Type Of Research Design Research Articles

Public sector corruption, FDI and sustainable development in Africa: Does the pollution halo or haven hypothesis hold in Ghana?

This paper examines the effects of corruption and FDI on sustainable development in Africa, particularly Ghana. The study observes the behaviour of firms using foreign direct investment to track MNEs' role in carbon emission. The study employs a quantitative approach with an ex-post facto research design type to inquiry using data from the World Bank, the Global Footprint Network and Transparency International from 1980 to 2023. The symmetric result discloses that corruption and FDI depress sustainability significantly in the long run. In the short run, it turns out that corruption and FDI stimulate sustainability. However, the short-run asymmetric effect shows that the positive and negative shocks of corruption and FDI exude negative effects on sustainability. This provides strong and consistent evidence of the pollution haven hypothesis of FDI in Ghana. Therefore, firms under the one-district, one-factory (1D1F) flagship policy and beyond must be encouraged to adhere to the strict carbon policy of the host country. The decision of the government to introduce an emission tax in the 2024 budget is tenable but the tax must be properly targeted to achieve the desired outcome.

THE EFFECT OF THE ABA (APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS) METHOD ON THE KNOWLEDGE AND EFFICACY OF TOOTHBRUSHING IN AUTICAL CHILDREN

The dental and oral health of autistic children is generally not good. This is exacerbated by the inability to brush teeth properly, due to disruption of the child's concentration and interaction, making it difficult to receive instructions on how to brush teeth. Dental and oral health problems in autistic children are the same as dental health problems in normal children. The difference is the behavior that autistic children display where they are unable to follow instructions or are uncooperative. Objective: To determine the effect of dental health education using the Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) method on the knowledge and efficacy of toothbrushing in autistic children. Method: The type of research design is quasi-experimental with a pretest and posttest non-equivalent control group design utilizing intervention and control groups with a purposive sampling technique totaling 15 intervention groups and 15 control groups. The instrument used for this research was a questionnaire to assess the knowledge and efficacy of brushing teeth in children with autism. Results: There was an influence and increase in knowledge and efficacy of toothbrushing in both groups with a value of (P<0.05), however the increase was higher in the intervention group. Conclusion: There is an influence of dental health education using the ABA (Applied Behavior Analysis) method on the knowledge and efficacy of toothbrushing in autistic children

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) Terhadap Hasil Belajar dalam Sub Materi Media Sosial di Kelas VII pada SMP Negeri 2 Darma

The low learning outcomes of Information Engineering (ICT) students in grade VII of SMP Negeri 2 Darma are caused by several factors, including students who are less motivated to learn ICT and also the factor of teachers who still use conventional methods or lecture methods so that in the teaching and learning process students tend to be passive. This study aims to find out whether there is an influence of the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) learning model on learning outcomes in social media sub-material in grade VII at SMP Negeri 2 Darma. The research approach used is a quantitative approach with an experimental research design type. The population in this study is 35 students with a sample of grade VII of SMP Negeri 2 Darma. The data collection technique uses a test. Data analysis using t-test. The results of the study showed that the pretest results had a mean of 46.42 and a posttest result of 68.71. Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) learning media has an influence on the learning outcomes of information technology (ICT) social media sub-materials. This is shown from the results of data analysis that the value of, t count = 10.911 > t table = 2.650, so that the hypothesis proposed in the study is accepted, so that there is an influence of the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) learning model on learning outcomes in social media sub-material in grade VII at SMP Negeri 2 Darma

Analyzing Junior High School Students’ Mathematical Communication Ability and Self Esteem using Discovery Learning Model

