research is the sociological juridical approach. This approach is taken to understand law in the context of its society, namely a non-doctrinal approach.The data needed, namely the types of primary data and types of secondary data, were taken by observation, interview and documentation methods. Methods of data analysis using qualitative descriptive analysis, meaning that this research uses data collection methods obtained directly from sources, either in writing or orally. The results showed that there are still land rights holders who do not fulfill their obligation to put up land boundary signs and the factors that cause land rights holders do not fulfill their obligations are due to lack of legal awareness. The role of BPN itself is to disseminate information to the community to install and maintain land boundary signs for the common interest and for the smoothness of the land registration process.

Problemas en la difusión de fonogramas desde instituciones de patrimonio y soluciones mediante procesos de gestión

La gestión de los fonogramas en las instituciones de patrimonio plantea un sinfín de dificultades, sobre todo desde la perspectiva de los derechos de los titulares de las obras. El estudio describe un proceso de gestión documental, representado mediante diagramas de flujo, que está dirigido a resolver las principales dificultades a las que se enfrentan los gestores al momento de divulgar colecciones de fonogramas. En cuanto a la situación de los posibles titulares de derechos sobre los fonogramas, se analizan sucesivamente: a) los diferentes tipos de derechos sobre los documentos sonoros; b) la duración de la protección de los derechos de los autores; c) la duración de los derechos conexos; y d) algunos problemas específicos de la gestión de derechos de autor en las instituciones de patrimonio. En conjunto, el estudio ofrece una herramienta para dar respuesta a la mayoría de los problemas que puede plantear en este entorno la difusión de los fonogramas, y demuestra las ventajas de disponer de una política de derechos de autor en las instituciones, tanto para la gestión interna de sus colecciones de fonogramas como para la difusión de éstas en la sociedad actual.

The Formation and Development of the Legal Status of a Consumer of Paid Medical Services in the Russian Health Care System in the XVIII – Early XX Centuries

The socio-economic situation in Russia over the past decades has undergone serious changes that could not but affect the health system. There have been prerequisites for the development of private medicine, which has been supported by the state. Currently, there is an increase in the share of medical services provided on a paid basis. Widespread private practice, covering the chronological period of the Russian Empire, was interpreted by the authorities in the Soviet period as a relic of the capitalist system, contrary to the basic principles of proper health care organization. The Soviet period of Russian history appears to us as a chronological gap, that is, a time gap that characterizes the specifics of the linear existence of paid medical services. In this regard, it seems relevant and timely to conduct research on the historical aspects of the formation and development of the legal status of consumers of paid medical services in the Russian Empire. In our opinion, such research is of both theoretical and practical interest. The first is due to the lack of development of this topic in the historical and legal literature. The second one will allow us to identify existing shortcomings in legal regulation in the sphere of public health protection based on the generalization of historical experience and formulate practical recommendations for improving the legislation of the Russian Federation in this area. From the perspective of this work, we aim to assess the legal status of consumers of paid medical services in the XVIII – early XX century, comprehensively examining such elements of legal status as rights, freedoms, interests and duties. The article analyzes the influence of belonging of the inhabitants of the Empire to a particular social group on the formation of the legal status of consumers of paid medical services. For the first time, the main types of rights of consumers of paid medical services are separated from the regulatory legal acts in the field of healthcare of the Russian Empire and formed into a group. Based on the results of a detailed analysis, we conclude that in the Russian Empire, the duties of consumers of paid medical services took priority over the rights, since it was believed that if the obligations were met, the rights would exist regardless of their formal Declaration. The analysis helps to understand the development of regulation of health ser-vices and allows us to draw historical parallels with the existing regulatory framework of the health care system in Russia.

Laços de amizade e a fundação de direitos: uma análise dos livros VIII e IX da Ética Nicomaqueia

The purpose of this article is to carry out an analysis of books VIII and IX of the work EN, in order to verify whether it is possible to find different types of rights through the various bonds of friendship (philia) described in these books. To this end, we will first carry out a detailed analysis of the aforementioned books, describing the main characteristics listed by Aristotle to define a relationship of friendship, having as a background the notion of proper function (ergon). Finally, we will analyze which of these relationships create rights, and we will do so through the the concept of sufficient reason and the Holfedian apparatus.

