Type Of Refractive Error Research Articles

Prevalence of symptomatic dry eye and influencing factors among Chinese adolescents: A cross-sectional study.

Comprehensive research on the impact of various types of refractive errors (RE) and anisometropia on dry eye disease is still lacking. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence rates and potential lifestyle factors related to symptomatic dry eye (SDE) among adolescents in eastern China. A cross-sectional study was performed in 2023, and a stratified cluster sampling technique was used among adolescents in Nantong, China. Demographic information, including sex, age and BMI, were collected. All participants underwent optometric tests, while Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and self-designed questionnaires were administered. Both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess associations between SDE and related parameters, and various types of RE and anisometropia were also included in the study. A total of 1,518 participants were enrolled in the study, and the overall prevalence of SDE was 20.3% among adolescents in Nantong, China. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that high myopia (aOR = 3.42, 95% CI = 1.60-3.36, p = 0.025), frequent use of eye drops (aOR = 2.31, 95% CI = 1.60-3.36, p<0.001), a history of allergic conjunctivitis (aOR = 1.93, 95% CI = 1.09-3.34, p = 0.025), and frequent blinking (aOR = 3.23, 95% CI = 2.31-4.53, p<0.001) were identified as risk factors for SDE. Conversely, male gender (aOR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.58-0.99, p = 0.043), increased sleep time (6-7 h: aOR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.46-0.89, p = 0.009; 7-8 h: aOR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.43-0.95, p = 0.026; >8 h: aOR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.23-0.82, p = 0.010), and timely intervention when vision decline occurred were protective factors against SDE (aOR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.43-0.85, p = 0.004). High myopia was found to be independently associated with an increased risk of SDE., while hyperopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia were not independent risk factors for SDE. The identified risk and protective factors may help provide valuable insights for future research and interventions aimed at improving ocular health in adolescents.

Add-on perceptual learning on refractive amblyopia in children.

To evaluate the visual outcomes of standard amblyopic treatment add-on training via perceptual learning in refractive amblyopic children and to identify the risk factors for treatment failure. Retrospective charts were reviewed in children with refractive amblyopia who received standard treatment and add-on Cambridge Visual Stimulator (CAM) training. The add-on CAM group that was enrolled had worn full-corrected glasses for at least 2mo before training. A control group received only the standard treatment. Treatment success was defined as best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ≥20/25. The age, sex, initial BCVA, refractive errors, sessions and duration of training, and final BCVA were recorded. A total of 209 children (129 children in add-on CAM group and 80 children in control group) were enrolled. Seventy-six percent of unilateral and 87% of bilateral amblyopic children achieved treatment success. In children with unilateral or bilateral moderate amblyopia, the duration to reach BCVA ≥20/25 was significantly shorter in add-on CAM group than in control group. Poor initial BCVA (P<0.001) and high astigmatism (P=0.007) were risk factors for treatment failure after add-on CAM training. Age, sex, and types of refractive error were not associated with treatment success. Add-on CAM training is an effective strategy for visual improvement and can shorten the treatment course when the effect of standard treatment is limited in amblyopic children.

Compliance and Determinants of Spectacle Wear Among Moroccan Adults Residing Beni-Mellal Khénifra Region.

Ensuring a high level of adherence to wearing spectacles is essential to preserve eye health and achieve optimal vision correction. Comprehending the factors influencing adherence to wearing spectacles can inform strategies to improve eye care outcomes. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and factors influencing adherence to wearing spectacles among Moroccan adults residing the Beni-Mellal Khenifra region. A cross-sectional interview survey was conducted involving 389 adult spectacle wearers. Participants were recruited through a multilevel random sampling technique and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. This questionnaire collected data on demographics, spectacle prescription, usage patterns, and barriers to compliance. Compliance was assessed based on self-reported frequency and duration of spectacle wear according to the prescription. Possible factors influencing the wearing of spectacles were investigated using both univariate and multivariate regression models. This study revealed that 57.6% of participants adhered to the recommended use of spectacles. Factors associated with compliance were higher education level, longer duration of spectacle use, awareness about the importance of spectacle wear, absence of a family history, specific refractive error types, and increased severity of refractive errors. Participants reported various reasons for not adhering to the recommended use of spectacles, with the most common being forgetfulness, perceiving improved vision without spectacle, discomfort while wearing spectacle, difficulty adapting to spectacle, and loss of spectacle. Given the high prevalence of non-compliance to spectacle wear among adults in the Beni-Mellal Khenifra region, it is evident that additional efforts are required to improve understanding and education regarding the advantages of consistent spectacle usage. Targeted educational and awareness initiatives have the potential to substantially enhance adherence rates and consequently improve visual health outcomes in the region.

