Types Of Relatedness Research Articles

Malaria surveillance reveals parasite relatedness, signatures of selection, and correlates of transmission across Senegal

We here analyze data from the first year of an ongoing nationwide program of genetic surveillance of Plasmodium falciparum parasites in Senegal. The analysis is based on 1097 samples collected at health facilities during passive malaria case detection in 2019; it provides a baseline for analyzing parasite genetic metrics as they vary over time and geographic space. The study’s goal was to identify genetic metrics that were informative about transmission intensity and other aspects of transmission dynamics, focusing on measures of genetic relatedness between parasites. We found the best genetic proxy for local malaria incidence to be the proportion of polygenomic infections (those with multiple genetically distinct parasites), although this relationship broke down at low incidence. The proportion of related parasites was less correlated with incidence while local genetic diversity was uninformative. The type of relatedness could discriminate local transmission patterns: two nearby areas had similarly high fractions of relatives, but one was dominated by clones and the other by outcrossed relatives. Throughout Senegal, 58% of related parasites belonged to a single network of relatives, within which parasites were enriched for shared haplotypes at known and suspected drug resistance loci and at one novel locus, reflective of ongoing selection pressure.

Types of occupational relatedness and branching processes across Brazilian regions

ABSTRACT This article draws on a large occupational database of 2514 occupations required for 581 industries in 558 microregions and five macroregions in Brazil and shows that occupational relatedness is associated with regional occupational branching (entry of related and exit of unrelated occupations) in a developing country marked by enormous regional disparities. Three types of occupational relatedness were examined: local synergy-, complementarity- and similarity-relatedness densities. Local synergy- and complementarity-relatedness densities were most closely associated with regional branching, and were more relevant to preventing the decline of specializations than promoting the emergence of new ones. All types of relatedness were more closely associated with preventing the disappearance of occupations from the most backward regions.

Supply chains and the success of M&As: investigating the effect of structural equivalence of merging firms' supplier and customer bases

PurposeThis study investigates the extent to which structural equivalence between acquiring and target firms is associated with post-merger and acquisition (M&A) performance—a relationship that is proposed to be moderated by industry-level vertical relatedness between acquiring and target firms.Design/methodology/approachApplying social network analysis and regression, this study analyzes a buyer–supplier relationship network dataset of 279 M&A deals completed between 2010 and 2017 to test the hypotheses. Structural equivalence is measured as the proportion of common customers and suppliers between an acquiring firm and a target firm.FindingsSupporting a view about the importance of supply chains in explaining M&As outcomes, the results suggest that the structural equivalence in the supplier network is positively associated with post-M&A firm performance. The results also show that the effect of the structural equivalence in the customer network is moderated by vertical relatedness between two merging firms (i.e. structural equivalence contributes to post-M&A performance when vertical industry relatedness is high).Originality/valueThis study contributes to the M&A and supply network literature by investigating the performance implications of structural equivalence in supplier and customer networks, demonstrating the importance of taking a supply chain view when explaining M&As outcomes. Specifically, the authors suggest considering structural equivalence as a new type of relatedness between merging firms (i.e. relatedness in network resources in explaining post-M&A performance). It also indicates how industry-level vertical resource relatedness, which is about relatedness in internal resources between the two firms, could interact with firm-level network resource relatedness, which is about relatedness in external supply chain resources between the two firms, in affecting post-M&A performance.

The Effect of Diversification: By Number of Subsidiaries and Type of Relatedness on Financial Performance with Board of Directors as Moderating Variable

Diversification strategy is strategy in expanding market and products that are related or unrelated by increasing subsidiaries. This increasing is expected to increase financial performance with proper analysis. This study aims to examine the effect of diversification strategy analyzed by number of subsidiaries, type of relatedness (related-unrelated business) on financial performance and considering the moderating effect of board of directors. This research uses 197 data from 71 manufacturing companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2016-2018. Results show that the number of subsidiaries has no effect on firm performance and the unrelated type outperform related type. This is also supported by a theory of portfolio diversification which can reduce risk. The board of directors as a moderator has no effect on the number of subsidiaries on financial performance. Meanwhile the board of directors has a positive effect on type of relatedness. This research concludes that the board of directors is able to direct what type of diversification will be taken. 
 Keywords: Diversification strategy, Subsidiaries, Type of Relatedness (related-unrelated business), Financial Performance (ROA)

Self-determination theory goes public: experimental evidence on the causal relationship between psychological needs and job satisfaction

ABSTRACT This study puts self-determination theory to an empirical test through a series of discrete choice experiments across three samples of public healthcare workers, for a total of 4,743 subjects. The three replications provide convergent evidence in support of the hypotheses that autonomy, competence, and three types of relatedness – with supervisors, peers, and beneficiaries – simultaneously and independently increase employee satisfaction. Meaningful differences emerge in the relative importance of those five factors. In particular, the fulfilment of one’s need for competence turns out to have the greatest positive impact across experimental replications, whereas the need for autonomy consistently comes last.