El documentalista researcher y la gestión de derechos de obras musicales en una serie de ficción. El caso de ‘Foodie Love’

Se presenta el estudio de caso de las funciones profesionales del documentalista researcher en la serie de televisión de ficción, Foodie Love. A partir de este caso, se describe el trabajo del documentalista en cada una de las fases de producción de la serie, y se analiza con detalle todo lo relacionado con la gestión de los derechos de autor de las obras musicales, como los tipos de derechos -editoriales y fonográficos- y las principales fuentes de información para esta actividad profesional

A project management method for public housing rehabilitation focusing on the type of rights and the division of roles of the entities

Affordable public housing is an issue all nations grapple with, it is made more difficult as a one-size-fits-all solution rarely works. Each local community has different needs, different people and different levels of income. Ideally, having a solution that local governments can adapt to their particular situation and constituents is the best approach. Professor Shin Murakami and Professor Norie Kawano have spent 20 years studying the renovation of apartments and housing complexes around the world, with the intention that the data gathered can lead to shared knowledge to help solve common problems associated with multi-family houses and housing complexes.

As políticas de esporte do Acre: análise dos planos plurianuais de governo (2000 a 2019)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a configuração e abrangência das políticas de Esporte do Estado do Acre no que diz respeito à sua natureza e ao tipo dos direitos e benefícios previstos e/ou implementados. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa documental, tendo como base cinco Planos Plurianuais (PPAs) que compreendem o período de 2000 a 2019, período em que o Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) esteve à frente do governo estadual. Para isso, utilizou-se o modelo de análise de políticas públicas proposto por Boschetti (2009). As considerações indicam a ausência de continuidade nas políticas de esporte. Ademais, observou-se que de 2000 a 2015 o principal foco das políticas foi a ampliação de espaços, havendo uma lacuna no que diz respeito a ações voltadas à prática do esporte como atividade-fim, principalmente no PPA 2000-2003. No que diz respeito ao esporte como direito, este esteve mais concretamente explícito no último PPA 2016-2019. O caráter universal no acesso às políticas de esporte esteve presente em alguns momentos, embora articulado a um projeto neoliberal que de certa forma utilizou o esporte para desenvolver e dinamizar a economia.

Pembagian Harta Warisan Ditinjau dari Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata

Indonesia has experienced rapid development from ancestral ages to modern ages in terms of its people living with daily-supporting facilities. In other words, the Indonesian people live with a legacy which is then developed. Regarding inheritance, this study examines two legal issues: (1) distribution of inheritance according to the Civil Code and (2) settlement of disputes over distribution of inheritance results according to the Civil Code. This study was designed using a normative legal research method design; the data were collected by applying note-taking and analysing techniques based on legal materials. Based on the results of data analysis, it is found that in terms of its form there are three types of rights and obligations of an heir: openbaar testament, a form of inheritance made by a notary, in which case, the person who will transfer the inheritance appears before a notary and declares his will; olographis testament, a form of inheritance realising in writing by hand and is affixed by the hand of the inheritor (elgenhading / gedepoecerd); and a secret testament, a form of inheritance that requires the transfer of inheritance by written evidence, made by the person transferring the inheritance but not necessarily handwritten. There are two forms of dispute resolution related to inheritance through litigation, namely the general court, which in this case is the district court, the authority to examine disputes and the commercial court of a special court that is within the environment of a general court that has the competence to examine and decide an application for participation and postponement of debt payment obligation (PKPU) and disputes over intellectual property rights (HaKI).

Suppression of Crimes Against the Security of Fixed Platforms Located in the Waters of the Russian Federation (International Law Basis)

The Russian state exercises sovereignty over its waters and has exclusive criminal jurisdiction with respect to crimes infringing on the security of oil, research or other stationary platforms in these waters, although their status may differ, for example, Lake Baikal; part of a continental water body (the Caspian Sea); marine internal waters (the Peter the Great Gulf); the territorial sea of the Russian Federation. Despite certain differences in status, all these waters are united by being part of the Russian territory. They differ from the waters that are not part of the territory of the state, but are above the continental shelf of the Russian Federation; these are the waters of the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation, and the open sea waters start beyond the 200-mile distance from the baseline. Even in the latter case, since a platform is stationary on the continental shelf of the Russian Federation, it is within the exclusive criminal jurisdiction of the Russian Federation. Counteraction to crimes infringing of the security of platforms fixed to the seabed includes a wide range of legal and organizational-legal measures. Besides, an important part is played by the special norms of international and national laws, including the criminal legislation of the state that has jurisdiction over the water body where a fixed platform is located. This article presents suggestions on improving Russian criminal legislation taking into account Russia's participation in the Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf of 1988, other applicable norms of international law, the necessity to observe international law obligations and protect the national interests of the country. The authors suggest that unlawful acts of seizing a fixed platform or other violent actions infringing on the security of this object, the security of personnel operating it, aimed at forcing a state or an organization which is legally operating this object to perform or abstain form certain actions, and resulting in the intimidation of the population should be specifically included in the national criminal law as a separate type of terrorism crimes. The authors also recommend to add the norms on criminal liability for other unlawful, criminally punishable acts (which are not acts of terrorism and do not have the features of terrorism), including the attempts of illegal entry into a fixed platform or hindering its operation, to Chapter 24 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation «Crimes against Public Safety» as a separate Article of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation among the norms regarding crimes that violate the security of the functioning of potentially dangerous objects (potentially dangerous operations). They recommend to use the most successful international legal experience to improve corporate acts within the framework of Russian legislation through the content specification of the scope and type of rights and obligations of business entities, including the relationships of the fixed platforms personnel with the law enforcement bodies with the purpose of a more effective inclusion of business entities in the system of measures of preventing and suppressing illegal interference in the functioning of fixed platforms in the Russian waters.