Association of Refractive Errors with Axial Length and Anterior Chamber Depth in Different Age Groups

Purpose: To determine association of refractive errors with axial length and anterior chamber depth in different age groups. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Ophthalmology Department of Dow University Hospital (Ojha campus),Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan from October 2020 to December 2020. Methods: Eighty-three individuals of different age groups ranging from 11-80 years were included in the study.Ocular measurements including refractive error, axial length, and anterior chamber depth were determined in all participants. The association of refractive error with anterior chamber depth and axial length was tested by using two independent sample t test, Mann-Whitney U test and ANOVA. Results: Among 83 individuals, males were 42.2% (n=35) and females were 57.8% (n=48). Most common type of refractive error was astigmatism which was found in 48.2% (n=40) participants. The overall average depth of anterior chamber (mm) and average axial length (mm) were 3.11±0.39 and 23.27±0.87 respectively. Mean differences in anterior chamber depth were statistically significant among different age groups . Statistically significant differences in mean axial length were found among different refractive errors . Conclusion: These results show a significant relation of different refractive errors with axial length and anterior chamber depth and it can be helpfulin explaining the risk factors of different ocular diseases as well asit can also be helpful in clinical and diagnostic purposes in ophthalmology.

Assessment of pediatric visual acuity

The VA assessment of children within the different age groups is a very tough task somewhat due to of cooperation of children. However, the method of estimation of pediatric VA is based on different types of concern according to age. VA is a compound function of the minimum visibility, resolution, recognition and minimum discriminability. Sometimes the VA is hampered due to the types of refractive error and the initial correction of the error is also an important issue. The 5 to 6 years of age children with normal growth respond easily and they can be observed with the adult method but the youngest school-age children can be estimated with nonverbal methods. The growth of social and educational development of the children can retard due to acuity impairment but early detection and visual correction enhances the issue.The pathological disorders in childhood like corneal and lenticular disorders, macular degeneration, tumours, multiple sclerosis etc., turning of the eye from the standard called strabismus and it happens due to the reduction of the VA and the loss of binocular vision. Thus visual acuity is an approach for the assessment of ocular health along with the visual brain and its pathway.

Objective Refraction Status before and after Cycloplegia: From Childhood to Young Adulthood.

This study aimed to evaluate the clinical information revealed after cycloplegia and assess how age and non-cycloplegic refractive status influence the classification of types of refractive error, as well as the relationship between age and cycloplegia-induced changes in the power of refractive errors. We analysed the records of 472 non-population-based ophthalmology practice patients aged 3-28 years (mean ± SD: 9.1 ± 4.6). Cycloplegia was induced with one drop of cyclopentolate 1% in each eye, and eye refraction was measured 30 ± 5 min later using an objective autorefractometer. Cycloplegia induced a clinically significant (≥0.50 D) hyperopic shift in the spherical equivalent of 60.2% of participants and a myopic shift in 1%, resulting in a 34.1% increase in the frequency of participants with hyperopia, while the frequency of those with myopia and emmetropia decreased by 5.5% and 23.3%, respectively. The average spherical equivalent difference (mean ± SD) induced by cycloplegia was 0.72 ± 0.73 D, with the highest difference observed in the 3-5 years age group (1.18 ± 0.85 D). The differences in astigmatism power (p = 0.84) and astigmatism axis (p = 0.97) between non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic conditions were not statistically significant.