Mathematical reasoning, mathematical communication, mathematical problem solving, conceptual understanding, mathematical understanding, creative thinking and critical thinking are part of the mathematical abilities that students must have. One of the goals of learning mathematics according to NCTM is learning to communicate (mathematical communication). Mathematical communication skills in mathematics learning really need to be developed. This type of research design uses a quasi-experimental research design, namely pretest and post-test with non-equivalent control group design . The research used research subjects into two groups, namely the experimental group and the control group. The subjects of this research were students of class VII I MTs As-Sa'adah Padahanten Majalengka, numbering 64 people. Subjects were selected based on experimental class VIII A, 32 people and control class VIIIB, 32 people. Walkthroughs, questionnaires, and tests are techniques used in data collection. Data processing analysis was carried out qualitatively and quantitatively. The results of this research are that there is a difference in the effectiveness of the Discovery Learning model learning approach with the ordinary (conventional) learning model in terms of the aspects of mathematical communication skills and self-esteem of MTs in statistics material. The implications of the Discovery Learning learning model in this research are that it makes it easy for students to remember the lessons learned, integrate self concept according to their initial abilities, focus, be creative in exploratory projects, and the effect of knowledge transfer on learning outcomes can last a long time.

Collective and Individual Self-Regulation Processes During a Project-Based Learning Process

In higher education, students are faced with group tasks, such as project-based learning. However, research on self-regulated learning has paid little attention to the details of collective self-regulation. In this framework, the objective of this research was to determine the impact of the feeling of collective efficacy on the performance of groups of students involved in self-regulation processes in project-based learning. The quantitative approach was adopted. The type of descriptive research and field design. The 45 volunteer participants of an education program at the National University of the Altiplano completed a questionnaire that explored different aspects of self-regulation: Use of human resources, setting objectives, collective efficacy, expression of disagreements, and quality of interactions. The questionnaire comprised 20 items rated on a Likert-type scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 6 (strongly agree), and included two open-ended questions aimed at understanding strategies for managing doubts and maintaining interest int the project. The results show that the feeling of collective efficiency is a significant predictor of the final grade in the project and that the group’s ability to define the objectives precisely and prioritize them contributes significantly to the development of the feeling of collective efficacy. The conclusion exposes the pedagogical implications of these results, emphasizing the essential role of tutors in fostering an environment conducive to collective efficacy by guiding students in defining, prioritizing objectives, and managing doubts effectively. This guidance is crucial, especially in the early phases of project implementation, to establish a dynamic of collective efficacy and develop individual interest in the project.

비행청소년을 대상으로 한 프로그램의 체계적 문헌고찰

This study is a systematic literature review that objectively analyzes research papers related to domestic programs for delinquent youth. The purpose of this study is to provide basic data necessary for the development of programs suitable for the psychosocial characteristics of delinquent youth by comprehensively analyzing domestic delinquent youth programs. To this end, 79 documents of the delinquent youth program research provided by the Academic Research Information Service (RISS) and Nuri Media (DBpia) were selected and analyzed. The analysis criteria consisted of five items as execution factors: research subject, research method, research design type, program operation, measurement tool and effect, and five items as content factors: program development, program name, program basis, purpose, and treatment intervention factors. As a result of the study, in terms of implementation factors, the research subjects were mainly middle and high school students, and it was found that the rate of verifying the program effectiveness through quantitative research was high. Self-esteem played an important role in the study of delinquent youth programs as a measurement tool. Through this, it was confirmed that it was necessary to expand the program operation method and qualitative research organized into similar age groups. In terms of content elements, there were far more studies reorganizing existing programs, and studies related to the psychosocial functions of delinquent youth were dominated. As for the treatment intervention factor, self-related factors such as self-understanding and self-exploration accounted for the most. Through this, it was confirmed that it is necessary to develop not only programs suitable for the psychosocial characteristics of delinquent youth developed by the researcher, but also various programs related to others. Based on the results of this study, institutions related to delinquent youth should participate in research in the future, and in order to improve the social behavior of delinquent youth, it is necessary to actively develop programs to improve the psychosocial stability and empathy of delinquent youth.