How Do Firms Diversify? Institutional Relatedness and Diversification

The extant diversification literature has been long dominated by Rumelt's product–market relatedness diversification conception. In this study, we highlight the importance of a different type of relatedness –

Human embryo: what about relatedness?

Many studies are still ongoing to allow a global comprehension of the complex mechanisms that characterize and regulate human embryo development during the first weeks of his life. In this article, we decided to explore in particular one aspect of human embryo development: relatedness. Using PubMed database, we selected articles related to this particular theme and 56 articles where included in our analysis. We considered three different types of relatedness: from embryo to mother, from mother to embryo and bilateral relatedness. For each article, we indicated what type of relatedness was mainly present either during pre-implantation phase or during implantation phase or during post-implantation phase. The complex interactions between the mother and the embryo have been discussed and represented using, as emerged from literature, a cooperative agents’ model.

Opacity, Transparency, and Morphological Priming: A Study of Prefixed Verbs in Dutch.

A basic question for the study of the mental lexicon is whether there are morphological representations and processes that are independent of phonology and semantics. According to a prominent tradition, morphological relatedness requires semantic transparency: semantically transparent words are related in meaning to their stems, while semantically opaque words are not. This study examines the question of morphological relatedness using intra-modal auditory priming by Dutch prefixed verbs. The key conditions involve semantically transparent prefixed primes (e.g., aanbieden 'offer', with the stem bieden, also 'offer') and opaque primes (e.g., verbieden 'forbid'). Results show robust facilitation for both transparent and opaque pairs; phonological (Experiment 1) and semantic (Experiment 2) controls rule out the possibility that these other types of relatedness are responsible for the observed priming effects. The finding of facilitation with opaque primes suggests that morphological processing is independent of semantic and phonological representations. Accordingly, the results are incompatible with theories that make semantic overlap a necessary condition for relatedness, and favor theories in which words may be related in ways that do not require shared meaning. The general discussion considers several specific proposals along these lines, and compares and contrasts questions about morphological relatedness of the type found here with the different but related question of whether there is morphological decomposition of complex forms or not.

Venture Relatedness, Affordable Loss, and Responsibility for Internal Corporate Venture Planning

Corporations initiate new business ventures that can range from highly related to highly unrelated to their existing business operations. Degree of new internal corporate venture relatedness is assumed to drive the degree of planning autonomy parent corporations grant their ventures. The current research examines the influence of a parent corporation’s financial slack on the relationship between venture relatedness and planning autonomy. Results based on a sample of 145 internal corporate ventures indicate that slack strongly moderates the relationship between relatedness and autonomy, but the direction of the moderating effect depends on the type of relatedness being considered – i.e., either market familiarity or product similarity.

Technology-driven mergers and acquisitions of Chinese acquirers: development of a multi-dimensional framework for post-innovation performance

While some studies have observed the beneficial impact of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) on a firm's innovation performance in developed countries, others have found the consequences to be neutral or even negative. This article develops an integrated framework to elucidate how the combination of technological relatedness and product relatedness between acquiring and target firms affects post-innovation performance of technology-driven M&As. This performance is investigated by using a set of parameters, namely R&D input, patent and product activity, and the financial results from commercialisation. We conducted case studies on China's high-tech firms derived from three diverse industry sectors, and the empirical results indicate that both types of relatedness between the partners of technology-driven M&As are conducive to the intensification of R&D expenditures. The acquisition of similar technologies and products has more significant effects on R&D input and output, and M&As without technology relatedness have better financial performance, since they lead acquirers to new technology sectors or sub-sectors. In comparison, M&As with technological complementarity and product complementarity have negative effects on related innovation processes in the short term.

On Better Exploring and Exploiting Task Relationships in Multitask Learning: Joint Model and Feature Learning.