Commentary on an article by Alberto Quintavalla & Klaus Heine. Recognizing the importance of the right to health as a prerequisite to rights hierarchization

This commentary, on Heine and Quintavalla's article Priorities and Human Rights, considers the authors’ position that, while the right to life and other civil and political rights are equally as important as health and other social rights, some degree of prioritizing types of rights is necessary because all rights cannot be implemented simultaneously. This commentary concurs with Heine and Quintavalla's challenge to the common argument that civil and political rights are of higher importance (Phillips J, 2013; Farer T, 1992; Koji T, 2001). But this commentary goes further, in suggesting that before a society begins to prioritize implementation of human rights, it must first secure the basic understanding that the right to health is indeed equally important to civil and political rights. This commentary uses the example of national courts to show how judicial engagement with the right to health has begun to chip away at the boundary between the categories of rights. It suggests that greater interconnection among health and other rights has also made mapping out a hierarchical relationship far more difficult. Thus, before implementation can have any defined order, states must first come to a shared understanding regarding the equal if not greater importance of the right to health.

Rethinking and Restructuring of the Rational Way of Data Sharing in Digital Economy: From the Perspective of Data Typing

The rapid development of digital economy in China has created a miracle of economic growth, at the same time, it also raises many legal problems. The economic rule of law is especially prominent. In essence, it involves the identification and attribution of various types of rights and interests related to data, as well as the justification of protection and the appropriateness of protection. China’s current judiciary and legislation pay enough attention to the core issues in the development of digital economy, data confirmation and protection, which provides a good system and operation environment for promoting the development of digital economy. At present, although the existing system design and practice in China, and related theoretical research results show that the relationship and the implementation between data protection and data sharing can be developed in accordance with the logic of private law that is universally applicable, which includes establishing the ownership of each type of data and practicing the private right logic of “behavior-legal interest” judgment based on tort liability law, intellectual property law and anti-unfair competition law. However, the existing research results and legal practice still show a relatively single and solidified state and mode, which fails to flexibly and effectively adapt to the real needs of mass and diversified data circulation and sharing under digital economy.With the rapid development of Internet platform economy and new business forms, the collection, storage, analysis and use of massive data by platform enterprises have brought challenges to the current legal system of market regulation, including improper collection and excessive collection of user data, and improper or illegal restrictions on the use of data by users and/or third party operators. Therefore, the promotion of data sharing has become the current digital economy in the development process of the urgent response to the practical requirements. To realize data sharing and ensure the synchronization of data protection and data sharing is not only an internal requirement of data operation law, but also an external demand to maintain the high-quality development of digital economy. High level of data protection is the only way to achieve efficient data sharing; at the time of realizing efficient data sharing, the construction of high level of data protection will be continuously stimulated. Therefore, under the guidance of the data sharing principle of “differentiated and equal”, the ownership structure based on “dynamic compatibility rights” is established. Different types of data can carry different subjects’ interest demands, while the same type of data can also carry different subjects’ interest demands. In this way, we can bridge the “high cost, low efficiency” of data sharing brought by the construction of private right model with static exclusive right as the core under the perspective of private law, and even bring the defects of potential anti-competitive risks.