Assessing Urban Slums in Post-COVID-19 to Achieving Sustainable Development Goal 1: Nigeria’s Stakeholders Perspective Using Qualitative Approach

Studies showed that upgrading urban slums could bridge income inequality, create better opportunities, and mitigate/prevent virus spread in slums environment. There is a paucity of research concerning regenerating urban slums to achieve Goal 1 in Nigeria with reference to the post-COVID-19. Therefore, this research explored the impact of COVID-19 on slums in Nigerian cities and recommend measures to transform slums into sustainable cities and bridge income inequality to improve achieving Goal 1. The research used an interview type of qualitative research design and covered five major cities across Nigeria. The researchers engaged thirty interviewees (selected construction practitioners, NGOs, medical experts, and government agencies). The study adopted a thematic method to analyse the collated data. Findings show an increased poverty level across the five slum cities covered during and immediately after the pandemic. The significant impacts are high exposure to contagious and non-contagious infections, increased food insecurity, homelessness, unemployment, increased crime rates, and worse overcrowding during the lockdown. The study recommended measures to regenerate urban slums. The findings would stir policymakers to promote urban slum upgrading. Findings will support and provide insight into the active transformations of slums for the benefit of humanity and mitigate climate disruptions in future pandemics.

Impacts of Irrigated Water Use on Household’s Income in South Wollo Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia

Agriculture is the backbone of the Sub-Saharan African economy. Ethiopia's GDP is also shared by 45 from the agriculture sectors. However, it is confronted and challenged by variable rainfall and climate changes. Particularly, in South Wollo zone, agriculture is not exceptional in facing such daunting challenges and effects of variable rainfall and climate change despite there are abundant alternative irrigated water resources. River and groundwater sources have not yet been used as alternative uses for agricultural production. As a result, rural households' income couldn’t meet their minimum food and nonfood requirements. This study, thus, attempted to evaluate the impact of irrigated water use on rural household's income in South Wollo Zone, Amhara regional state, Ethiopia. In pursuit of this, it employed a descriptive type of research design and triangulated research approach that consists of both quantitative and qualitative techniques. Primary and secondary data were collected from small scale irrigated households and secondary sources. Binary logistic regression was used to determine major significant factors that affect households' irrigated water use for agricultural production. A propensity core matching model was employed to evaluate irrigated water use and agriculture on household’s income. This study result (binary logistic regression result) showed that the household’s family size, land size and willingness were significant factors that determined irrigated water use for agricultural production at 95 percent level of significance. The propensity score matching model result also shows that irrigated water use significantly created significant impact on household’s income. It is, thus, keenly important to change and improve the smallholder farmer’s land size, extension services, rural credit, technology, education level, awareness about family size, and willingness to use irrigated water sources, such as, ground and river water for agriculture agricultural production that increase their level of income.

Intervention model in reducing the unmet need for contraception: a systematic literature review on technology-based, community, and health worker interventions

The unmet need for contraception is a serious public health problem, and efforts to reduce the unmet need for family planning are a challenge due to the many and complex factors that contribute to the unmet needs. The aim of this study was to systematically review scientific evidence on intervention models that effectively reduce the unmet need for contraception. This study used a systematic review to identify relevant scientific articles. The article search was based on the PICO approach and used a database from https://www.scopus.com/, https://www.sciencedirect.com/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/, https://www.mdpi.com/, https://www.jstor.org/, https://www.nature.com/, https://link.springer.com/. The reviewed material was full-text articles and open-access articles published from 2013 to 2023. Data extraction included author, country, type of intervention, research design, sample, and main research findings. Twelve studies were included in our qualitative synthesis. Technology-based interventions, such as mobile phone instant messaging apps, were implemented in countries like Tajikistan, Bolivia, and Mozambique. Community-based interventions included the Community Family Health=Family Wealth program in Uganda, the Tékponon Jikuagou (TJ) program in Benin, and the Married Adolescent Girls Club (MAG club) and Participatory Women's Group Intervention in Bangladesh. Health worker-led interventions involved community health volunteers in Nepal, postpartum contraceptive counseling, contraceptive counseling for all ages, structured counseling for childbearing couples in Indonesia, and the "Consult and Choose" client-centered family service in Jordan. The findings underscore that varying intervention models can significantly enhance contraceptive use, tailored to specific cultural and regional contexts. These interventions, therefore, hold substantial implications for public health practices aiming to address and reduce the global unmet need for contraception. This systematic review provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of diverse interventions and suggests avenues for public health strategies to expand contraceptive access and use globally.

