Types Of Relief Research Articles

Structure of radiation balance in diverse types of relief

AbstractStructure of radiation balance in diverse types of relief. The article presents the results of research on the structure of radiation balance in the full spectrum in diverse types of relief. The study was carried out on the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland (Poland). The varying terrain, its forms, expositions and slopes, large denivelations, and the varying land cover and land use make this small area very diverse as far as radiation conditions are concerned. On the basis of an actinometrical study the structure of radiation balance was assessed in two distinct morphologic terrain forms: the bottom of the valley and the plateau. It was proved that the global solar radiation (K↓) reaching the bottom of the valley in one year was on average 15% lower than the solar energy reaching the plateau. The all wave radiation balance (Q*) at the bottom of the valley was 16% less than on the plateau. The result of complex radiation conditions in the diversified relief was the occurrence of a mosaic of plant groups with distinct requirements.

METHOD OF DIGITAL GEOMORPHOLOGIC MAP OF MOSCOW COMPILATION

The digital modeling includes: 1) digitizing of the paper-based environmental map (i. e. scanning and vectorization of each list of the map); 2) transformation of the obtained seamless layer in order to fit it with the elements of the Moscow digital base map, made by Mosgorgeotrest (scale 1:10 000); 3) vector data verification. The resulting vector polygon data layer (modeled in AcrInfo, ESRI, Inc., USA) consists of more than 3 000 polygons with attributes corresponding to the map legend. The map legend shows: 1) genetic types of relief and landforms; 2) hazardous engineering-geological processes which have already happened or may happen soon. The scale of the created digital environmental map is 1:50 000. An additional component of the digital eco-geomorphologic model of Moscow is detailed digital elevation model (DEM). 3D Analyst (ArcGIS) was used to visualize DEM in 3D-pictures, to extract simple derivatives (hypsometry, slope and aspect, plan and profile curvature, roughness). These data allowed us to create some geomorphic maps of the test site - the territory of Moscow protected area Vorobyovy Gory. Statistical analysis of the geomorphic data distribution was fulfilled. The quality of the model not only provides the acquiring knowledge of the urban agglomeration and fulfilling the complex of its eco-geo- morphological estimations, but also helps the solution of urban planning and management.

Развитие законодательства Алтайского края в 2000‑х гг.

Modern criminal policy is characterized by the introduction of new types of relief from criminal liability and punishment. The article discusses the application of Art. 82.1 of the RF Criminal Code which provides for suspension of sentence for drug addicts in practice. In particular it analyzes the problems of the foundations for such sentences and situations for their applications, the subjects of their implementation and termination. The authors pay a particular attention to the defects of legal regulation of the new kind of respite. The imperfection of the legislative wording creates difficulties in the practical implementation of the legal regulations. In addition, the authors attempt to demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of the introduction of a new kind of suspended sentence in the RF Criminal Code, and confirm the necessity of such legel developments. In this study, the authors arrive at the conclusion that mostly the institution of suspended sentence for drug addicts has significant problems, that have to be solved for the practical application of Art. 82.1 of the RF Criminal Code. As there have been few studies devoted to the analysis of this article the present paper has both theoretical and practical importance.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2015)2.1-12

Micromorphological study (ultrastructure of lamina surface, seeds, ultrasculpture of pollen grains) of Gladiolus L. species (Iridaceae Juss.) of Ukrainian flora

Abstract Micro-morphological characteristics of the four Gladiolus L. species of the Ukrainian flora (G. imbricatus L., G. italicus Mill., G. palustris Gaudin and G. tenuis M. Bieb.) as regards leaves, seeds and pollens are presented with this investigation in a detailed way. An examination of the surface structure of the leaves, seeds and pollen grains of the Gladiolus species indicates that the characteristics of the ultrastructure of leaves and of pollen grains are not diagnostic for distinguishing species, but they could be important at genus level (leaves: features such as being amphistomatic, having the same quantity of immersed stomata on both surfaces and having a high stomata index, the presence and localisation of papillae, the shape of epidermal cells; pollen grains: monosulcate type with two operculums). However, the type of surface ultrastructure of the seed coat is a diagnostic feature as at genus level so for species. It can be mentioned that propose the use of features such as the shape and position of the cicatricle, the type of cuticle, the shape and boundaries of cells of testa, and the anticlinal cell walls as diagnostic features at genera level. The shape of seeds, the presence and disposition of wing, the level of the periclinal cell walls of the seed coat and types of relief are additional diagnostic features for distinguishing of Gladiolus species.