Pattern of Refractive Error among Amblyopic Children at tertiary referral hospital of Ahmedabad, Gujarat.

Introduction: Amblyopia is one of the common causes of preventable uniocular or binocular vision loss in children. Timely diagnosis and management of amblyopia is crucial. If corrective measures are not taken in time it becomes permanent. Aim: To study the various types of refractive errors in amblyopic children aged 5-18 years in tertiary eye hospital. Materials and Methods: Retrospective cross –sectional study was carried out in the tertiary eye care hospital. All the children attending the ophthalmology OPD during January2021 to January 2023 were enrolled. All underwent detailed ophthalmic evaluation. After post mydriatic test, children with difference of two lines or more in visual acuity on Snellen chart were taken and detailed ophthalmic evaluation done. Results: The prevalence of amblyopia was 6.2% (n=48) with male dominant of 62.5% (n=30), while female was 37.5% (n=18). In types of Amblyopia, most common was simple Hypermetropic of 42% (n=20) followed by simple myopic and hypertropic Astigmatism 19% (n=9) in each. The Anisometropia Amblyopia was in 12% (n=6), while myopic astigmatism in 8%(n=4). The 69%(n=33) was binocular while 31% (n=15) was uniocular amblyopia. Conclusion: The Refractive errors are treatable and preventable cause of amblyopia. Timely diagnosis and proper treatments like spectacles, contact lenses, patching and active vision exercises, we can treat Amblyopia and prevent the psychosocial, economical loss in adult life. Keywords: Myopia, Hypermetropia, Anisometropia, Astigmatism

Prevalence of Visual Impairment in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Mini Review

The association between Visual Impairment (VI) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) remains an important research topic among children suffering from developmental delays and disabilities. The objective of this mini review was to evaluate previous literature on prevalence and etiology of visual impairment, frequency of visual impairment and types of refractive errors associated with autism in children. Previous researches on ASD found that the visual impairment is one of the major factors in autistic children. Hence measurement of vision screening in autism disorder is necessary for better explanation of the problem. The etiologies of visual impairment in autistic children were associated with refractive error and strabismus. Identification of refractive error in ASD children and providing them suitable corrective lenses may improve their visual functions and help in their daily activities. With these findings in mind, there is an urgent need to investigate further in this area and developed more detailed research. The findings would help optometrist, ophthalmologist in understanding types of visual impairment in autism school children.

Is refractive error a factor affecting scoliosis?

Scoliosis is one of the most common surgical disorders of the pediatric spine. Refractive errors are commonly associated with vision impairment worldwide. However, it is currently unclear whether refractive error correlates directly with the development of scoliosis. A cross-sectional study was performed in 2023, and a stratified cluster sampling technique was employed among school-aged students in Nantong City, China. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to investigate specific correlations between scoliosis and related parameters; various types of refractive errors were also included in the study. The prevalence of scoliosis among school-aged students was 2.2% in Nantong city. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia were not correlated with the development of scoliosis (all, p≥0.05). Lower body mass index (BMI) [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.92; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.88-0.95; p<0.001], living in rural areas (aOR = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.05-1.86; p = 0.020), and older age (aOR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.25-1.38; p<0.001) had significantly higher risks of scoliosis. Refractive errors did not correlate with the development of scoliosis. However, BMI, living in rural areas and older age did correlate with the development of scoliosis.