Effect of Budget Process Reforms on Government Infrastructural Projects Success at the Ministry of Roads and Transport in Kenya

Purpose: The aim of the study was to examine effect of budget process reforms on government infrastructural projects success at the Ministry of Roads and Transport in Kenya Methodology: The descriptive type of survey research design was utilized with the population targeted being 6 staff members at the Ministry of Roads and Transport, 27 budget and appropriation committee members at the parliamentary committee and 8 Parliamentary Budget Office members (PBO) and 3 senior officials from the Kenya National Highway Authority. Census sampling technique was employed to reach the sample size. Hence, all the 44 respondents were involved in the study. A questionnaire was employed to gather information and quantitative techniques adopted for analysis. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire was tested and it had an overall Cronbach Alpha of 0.826. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 21) was integrated to code information gotten from the questionnaires and summarized into percentages and frequencies. The summary was then outlined in pie charts, figures, and tables. Findings: From the analysis, the study found that the major budget reform processes include accountability, enhancing public participation, and strengthening enforcement. The study established that budget reform process had a statistically significant influence on the success of government infrastructural project success. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: System theory can be used to anchor future studies on effect of budget process reforms on government infrastructural projects success at the Ministry of Roads and Transport in Kenya. Accountability measures should be introduced and the relevant bodies held responsible for any mishaps in the project implementation process. It was suggested that there is a need for further studies to be conducted to examine other factors impacting the government infrastructural projects success.

Increasing participation in resistance training using outdoor gyms: A study protocol for the ecofit type III hybrid effectiveness implementation trial

BackgroundIn this paper we outline the protocol for an implementation-effectiveness trial of ecofit, a multi-component mHealth intervention aimed at increasing participation in resistance and aerobic physical activity using the outdoor built environment (i.e., outdoor gyms) and social support. We have previously demonstrated the efficacy and effectiveness of the ecofit program in insufficiently active people with (or at risk of) type 2 diabetes and community-dwelling adults, respectively. The objective of this trial is to compare the effects of two implementation support models (i.e., ‘Low’ versus ‘Moderate’) on the reach (primary outcome), uptake, dose received, impact and fidelity of the ecofit program. Research design and methodsThis hybrid type III implementation-effectiveness study will be evaluated using a two-arm randomized controlled trial, including 16 outdoor gym locations in two large regional municipalities in New South Wales, Australia. Outdoor gym locations will be pair-matched, based on an established socio-economic status consensus-based index (high versus low), and randomized to the ‘Low’ (i.e., ecofit app only) or ‘Moderate’ (i.e., ecofit app, face-to-face workout sessions and QR codes) implementation support group. The primary outcome of ‘reach’ will be measured using a modified version of the ‘System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities’, capturing outdoor gym use amongst community members. ConclusionThis implementation-effectiveness trial will evaluate the effects of different levels of implementation support on participation in resistance-focused physical activity using mHealth and outdoor gyms across the broader community. This may guide widespread dissemination for councils (municipalities) nation-wide wanting to promote outdoor gym usage. Trial registryThis trial was preregistered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ACTRN12624000261516).

PENERAPAN MEDIA ASSEMBLR EDU BERBASIS AUGMENTED REALITY (AR) GUNA MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATERI PEMBELAHAN SEL

The purpose of this study is to find out whether the application of Assemblr Edu based biology learning media with Augmented Reality (AR) design can affect student learning outcomes on cell division material. This research was conducted using Quasi Experimental research methods with a quantitative approach. The type of research design used to measure student learning outcomes in this study is Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. Learning outcome data were analyzed using the Normalized Gain (N-Gain) formula, while the hypothesis was tested using the T-Test formula in the form of Independent Sample T-Test. The population used in this study was all class XII MIA students, consisting of 3 classes. The sample was selected through the Purposive Sampling technique so that 2 classes were obtained, namely class XII-MIA 2 as an experimental class (32 students) and XII-MIA 3 as a control class (33 students). The data collection technique used is a formative test with instruments in the form of Pre-test questions and Post-test multiple-choice forms with as many as 25 items, each item is provided with five alternative answers. Based on the results of the study concluded that the application of Assemblr Edu based biology learning media with Augmented Reality (AR) design can affect the improvement of student learning outcomes in the eyes of cell division material, in the low and ineffective category, so this method is not appropriate to be applied in class XII MIA SMA Negeri 1 Baitussalam T.A 2023/2024