Aspects and methods in reconstructing the medieval terrain and deposits in Vilnius

The article deals with the geomorphological diversity (confluence of Neris and Vilnia rivers, junction of two ice ages, erosion hill terrains, terrace levels, etc.) of Vilnius city which played an important role in choosing the place for the city to be established and in formation of its defence structure. The diversity of terrain of Vilnius city and its environs is demonstrated by the distinguished morphogenetic zones: 20 morphogenetic units including 5 zones within the area of the medieval city. From the point of view of the history of environment, the historical relief of Vilnius city has five types of relief. The research was carried out in one of the five types of city topography: moraines left by glaciers (part of the Kuprijoniškės-Salininkai morainic complex). The shallow till acted as an impermeable barrier and created conditions for accumulation of groundwater. Springs emanated at the slope bottom turning into streams. The largest among them is the Vingrė River, which marks the boundary between two types of topography. The studied territory occupies 2.6 km2. Through the reconstruction of the primordial terrain, it would be possible to trace the direction of Vingrė stream and the location of the defensive wall. LIDAR topography and borehole data, topographic maps of 1842 and 1994, and archaeological data were used. Geophysical and digital methods were applied. The research contributes to reconstruction of the pre-anthropogenic terrain, indicating possibilities for its optimal use and living conditions.

The orientation of liquid crystals on obliquely deposited layers of SiO_2 and CeO_2

The surface texture is compared for silicon oxide and cerium oxide films obtained by oblique laser deposition at identical angles and deposition rates. This paper discusses how the crystallization tendency of the oxides affects the structure and relief of the deposited film—the length and tilt angle of the resulting columnar crystals to the substrate and the presence or absence of ridges of crystallites extended in a direction perpendicular to the deposition direction. The main types of surface relief formed by oblique deposition of oxides are considered, along with the various ways the liquid crystals are oriented by means of these reliefs. It is shown that the ratio of the sizes of the liquid-crystal molecules and the characteristic inhomogeneities of the surface relief serve as the main criterion for their longitudinal or transverse orientation, since orientation with a small contact area is energetically unfavorable.

Veterinary medicine's increasing role in global health.

Veterinary medicine's increasing role in global health.

Floristic and structural variation of weeds in eucalyptus plantations as influenced by relief and time of year

The objective of this work was to analyze the floristic variation and phytosociological structure of weeds as influenced by relief and time of year in eucalyptus plantations in Santana do Paraíso and Guanhães - MG. The total area sampled for each locality was approximately 10 ± 3 hectares, comprising three types of relief: lowland, slope, and upper area. In each type of relief, 10 plots of 1 m² were sampled, corresponding to 30 plots per locality, where they were randomly allocated in a zigzag. The taxonomic identification was performed in four assessments, corresponding to the months of November and March, comprising two ratings each season, always at the same points, and geo-referenced using the Global Positioning System (GPS). A total of 3,893 individuals, 18 families and 61 species, were identified in Santana do Paraiso and a total of 1,166 individuals, 13 families and 58 species, in Guanhães. In both localities, the most representative families in terms of wealth were: Poaceae, Asteraceae, and Fabaceae. Galinsoga parviflora was the most abundant species. The Vernonia polyantes was identified only in the lowlands, while Arrabida florida was identified in the slope and upper area. On the other hand, Emilia coccinea, Sida rhombifolia, S. paniculatum and Spermacoce latifolia were common to all three environments. Commelina benghalensis was present only in the month of March, while G. parviflora was present only in the month of November. It was concluded that the floristic and phytosociological variation of weeds in eucalyptus plantations is influenced by the type of relief and time of year, which should guide the management practices used in the culture.