Changes in Level of Steroacuity in Patients Having Different Types of Refractive Errors

Purpose: To find out the frequency of stereoacuity in different refractive errors in patients visitingophthalmology department of The University of Lahore Teaching Hospital. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study which recruited volunteers visiting department of ophthalmology at University of Lahore teaching hospital. After informed consent, he frequency of steroacuity level in all the participants were assessed using a proforma Steroacuity level was taken as normal (20 seconds of Arc), borderline (20-40 seconds of Arc) and reduced (above 40 seconds of Arc). The depth perception level among the patients of different types of refractive errors (Myopia, Hyperopia and Astigmatism), regardless of gender specific both male and female was examined with the age limit (15-35). SPSS 23 was employed for data analysis after the findings were recorded in proforma. Fried-man test was applied to find the statistical significance of data. P-value 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: A total of 145 people aged (15-35) years old, both genders (male, female) were included in the study. Fifty four (54) myopic participants out of 72, 34 astigmatic out of 55 and 12 hyperopic participants out of 18 had normal stereopsis. Ten (10) from 72 myopia participants, 11 from 55 astigmatism volunteers and 4 out of 18 hyperopic subjects had borderline steroacuity. Likewise, 8 out of 72 myopia patients, 10 out of 55 astigmatism patients and 2 out of 18 had a reduced Stereoacuity above 40 Arc. In overall comparison, 69.0 % were normal, 17.2% were borderline and 13.8% had reduced stereoacuity level with P value 0.0267. Conclusion: Our study shows that stereopsis was significantly reduced in those having astigmatism than those with myopia and hyperopia.

Refractive error and vision related quality of life

BackgroundTo investigate and compare the vision-related quality of life (QOL) in different types of refractive error (RE).MethodsThis cross-sectional study was performed on 200 subjects, categorized into four groups of 50 each, consisting of subjects with myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and emmetropia, the latter being the control group. The mean age of the participants was 23.88 ± 5.87 (range, 15 to 38: 110 females and 90 males). RE was defined as myopia, spherical equivalent (SE) < -0.25 diopters (D), hyperopia, SE > + 0.25 D, astigmatism, cylinder < -0.25 D, and emmetropia (-0.25 ≤ SE(D) ≤ + 0.25, cylinder ≥ -0.25). Groups are subdivided into very low magnitudes of RE (0.50 and 0.75) and significant RE (1.00 ≤). Vision-related QOL was assessed using the Persian version of the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ-25). The NEI-VFQ was scored as visual function and socioemotional scales using Rasch analysis.ResultsCorrected myopia, astigmatism, uncorrected myopia, and hyperopia had a lower vision-related QOL than emmetropes. (P < 0.001). Vision-related QOL in myopic subjects was lower than that in astigmatic participants. Very low myopes, who often do not use correction, had a significantly lower QOL than other groups.ConclusionIndividuals with refractive errors experience a lower QOL score than those without. Notably, the adverse impact on QOL score is significantly greater in myopic cases, particularly very low myopia, compared to other refractive errors. Therefore, it is strongly recommended not to neglect managing very low myopia since it may improve participants’ QOL.

The response of retinal ganglion cells to optical defocused visual stimuli in mouse retinas

Myopia and astigmatism are two primary types of refractive errors characterized by inaccurate focusing images on the retina. This study aimed to investigate the response characteristics of Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs), represented by alpha (α) RGCs, when exposed to focused, simulated spherically defocused images and astigmatically defocused images projected onto mouse retinas.Negative pressure was applied to stretch the soma of RGC in vitro to simulate myopia using a 7–8 μm diameter glass microelectrode, resulting in a 5% increase in the cell's diameter. A custom-made device was utilized to project spherically (equal to ±10 and ± 20 D) and astigmatically (+6.00 D) defocused images onto the retinas. As a control for a deficient intact retinal circuit, αRGCs of connexin 36 knockout (Cx36 KO) mice were used.The response of αRGCs varied significantly in terms of spikes, excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) and capacitances under stretching conditions to mimic myopia. Significant differences in the amplitudes of EPSCs were observed in the majority of αRGCs when exposed to focused and spherically defocused images in normal and mechanically simulated myopic retinas. However, this difference was not observed in αRGCs of Cx36 KO mice. αRGCs demonstrated significant differences in response between focused and astigmatically defocused images. Once again, αRGCs of Cx36 KO mice did not display differences.αRGCs have the ability to detect focused, spherically, and astigmatically defocused images and exhibit differential responses ex vivo. Gap junction subunit Cx36 may play a crucial role in transmitting visual signals associated with developing and perceiving refractive errors.