Multitask learning (MTL) aims to learn multiple tasks simultaneously through the interdependence between different tasks. The way to measure the relatedness between tasks is always a popular issue. There are mainly two ways to measure relatedness between tasks: common parameters sharing and common features sharing across different tasks. However, these two types of relatedness are mainly learned independently, leading to a loss of information. In this paper, we propose a new strategy to measure the relatedness that jointly learns shared parameters and shared feature representations. The objective of our proposed method is to transform the features of different tasks into a common feature space in which the tasks are closely related and the shared parameters can be better optimized. We give a detailed introduction to our proposed MTL method. Additionally, an alternating algorithm is introduced to optimize the nonconvex objection. A theoretical bound is given to demonstrate that the relatedness between tasks can be better measured by our proposed MTL algorithm. We conduct various experiments to verify the superiority of the proposed joint model and feature MTL method.

The Temporal Courses of Phonological and Orthographic Encoding in Handwritten Production in Chinese: An ERP Study.

A central issue in written production concerns how phonological codes influence the output of orthographic codes. We used a picture-word interference paradigm combined with the event-related potential technique to investigate the temporal courses of phonological and orthographic activation and their interplay in Chinese writing. Distractors were orthographically related, phonologically related, orthographically plus phonologically related, or unrelated to picture names. The behavioral results replicated the classic facilitation effect for all three types of relatedness. The ERP results indicated an orthographic effect in the time window of 370–500 ms (onset latency: 370 ms), a phonological effect in the time window of 460–500 ms (onset latency: 464 ms), and an additive pattern of both effects in both time windows, thus indicating that orthographic codes were accessed earlier than, and independent of, phonological codes in written production. The orthographic activation originates from the semantic system, whereas the phonological effect results from the activation spreading from the orthographic lexicon to the phonological lexicon. These findings substantially strengthen the existing evidence that shows that access to orthographic codes is not mediated by phonological information, and they provide important support for the orthographic autonomy hypothesis.

A statistical approach for modeling inter-document semantic relationships in digital libraries

E-Learning repositories and digital libraries are fast becoming important sources for gathering information and learning material. Such systems must therefore provide services to support the learning needs of their users. When a retrieval system shows how its documents relate to each other semantically, a user gets the liberty to choose from different material, and direct his/her study in a focused manner. This calls for a model that identifies types of document relationships, that need to address different aspects of learning. This article defines three such types and a unique statistical model that can automatically identify them in technical/scientific documents. The model defines measures to quantify the degree of relatedness based on distinct statistical patterns exhibited by the common terms in a pair of documents. This approach does not strictly require a knowledge base or hypertext for identifying the characteristic relationship between two documents. Such a statistical model can be extended to build further relatedness types and can be used alongside various other techniques in digital library recommendation engines. Our experiments over a large number of technical documents show that our techniques effectively extract the different types of relationships between documents.

Sense of relatedness boosts engagement, achievement, and well-being: A latent growth model study

The aim of this study was to examine how adolescent students' sense of relatedness toward parents, teachers, and peers were differentially related to engagement, disaffection, achievement, and well-being. Two longitudinal studies were conducted among Filipino high school students. Study 1 focused on how sense of relatedness was associated with academic outcomes (engagement, disaffection, and achievement), while Study 2 focused on how relatedness was associated with well-being. Results of Study 1 showed that students' sense of relatedness predicted both initial levels and changes in engagement and disaffection, which in turn, mediated the effects of relatedness on subsequent academic achievement. Parental relatedness seemed more important for academic achievement compared to teacher and peer relatedness. In Study 2, sense of relatedness was found to be associated with positive and negative affect. Findings of this study provide evidence for the importance of relatedness in facilitating optimal outcomes and suggest that different types of relatedness may have differential effects. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Internally- and externally-driven network transitions as a basis for automatic and strategic processes in semantic priming: theory and experimental validation.

For the last four decades, semantic priming—the facilitation in recognition of a target word when it follows the presentation of a semantically related prime word—has been a central topic in research of human cognitive processing. Studies have drawn a complex picture of findings which demonstrated the sensitivity of this priming effect to a unique combination of variables, including, but not limited to, the type of relatedness between primes and targets, the prime-target Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA), the relatedness proportion (RP) in the stimuli list and the specific task subjects are required to perform. Automatic processes depending on the activation patterns of semantic representations in memory and controlled strategies adapted by individuals when attempting to maximize their recognition performance have both been implicated in contributing to the results. Lately, we have published a new model of semantic priming that addresses the majority of these findings within one conceptual framework. In our model, semantic memory is depicted as an attractor neural network in which stochastic transitions from one stored pattern to another are continually taking place due to synaptic depression mechanisms. We have shown how such transitions, in combination with a reinforcement-learning rule that adjusts their pace, resemble the classic automatic and controlled processes involved in semantic priming and account for a great number of the findings in the literature. Here, we review the core findings of our model and present new simulations that show how similar principles of parameter-adjustments could account for additional data not addressed in our previous studies, such as the relation between expectancy and inhibition in priming, target frequency and target degradation effects. Finally, we describe two human experiments that validate several key predictions of the model.