Influence of Relief and Land Cover on the Distribution of Values of the Land Surface Temperature in Upper Parsęta River Area

Abstract The primary research problem presented in the article is verification of the thesis on the influence of relief and land cover type on the spatial variability of the land surface temperature (LST) distribution in the area including the river catchment area of upper Parsęta. The paper presents the use of thermal channels from two Landsat ETM+ scenes pictures, Corine Land Cover database from 2000 as well as the DTED-2 digital elevation model. Two ETM+ thermal bands processing algorithms were used for calculation of the land surface temperature: Qin et al. (2001) and Jiménez-Muňoz et al. (2003). Conducted statistical tests show significant differences of the land surface temperature values between particular land cover forms as well as types of relief. LST maps can be applied in topoclimatology eg. to detail and verify the in situ measurements.

Manifestation of flat and rippled surface reliefs of platinum foils in LEED patterns

The atomic structure and surface relief of a polycrystalline platinum foil upon rolling and subsequent recrystallization in ultrahigh vacuum have been studied by low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The symmetry of LEED patterns shows that the surface structure of recrystallized platinum foil corresponds to (111) face, but different shapes of diffraction maxima are indicative of a diversity of the geometric relief. AFM data reveal various types of the surface relief, including flat, rippled in one direction, and differently oriented, which are considered in comparison to the corresponding LEED patterns. Using the established laws, it is possible to trace the formation of various reliefs by diffraction techniques without using probe methods.

The evaluation of the geomorphological touristic potential of mountainous areas. Case study: the Rarău Massif

The present study aims to implement in the GIS modeling the results of a survey that sought to define an algorithm by ranking environmental elements so as to determine and regionalize the tourism potential and attractiveness of mountain areas. Tourism potential is an important indicator in characterizing any area, and the result of a plurality of components pertaining to the natural, geographic, cultural-historical and socioeconomic environment. Tourism is a social phenomenon, so that the application of a social research method – the questionnaire represents a good evaluation technique for the elements that potentiate the phenomenon in question. Its construction was aimed primarily at the environmental elements, plus an element that stands for the symbiosis between two or more valuable features of the environment – the protected areas. The results show that, for about 73% of the respondents, the landscape and the protected areas are essential factors in assessing the tourist attractiveness of any mountain area. The landscape factor was analyzed in terms of morphometry - altitude, relief intensity, drainage density, slopes, and morphology - genetic types of relief (the only quantified types being the glacial, karstic, volcanic and lithostructural ones). As indicators to quantify the algorithm resulting from the questionnaire, we used the information provided by the ArcGIS 9.2 software platform, with the use of which morphometric and geomorphologic applications were created. As a case study, we used the Rarau Mountain area in the north of the Eastern Carpathians. Finally, the regional map of tourism potential and attractiveness was obtained, as well as statistical data expressed mathematically, which can be used in ranking mountain areas in terms of the features mentioned above.