COMPARISON OF NONCONTACT A-SCAN AND ULTRASOUND A-SCAN IN THE MEASUREMENT OF AXIAL LENGTH IN MYOPIC SUBJECTS

Introduction: Myopia, which is also known as nearsightedness, is a common type of refractive error among the majority of the population. It is characterized by clear vision up close but blurry vision at a distance. Myopia is caused by an eyeball that is abnormally longer than normal and cornea that is too steeply curved. In both cases, images are focused in front of the retina instead of on it. With abnormal axial length of the eyeball, myopia has developed into a condition that threatens eyesight. Methodology: In this study, we compared the axial length measurements between non-contact biometry, and ultrasound A-scan among young myopic adults in UKM Kuala Lumpur campus. A total of 90 healthy myopic subjects (14 male and 76 female) with mean age of 22.03 ± 1.14 years were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Clinical investigations that included visual acuity, refraction and axial length measurement using optical and ultrasound biometry were carried out. Results: The mean spherical equivalent refractive error, axial length measured by optical biometry and ultrasound were found to be -3.04 ± 1.61 D, 24.74 ± 0.90 mm and 24.50 ± 0.86 mm respectively. Paired sample t-test showed that subjects’ axial length measured by ultrasound A-scan were significantly lower than optical biometry (p &lt; 0.05). Negative and strong correlations were found between degree of myopia and axial length (rs = -0.609, p &lt; 0.001). Regression showed that axial length measurement accounted for a significant 33.5% of the degree of myopia, R² = 0.335, adjusted R² = 0.328, F = (1, 88) = 44.38, p &lt; 0.01. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated a significant difference in measurements of axial length using non-contact A-scan and ultrasound A-scan in myopic subjects, which must be considered during management of myopic patients.

Epidemiology and trends in the uptake of refractive error services in Harare, Zimbabwe: a hospital-based retrospective study.

The study aimed to determine the epidemiology and evaluate the trends in the uptake of refractive error services in Harare. A clinic-based retrospective study at the Greenwood Park Eye Centre and its three subsidiaries was conducted from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2020. 12,216 patients' records were retrieved, out of which 1074 (8.79%) had refractive error cases. The prevalence of visual impairment at presentation was 5.80% [95% CI: 5.39 - 6.23]. Among those with refractive error, the sample prevalence of visual impairment before correction was 41.30% [CI: 38.3 - 44.3, 95%], and 2.20% [95% CI: 1.4 - 3.3] after correction. There was inconsistency in the percentage utilization of refractive error services, with the highest being 42.60% in 2015. Refractive error types were related to age, employment position, and type of visual impairment prior to refractive error treatment. There was a low percentage of refractive error services uptake in urban Zimbabwe.

The Association between Refractive Errors and Congenital Ptosis

Abstract Background: Children with congenital ptosis need to be carefully assessed for refractive errors and visual function to identify and treat amblyopia which occurs in 20% of congenital ptosis, small amount of which is attributed to ptotic eyelid occluding the pupil. Objectives: The objective is to determine the frequency of refractive errors and its associations among children with congenital ptosis. Patients and Methods: Case–control study of 60 patients with congenital ptosis (79 eyes) and 60 patients without ptosis (control group) (72 eyes). Conducted in Ibn Al-Haithem Eye Teaching Hospital in Baghdad from April 2020 to May 2021. The main outcome measures were relative congenital ptosis, presence, and types of refractive errors. Results: Significant association was obtained between children with ptosis and average spherical and cylinder refractory error. Among 60 cases (79 eyes) of congenital ptosis, refractive errors were present in 26 eyes (32.9%) with the astigmatisms as the most common refractive errors (18.9%), followed by hypermetropia (8.9%) and myopia (5.1%). Conclusions: Children with congenital ptosis in our environment have greater refractive errors, early ophthalmic evaluation and timely treatment of these conditions may help prevent the irreversible visual impairment in case of congenital ptosis.