Indonesia’s DP Bill Lacks a DPA, Despite GDPR Similarities

Indonesia’s draft Law on the Protection of Personal Data was submitted by the President to the House of Representatives in January 2020. Although the responsible Minister stated that he expected the Bill would be the first legislation to be enacted in 2020, Indonesian experts soon expect delays as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and so it has eventuated, with parliamentary consideration continuing a year later.This article analyses the Bill in the context of other Asian data privacy laws and the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The most striking aspect of the Bill is that it fails to include what is generally considered to be the essential element of a data privacy law: a separate, specialised (and usually independent) data protection authority (DPA). Instead, all enforcement powers are in the hands of the Minister of Communication and Information. There have been quite a few earlier versions of a data privacy Bill drafted by the Indonesian government, but all have involved a specialised DPA. In a recent version, the Public Information Commission was going to act as the DPA, a combination of data privacy responsibilities with Freedom of Information/Right to Information (FOI/RTI) responsibilities.Otherwise, there are many aspects of the Bill with similarities to the GDPR. Its obligations apply comprehensively, to individuals, corporations, public agencies and other institutions, and it has extra-territorial scope. Processing of personal data may only occur if it has a legitimate basis. Indonesia has adopted the term ‘personal data owner’, and gives such ‘owners’ eight types of rights with GDPR influences. Seventeen GDPR-influenced types of obligations apply to data controllers. The Bill allows exports of personal data from Indonesia in four situations, one of which involves a ‘white list’ of countries with a level of data protection to or higher than Indonesia’s law.The Bill makes a wide range of enforcement measures possible, including administrative fines and compensation, but the are all largely at the discretion of actions by the Minister, with the risk that inadequate enforcement will mean that the Bill will be ignored by both data controllers and data owners. The article concludes that Indonesia is trading influence for irrelevance, by abandoning the inclusion of a separate DPA. It could have had one of the strongest and most influential laws in Asia, but the absence of a data protection authority will mean that it does not.

Obligaciones de los Estados respecto de la protección de los derechos humanos: en el trabajo y la seguridad social

El objetivo del presente artículo fue demostrar que los Estados deben adecuar su legislación interna con el contenido de los instrumentos internacionales que reconocen derechos humanos en el trabajo y la seguridad social. La metodología utilizada fue analítica-deductiva en donde se estudiaron en el ámbito Latinoamericano la aplicación de las declaraciones, cartas, protocolos, mismos que resultaron de observancia obligatoria y tienen un carácter vinculante para los Estados, de acuerdo con los criterios interpretativos de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, caso contrario puede ocasionar responsabilidades indirectas por violaciones a este tipo de derechos. Estos derechos parten de la dignidad del trabajador, ya que, al iniciar, una relación laboral sea de carácter estatal o privada, tienen derecho a un salario remunerado, a la libertad sindical, a no realizar trabajo forzoso, a no ser discriminado, a contar con el derecho a formación profesional, a una protección social adecuada, aunado a los mecanismos que garanticen estos derechos. Así tenemos que la protección de estos en las relaciones laborales entre particulares, es un tema que también ha sido tratado por la CIDH en la opinión consultiva 18/03, que se fundamenta en la doctrina jurídica denominada Drittwirkung, a partir de la cual la Corte ha establecido la obligación del Estado, que como legislador tiene la facultad de determinar, la legislación laboral aplicable a los particulares, por lo que puede ser responsable por su vulneración.

PELAYANAN PUBLIK BAGI PENYANDANG DISABILITAS DI KOTA PADANG

Research is important written in a journal is caused by several reasons: First , fulfillment of public services, especially for persons with disabilities, is an obligation and responsibility of the government in terms of fulfillment, both in the form of public services in the form of roads and sidewalks that are useful for the movement of persons with disabilities or for their mobility from one place to another, as well as supporting life supporters of disability. Article 2 of Law No. 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights states that the Republic of Indonesia recognizes and upholds human rights and basic human freedoms as rights which naturally inherit to and are inseparable from humans, which must be protected, respected and enforced for the sake of increasing human dignity . Then it is also regulated that the right to protect, respect and uphold human rights is the government and in full in Article 71 of Law No. 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights stated that "the Government is obliged and responsible to respect, protect, enforce and promote human rights regulated in this law, other laws and regulations, and international law on human rights received by the Republic of Indonesia. And it should not be forgotten also Article 72 which reads that the obligations and responsibilities of the government as referred to in Article 71 include effective implementation steps in the legal, political, economic, social, cultural, defense and security fields of the state and other fields. At least, there are 10 types of rights regulated in Law No. 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights, a) the right to life, b) the right to family and continuing descent, c) the right to self-development, d) the right to justice, e) the right to personal freedom, f) the right to security, g) the right to welfare, h) the right to welfare, i) the right to participate in government, j) the right of women, k) the rights of the child.