Inhaled analgesia for pain management in labour

Many women would like to have a choice between different types of pain relief during labour, avoiding invasive methods of pain management if they can. One of the options might be inhaled analgesia, which involves the self-administered inhalation of sub-anaesthetic concentrations of agents while the mother remains awake. Most of the agents are easy to administer, can be started in less than a minute and become effective within a similar amount of time. This review makes an important contribution to the evidence base because it's important that women have access to relatively effective and safe analgesia during labour, and that this be available when they need some form of pharmacological pain relief. The review brings together the relevant research to support this option, remembering that even in hospitals with full-time obstetric anaesthesia coverage, no one may be available to place an epidural, offer other effective methods of labour analgesia, or provide a labour-intensive non-pharmacological method to help the woman in pain.[1] Alongside these issues of availability, the more invasive options, such as epidural analgesia, are associated with significant side effects. Our goal was to examine the effects of all modalities of inhaled analgesia on the mother and the baby, for mothers who planned to have a vaginal delivery. We searched widely for randomised trials comparing inhaled analgesia with other inhaled analgesia, placebo or no treatment, or other methods of non-pharmacological pain management in labour; and were able to include 26 studies with nearly 3000 women. We were able to analyse outcomes such as pain intensity, pain relief and side effects like nausea, but, because of a lack of data, we could not analyse other important outcomes, including sense of control, satisfaction with the childbirth experience, mother and baby interaction, breastfeeding, admission to special care baby unit, poor infant outcomes at long-term follow-up and costs. In the comparisons of different types of inhaled analgesia, Flurane derivatives offer slightly better pain relief than nitrous oxide in first stage of labour, leading to a lower pain intensity score and a higher pain relief score. More nausea was also found in the nitrous oxide group, compared with the flurane derivatives group. However, there were major differences between the trials and the findings should also be considered with caution because of the use of a cross-over design for the trials. When nitrous oxide was compared against placebo or no treatment, it was found to offer better pain relief but it also produced more side effects for women such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness and drowsiness. There were no significant differences for any of the outcomes in studies comparing different strengths of inhaled analgesia, different delivery systems or, in one study, comparing inhaled analgesia with Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS). Our conclusion is that inhaled analgesia appears to be effective in reducing pain intensity and in giving pain relief in labour, but that nitrous oxide appears to result in more nausea compared with flurane derivatives and that when compared with no treatment or placebo, nitrous oxide appears to result in even more side effects such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness and drowsiness.

On Near Misses and Completed Tasks

What is the nature and function of relief? Relief has been studied little in psychological science despite its familiarity and pervasiveness. Two studies revealed that relief can result from two distinct situations: the narrow avoidance of an aversive outcome (near-miss relief) and completion of an onerous or aversive event (task-completion relief). Study 1 found that recollections of near-miss relief were marked by more downward counterfactual thoughts and greater feelings of social isolation than recollections of task-completion relief. Study 2 experimentally elicited the two types of relief and found mediational evidence that relief following near misses elicits feelings of social isolation via its stimulation of counterfactual thinking. That near-miss relief is characterized by counterfactual thinking suggests that it prompts people to contemplate how to avert similar experiences in the future, whereas task-completion relief may serve to reinforce endurance during difficult tasks.

Incidence of intravascular insertion in thoracic epidural catheterization by using real time fluoroscopy

BackgroundEpidural analgesia is commonly used to provide several types of pain relief. Although this technique has been widely used with many advantages, currently the complications appear to be increasing. Especially, inadvertent intravascular cannulation and intravascular local anesthetic administration can lead to fatal consequences.MethodsData was collected on 296 patients undergoing elective thoracic or abdominal surgery. Two detection methods were utilized to confirm the epidural intravascular cannulation; flashback and aspiration of indwelling catheter, and injection of a contrast agent through the catheter under fluoroscopy were used to guide the placement of the catheter and to examine the intravascular cannulation.ResultsEpidural intravascular cannulation was reported in 4 out of 296 cases (1.4%), and 1 patient underwent subdural cannulation. Among the 4 cases of epidural intravascular cannulation, two were confirmed by the flashback and aspiration methods, while the remaining cases were only detected by real time fluoroscopy.ConclusionsIn this study, inadvertent epidural intravascular cannulation occurred by as much as 1.4% of thoracic epidural catheterization. Utilizing real time fluoroscopy in addition to flashback and aspiration can enhance the sensitivity of detection.