The Impact of a Mobile Phone and Mobile Application-Supported Science Laboratory on the Digital Literacy of Preservice Teachers and Their Disposition Toward Using Technology in Class

Science education at different levels can be supported by various mobile applications that can be downloaded for free onto mobile phones, tablets, and other devices. Such applications can also be used in laboratory work, but it must be said that their use in science laboratories is a relatively new approach. This study is aimed at determining the impact of mobile phone and mobile application-supported laboratory work on the digital literacy of preservice science teachers and on their disposition toward using technology in class. The study was carried out with 17 participants at the second-year level of a Science Teacher Education Program in Turkey. It was a single-group pretest-posttest study, representing a type of weak experimental research design. Data for the study were collected with the Digital Literacy Scale developed by Hamutoğlu et al. (Ege Journal of Education 18(1):408–429, 2017) and the Disposition toward Using Technology in the Classroom Scale developed by Gunuc and Kuzu (Journal of Theory and Practice in Education 10(4):863–884, 2014). The data collection tools were implemented prior to and following a 6-week teaching period, and the quantitative data compiled from the participants were analyzed with the SPSS 21.0 program. The parametric t-test of related samples was used in the pretest/posttest comparison of the data sets. The results of the study demonstrated that science laboratory activities supported by mobile phones and mobile applications provided preservice teachers with increased digital literacy and enhanced their disposition toward using technology in the classroom. It is recommended that preservice teachers make extensive use of experiments supported by the mobile applications in this study.

The impact of evidence-based nursing leadership in healthcare settings: a mixed methods systematic review

BackgroundThe central component in impactful healthcare decisions is evidence. Understanding how nurse leaders use evidence in their own managerial decision making is still limited. This mixed methods systematic review aimed to examine how evidence is used to solve leadership problems and to describe the measured and perceived effects of evidence-based leadership on nurse leaders and their performance, organizational, and clinical outcomes.MethodsWe included articles using any type of research design. We referred nurses, nurse managers or other nursing staff working in a healthcare context when they attempt to influence the behavior of individuals or a group in an organization using an evidence-based approach. Seven databases were searched until 11 November 2021. JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Quasi-experimental studies, JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Case Series, Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool were used to evaluate the Risk of bias in quasi-experimental studies, case series, mixed methods studies, respectively. The JBI approach to mixed methods systematic reviews was followed, and a parallel-results convergent approach to synthesis and integration was adopted.ResultsThirty-one publications were eligible for the analysis: case series (n = 27), mixed methods studies (n = 3) and quasi-experimental studies (n = 1). All studies were included regardless of methodological quality. Leadership problems were related to the implementation of knowledge into practice, the quality of nursing care and the resource availability. Organizational data was used in 27 studies to understand leadership problems, scientific evidence from literature was sought in 26 studies, and stakeholders’ views were explored in 24 studies. Perceived and measured effects of evidence-based leadership focused on nurses’ performance, organizational outcomes, and clinical outcomes. Economic data were not available.ConclusionsThis is the first systematic review to examine how evidence is used to solve leadership problems and to describe its measured and perceived effects from different sites. Although a variety of perceptions and effects were identified on nurses’ performance as well as on organizational and clinical outcomes, available knowledge concerning evidence-based leadership is currently insufficient. Therefore, more high-quality research and clinical trial designs are still needed.Trail registrationThe study was registered (PROSPERO CRD42021259624).