Unexpected relationships and inbreeding in HapMap phase III populations.

Correct annotation of the genetic relationships between samples is essential for population genomic studies, which could be biased by errors or omissions. To this end, we used identity-by-state (IBS) and identity-by-descent (IBD) methods to assess genetic relatedness of individuals within HapMap phase III data. We analyzed data from 1,397 individuals across 11 ethnic populations. Our results support previous studies (Pemberton et al., 2010; Kyriazopoulou-Panagiotopoulou et al., 2011) assessing unknown relatedness present within this population. Additionally, we present evidence for 1,657 novel pairwise relationships across 9 populations. Surprisingly, significant Cotterman's coefficients of relatedness K1 (IBD1) values were detected between pairs of known parents. Furthermore, significant K2 (IBD2) values were detected in 32 previously annotated parent-child relationships. Consistent with a hypothesis of inbreeding, regions of homozygosity (ROH) were identified in the offspring of related parents, of which a subset overlapped those reported in previous studies (Gibson et al. 2010; Johnson et al. 2011). In total, we inferred 28 inbred individuals with ROH that overlapped areas of relatedness between the parents and/or IBD2 sharing at a different genomic locus between a child and a parent. Finally, 8 previously annotated parent-child relationships had unexpected K0 (IBD0) values (resulting from a chromosomal abnormality or genotype error), and 10 previously annotated second-degree relationships along with 38 other novel pairwise relationships had unexpected IBD2 (indicating two separate paths of recent ancestry). These newly described types of relatedness may impact the outcome of previous studies and should inform the design of future studies relying on the HapMap Phase III resource.

The Surname Space of the Czech Republic: Examining Population Structure by Network Analysis of Spatial Co-Occurrence of Surnames

In the majority of countries, surnames represent a ubiquitous cultural attribute inherited from an individual's ancestors and predominantly only altered through marriage. This paper utilises an innovative method, taken from economics, to offer unprecedented insights into the “surname space” of the Czech Republic. We construct this space as a network based on the pairwise probabilities of co-occurrence of surnames and find that the network representation has clear parallels with various ethno-cultural boundaries in the country. Our inductive approach therefore formalizes a simple assumption that the more frequently the bearers of two surnames concentrate in the same locations the higher the probability that these two surnames can be related (considering ethno-cultural relatedness, common co-ancestry or genetic relatedness, or some other type of relatedness). Using the Czech Republic as a case study this paper offers a fresh perspective on surnames as a quantitative data source and provides a methodology that can be easily incorporated within wider cultural, ethnic, geographic and population genetics studies already utilizing surnames.

Why There? Decomposing the Choice of Target Industry

How do diversifying firms chose their target industries? We use two population-level samples and new measures of relatedness to decompose the determinants of diversifying entry into internal factors (firm-specific resources and capabilities) and external factors (industry attractiveness). Our approach captures a variety of sources and types of relatedness and includes measures of resource strength as well as resource relevance, giving us a highly general picture of the drivers of diversification.

IN THE EYES OF THE BEHOLDER: CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF RELATEDNESS HELD BY THE MANAGERS OF LARGE DIVERSIFIED FIRMS

In this study, chief executive officers were surveyed to evaluate how they perceive their firms’ businesses to be related. Responses from nearly 200 top executives provided the data for this study. Findings suggest that some managers think of relatedness in terms of similarities in products, markets, and technologies, a type of relatedness that is assessed by existing measures of diversification. The study also found, however, that managers hold additional conceptualizations of relatedness, including relatedness characterized by an emphasis on shared differentiation and marketing skills. The importance of the study’s findings and its contributions to the diversification literature are discussed. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A general theory for evolving application models

Provides a general theory for evolving information systems. This theory makes a distinction between the underlying information structure at the conceptual level, its evolution on the one hand, and the description and semantics of operations on the information structure and its population on the other hand. The main issues within this theory are object typing, type relatedness and identification of objects. In terms of these concepts, we propose some axioms on the well-formedness of evolution. In this general theory, the underlying data model is a parameter, making the theory applicable for a wide range of modelling techniques, including object-role modelling and object-oriented techniques.