Lessons Learned from the Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, 2011

On March 11, 2011, an earthquake occurred off the coast of Honshu, Japan. The quake was followed by a powerful tsunami that caused extensive damage to the east coast of the Tohoku and Kanto regions. This disaster destroyed the medical system in place and thus drastically reduced the ability of the healthcare system to handle the large number of casualties. During the initial response to this disaster, we participated in several types of outreach medical relief teams dispatched to the affected area from the day of the earthquake onwards. The ratio of persons injured to persons missing or dead for the 2011 Japan disaster (0.31: 5,994 to 19,371) was much lower than for the Indian Ocean Tsunami of 2004 in Thailand (1.01; 8,457 to 8,393) and for the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake of 1995 in Japan (6.80; 43,792 to 6,437). The different ratios for the different types of disasters indicate that medical relief efforts in response to natural disasters should be tailored to the type of disaster to optimize the effectiveness of the response and prevent further deaths. From a medical viewpoint, unnecessary deaths must be prevented following natural disasters. Doing so requires appropriate information transmission and an understanding of the mission's overall and specific objectives: 1) rapid search and rescue; 2) early care in the field, evacuation centers, and primary clinics; 3) definitive evaluation at disaster base hospitals; and 4) proper evacuation to unaffected areas. We propose a descriptive device that can guide headquarters in dealing with the commonalities of a disaster.

A framework for digital sunken relief generation based on 3D geometric models

Sunken relief is a special art form of sculpture whereby the depicted shapes are sunk into a given surface. This is traditionally created by laboriously carving materials such as stone. Sunken reliefs often utilize the engraved lines or strokes to strengthen the impressions of a 3D presence and to highlight the features which otherwise are unrevealed. In other types of relief, smooth surfaces and their shadows convey such information in a coherent manner. Existing methods for relief generation are focused on forming a smooth surface with a shallow depth which provides the presence of 3D figures. Such methods unfortunately do not help the art form of sunken reliefs as they omit the presence of feature lines. We propose a framework to produce sunken reliefs from a known 3D geometry, which transforms the 3D objects into three layers of input to incorporate the contour lines seamlessly with the smooth surfaces. The three input layers take the advantages of the geometric information and the visual cues to assist the relief generation. We have modified the existing techniques of line drawings and relief generation, and then combine them organically for this particular purpose.

Immediate Complications and Pain Relief Associated With 296 Fluoroscopically Guided Thoracic Foraminal Nerve Blocks

The goal of this work is to review the thoracic foraminal nerve blocks and foraminal epidurals performed at a single institution to determine the incidence and types of immediate complications and pain relief associated with thoracic foraminal nerve blocks. This retrospective study entailed a comprehensive review of the radiographs and reports of 296 injections performed in 225 examinations on 153 patients (60 men and 93 women). The overall mean age was 51.93 years (mean age for men, 50.71 years [range, 22-85 years]; mean age for women, 53.09 years [range, 18-84 years]). The data were later analyzed with contingency tables and chi-square tests. The overall complication rate was 4.1% (12/296). Complication rates at the different needle tip positions measured on frontal and lateral fluoroscopic views did not approach statistical significance (p = 0.15). Complications were higher with cephalocaudal flow outside local flow (p = 0.02). No serious complications occurred except for one pneumothorax, which could have been avoided. Immediate partial or complete pain relief was obtained in 88.5% (262/296) of the injections and 88.4% (199/225) of the examinations. Fluoroscopically guided thoracic foraminal nerve blocks are safe procedures and provide immediate partial or complete pain relief in a high percentage of patients.