Pengaruh Fungsi Manajerial Kepala Ruangan terhadap Kualitas Pelayanan Keperawatan

This study aims to analyze the influence of the managerial function of the head of the room on the quality of nursing services at the Prof. Mental Hospital. DR. Muhammad Idrem Medan in 2023. The research method used is a quantitative research method with an analytical survey research design type. The data collection technique is by interview using a questionnaire. Data analysis techniques use univariate and bivariate analysis with simple linear regression statistical tests. The results obtained show that there is an influence on the implementation of the managerial functions of the head of the room including planning, organizing, directing, and supervising, including in the good category score range. In conclusion, there is an influence of the managerial function of the head of the room on the quality of nursing services at the Prof. Mental Hospital. DR. Muhammad Idrem Medan in 2023. Keywords: Head of Room, Managerial Function, Service Quality.

Chemotherapy-related cardiotoxicity and its symptoms in patients with breast cancer: a scoping review

BackgroundChemotherapy-related cardiotoxicity is a significant concern because it is a major cause of morbidity. This study aimed to provide in-depth information on the symptoms of chemotherapy-related cardiotoxicity (CRCT) by exploring literature that concurrently reports the types and symptoms of CRCT in patients with breast cancer.MethodsA scoping review was performed according to an a priori protocol using the Joanna Briggs Institute’s guidelines. The participants were patients with breast cancer. The concept was the literature of specifically reported symptoms directly matched with CRCT and the literature, in English, from 2010, and the context was open. The search strategy included four keywords: “breast cancer,” “chemotherapy,” “cardiotoxicity,” and “symptoms.” All types of research designs were included; however, studies involving patients with other cancer types, animal subjects, and symptoms not directly related to CRCT were excluded. Data were extracted and presented including tables and figures.ResultsA total of 29 articles were included in the study, consisting of 23 case reports, 4 retrospective studies, and 2 prospective studies. There were no restrictions on the participants’ sex; however, all of them were women, except for one case report. The most used chemotherapy regimens were trastuzumab, capecitabine, and doxorubicin or epirubicin. The primary CRCT identified were myocardial dysfunction and heart failure, followed by coronary artery disease, pulmonary hypertension, and other conditions. Major tests used to diagnose CRCT include echocardiography, electrocardiography, serum cardiac enzymes, coronary angiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. In all case reports, CRCT was diagnosed through an incidental checkup according to the patient’s symptom presentation; however, only 10 of these studies showed a baseline checkup before chemotherapy. The five most common CRCT symptoms were dyspnea, chest pain, peripheral edema, fatigue, and palpitations, which were assessed by patient-reported symptom presentation rather than using a symptom assessment tool. Dyspnea with trastuzumab treatment and chest pain with capecitabine treatment were particularly characteristic. The time for first symptom onset after chemotherapy ranged from 1 hour to 300 days, with anthracycline-based regimens requiring 3–55 days, trastuzumab requiring 60–300 days, and capecitabine requiring 1–7 days.ConclusionsThis scoping review allowed data mapping according to the study design and chemotherapy regimens. Cardiac assessments for CRCT diagnosis were performed according to the patient’s symptoms. There were approximately five types of typical CRCT symptoms, and the timing of symptom occurrence varied. Therefore, developing and applying a CRCT-specific and user-friendly symptom assessment tool are expected to help healthcare providers and patients manage CRCT symptoms effectively.

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Wayang Kertas terhadap Hasil Belajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas II

This research was motivated by students' lack of understanding of Indonesian language lessons, especially regarding the material on expressions of requests for help and forgiveness. This type of quantitative research design is One Group Pretest Posttest Design. Data was obtained using normality, homogeneity, hypothesis and N-Gain tests. From the results of research using the teacher observation sheet, the score was 92% in the very good category and the student activity observation sheet was 80% in the good category. There is an influence of paper puppet learning media on student learning outcomes in Indonesian language lessons with a value of Sig. (2-tailed) 0.000 < 0.05. In the N-Gain test, a value of 0.58 was obtained, meaning that the average increase in the pretest and posttest index was included in the medium category.