Nitrous Oxide for Colonoscopy

Colonoscopy is the gold standard investigation for large bowel disease. With the increase in demand, pressure is on clinics to shorten lengths of time per procedure in addition to maintaining high levels of patient safety. Analgesia has always been the mainstay of adequate pain relief, but it leads to prolonged recovery and lengths of hospital stay, in addition to increased risk of cardio-respiratory side effects. N2O/O2 mixtures have been used for its effective analgesic effect and short half life and provides an alternative method of sedation for colonoscopy procedures. The primary objective was to compare the overall effectiveness of nitrous oxide mixtures to other types of pain relief used during colonoscopy procedures to provide adequate pain/discomfort relief.The secondary objective was to compare between nitrous oxide and other types of pain relief with respect to hospitalisation/recovery time, side effects, patients and endoscopists satisfaction, and colonoscopy completion rates. The following electronic databases were searched: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) on The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE (1966- present), EMBASE (1980 - present), and the Internet (Google Scholar). Randomised controlled trials which compared nitrous oxide to placebo or active comparators for patients undergoing elective colonoscopic procedures. Patients with known underlying causes of pain/discomfort were excluded. Seven randomised trials were included. Each trial compared a nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture to a placebo or sedation +- other analgesic drugs on patients undergoing elective colonoscopic procedures. The results of these studies were analysed and discussed. There were a total of 547 patients included.There were 257 patients randomised to receive the N2O/O2 mixture (7 studies), while 225 patients received some form of sedation with or without other analgesia (6 studies), and 65 patients received a placebo (3 studies).Four studies showed that N2O/O2 is as good in controlling pain/discomfort as conventional methods, while one showed sedation was better and another study showed N2O/O2 was better.Six of the studies showed that N2O/O2 groups had quicker recovery times and shorter lengths of hospital stays while one study showed that there was no difference between the two groups.Two studies showed that N2O/O2 was safer while one reported that sedation was safer. Nitrous oxide is as efficient and safer than various pain relief methods used during colonoscopy procedures, but further trials are necessary.

The Removability of Non-Citizen Parents and the Best Interests of Citizen Children: How to Balance Competing Imperatives in the Context of Removal Proceedings?

The massive influx of illegal immigrants over the preceding decades has combined with the United States’ jus soli citizenship regime to produce a growing class of removable aliens: non-citizen parents of United States citizen children. The removability of parents obviously places the citizen children in the unfortunate position of having to leave their country of citizenship behind to accompany the parents, or arrange for living situations within the United States, perhaps with a relative, but be separated from their parents. The compelling interests raised by the removability of parents in such circumstances have given rise to distinct forms of relief under domestic legal systems. The United Kingdom, in a recent decision by its Supreme Court, has held that the best interests of the child are a primary consideration in determining whether the removal of the parent would be proportionate. Likewise, the United States provides for certain types of relief from removal for the parents of United States citizen children. Yet neither regime is entirely satisfactory. The United Kingdom’s approach is unduly biased towards non-removability, whereas the standards for establishing relief from removal in the United States are onerous and will be rarely met in practice. The purpose of this article is to propose a balancing of the interests that takes a realistic look both at the compelling interest citizen children have to remain in their country as part of a family unit and the competing interests of the state in a fully and fairly functioning immigration system. Such balancing is liable to make all parties unhappy - not every non-citizen parent should be permitted to remain simply on the fact of that parentage, and, conversely, not every removable parent should be removed simply because they are present illegally - yet it is the only feasible option to a problem that is only likely to grow in the coming decades.

The Removability of Non-Citizen Parents and the Best Interests of Citizen Children: How to Balance Competing Imperatives in the Context of Removal Proceedings?

The massive influx of illegal immigrants over the preceding decades has combined with the United States’ jus soli citizenship regime to produce a growing class of removable aliens: non-citizen parents of United States citizen children. The removability of parents obviously places the citizen children in the unfortunate position of having to leave their country of citizenship behind to accompany the parents, or arrange for living situations within the United States, perhaps with a relative, but be separated from their parents. The compelling interests raised by the removability of parents in such circumstances have given rise to distinct forms of relief under domestic legal systems. The United Kingdom, in a recent decision by its Supreme Court, has held that the best interests of the child are a primary consideration in determining whether the removal of the parent would be proportionate. Likewise, the United States provides for certain types of relief from removal for the parents of United States citizen children. Yet neither regime is entirely satisfactory. The United Kingdom’s approach is unduly biased towards non-removability, whereas the standards for establishing relief from removal in the United States are onerous and will be rarely met in practice. The purpose of this article is to propose a balancing of the interests that takes a realistic look both at the compelling interest citizen children have to remain in their country as part of a family unit and the competing interests of the state in a fully and fairly functioning immigration system. Such balancing is liable to make all parties unhappy - not every non-citizen parent should be permitted to remain simply on the fact of that parentage, and, conversely, not every removable parent should be removed simply because they are present illegally - yet it is the only feasible option to a problem that is only likely to grow in the coming decades.