Pengaruh Terapi Slow Stroke Back Massage terhadap Tekanan Darah pada Pasien Hipertensi di Ruangan Pulau Selayar RSAL Dr. Mintohardjo Jakarta Pusat 2023

Hypertension is a health problem that is quite dangerous throughout the world because it leads to cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks, heart failure, stroke and kidney disease and is the two main causes of death in the world. To deal with the effects of hypertension, treatment must be carried out early using pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. One of the non-pharmacological efforts to treat hypertension is massage therapy. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of slow stroke back massage therapy on blood pressure in hypertensive patients in the Selayar Island Room at RSAL Dr. Mintohardjo, Central Jakarta. This research uses a pre-experimental design research type with a one group pretest-posttest design approach. The sample used was 20 people using an accidental sampling technique. Data collection uses observation sheets. The results of this study show that there is a difference in systolic blood pressure before and after slow stroke back massage therapy with a value of ?=0.000 and there is a difference in diastolic blood pressure before and after slow stroke back massage therapy with a value of ?=0.010. The conclusion of this study is that there is an effect of slow stroke back massage therapy on blood pressure in hypertensive patients in the Selayar Island Room at RSAL Dr. Mintohardjo, Central Jakarta.

The Implementation of Cambridge Curriculum in the International Elementary School

Development of the era affects education to keep on growing and its triggers schools for persist in being innovative, and one of the alternatives was using international curriculum, among others is Cambridge Curriculum. This research aims to analyze the implementation of the Cambridge Curriculum at International Elementary School from the school and class level in terms of the planning, implementation, and evaluation. It used the case study approach with the type of descriptive research design with the subject consisting of teachers, principals, curriculum teams, students, and Cambridge Curriculum subject classes. The data collection was conducted through interviews, observations, and documentation. The data validation was through triangulation and increased persistence using the interactive model data analysis technique. The results of this research indicate (1) there is an inter-teacher discussion forum entitled Curriculum Day, used in planning both levels of curriculum implementation and school-level evaluation, (2) implementation of the Cambridge Curriculum in the grade level is filled with hands on activities and uses sources and digital media such as Twinkl and Grammarly, and (3) besides the written test, there are non-written tests for learning evaluation such as I-STEAM EXPO and SLC, and the way of how Cambridge Curriculum’s implemented showed relevance between the development of education with their needs. This research concluded the implementation of Cambridge Curriculum in the school executed well for all stages in both levels and give advantages to the school’s development.

Distribution Pattern of ELF Field Exposure Electricity Distribution Substation Portal Pole Type 20 kV Medium Voltage Network

The electricity distribution substation is one of the components of the electricity distribution system. Electrical distribution substations, especially portal pole-type electrical distribution substations, can emit ELF fields. However, people need to be aware of the health risks of ELF fields and continue to carry out various activities near electricity distribution substations. This research aims to create a distribution pattern for ELF Field and determine its safety level based on WHO thresholds. The research was conducted in the Jember Regency, particularly in Sumbersari District. This research uses a portal pole-type electricity distribution substations. The substation criteria studied were a portal pole distribution substation on a 20 kV transmission line with a transformer capacity of 160 kVA. The measurement points are 0 m below the transformer, 0.7 m, 1.4 m, 2.1 m, 2.8 m, 3.5 m, 4.1 m, and 4.9 m from the distribution substation building at a height of 1.5 m from the ground for three days at 21.00 WIB and 30 measurements were taken. The distances of these points to the transformer are 4.256 m, 4.313 m, 4.480 m, 4.745 m, 5.094 m, 5.510 m, 5.979 m and 6.490 m respectively. The type of research used is quantitative research with survey data collection techniques. The research design used was cross sectional study. Cross sectional study is a type of observational research design that collects data at one specific point in time from a sample which represents the population studied. ELF field measurements show a spherical distribution pattern with an average magnetic field intensity between 0.0358 µT and 2.91 µT and an average electric field intensity between 2.35 V/m and 16.42 V/m. The magnitude of the magnetic field and electric field measured gets smaller as the distance from the measurement point increases. According to WHO, these results are below the threshold for the general group. This research concludes that the portal pole-type distribution substation in the medium voltage network produces a safe ELF field with a spherical distribution pattern that is inversely proportional to the distance.