Correlation of Central Corneal Thickness with Refractive Error, Corneal Curvature, and Axial Length: An Observational Study

Background: Various demographic and ocular factors influence central corneal thickness (CCT). Studies on the relationships between these parameters have shown conflicting results. We aim to investigate the correlation of CCT with different types of refractive error, axial length (AL), and corneal curvature. Materials and Methods: An observational study was undertaken in the Department of Ophthalmology, recruiting patients from 18 to 40 years of age with myopia (−0.5 D to −6 D) or hypermetropia (≤ +3 D) or emmetropia (−0.25 D to +0.25 D). All participants underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examination, including refraction, slit lamp examination and fundoscopy, followed by CCT, corneal curvature, and AL measurement. Result: A total of 1224 eyes of 612 patients (260 males and 352 females) were enrolled in the study. Out of them, 31.5% (n = 386) had emmetropia, 28.6% (n = 350) had hypermetropia, and 39.9% (n = 488) had myopia. The mean (±standard deviation [SD]) keratometry (K), CCT and AL were found to be 44.08 (±1.55) D, 528.46 (±29.78) μm, and 22.75 (±1.21) mm, respectively. With increasing age, CCT was found to be decreased (P &lt; 0.001). Compared to myopia, a significantly higher CCT was noted in hypermetropia (P &lt; 0.001). There was a negative correlation between CCT and corneal curvature among the entire study population, irrespective of their refractive status (P &lt; 0.001). This correlation was more significant among emmetropes and hypermetropes as compared to myopes. However, we found no correlation between CCT and AL in any groups. Conclusion: CCT is found to be thicker in hypermetropia and thinner in myopia as compared to emmetropia. With increasing age, the cornea tends to become steeper and thinner.

The problem of myopia in the practice of a family doctor

Myopia (nearsightedness) is the most common type of refractive error and is a growing global public health issue affecting quality of life and work productivity. Myopia is most often associated with axial elongation of the eyeball and can be caused by both hereditary and environmental factors. The global prevalence of myopia is estimated to rise to 5 billion people by 2050, of whom nearly 1 billion people are likely to develop high myopia. Stopping the development and progression of myopia is critical as high myopia is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. Despite the growing awareness of myopia, the practice of its treatment and prevention remains unchanged among practicing family physicians. The mechanism of many myopia treatments and their role in high myopia are still unclear. In the absence of any established clinical guidelines for the treatment of myopia, the best treatment strategy is to study modifiable risk factors, develop preventive strategies, and possibly integrate them with school vision screening programs.

Prevalence and pattern of refractive errors among school-going children in district Baramulla, Kashmir: A cross sectional study.

Uncorrected refractive error is one of the most important causes of visual impairment worldwide. Addressing childhood vision impairment (VI) is one of the main goals of the World Health Organization (WHO) to combat blindness strategies. To ascertain the prevalence and pattern of refractive errors among children aged 10 to 16 years in Baramulla district, Kashmir. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 680 school children during an eye camp under the school health program of the national program for control of blindness. The screening was conducted in four schools in Baramulla district, Kashmir. The schools were selected using the non-probability convenient sampling technique. A total of 680 school children from classes sixth to tenth aged 10-16 years participated in the study. Out of 680 students, 545 (80%) had normal vision, 97 (14%) had impaired visual acuity ranging between 6/9 and 6/24, and 38 (6%) had severe VI ranging from 6/36 to 6/60. Among the various types of refractive errors, myopia was the most prevalent affecting 54 children. Age distribution of refractive errors showed myopia to be more prevalent in the age group 13-14 years (16, 14 cases), hypermetropia was more prevalent in the age group 14-15 years (10, 8 cases), and astigmatism 5 cases in the age group 14-15 years. The study provides useful and baseline data about the refractive error amongst the school children of the Baramulla district. A larger study needs to be conducted in all schools of the state to get a clear picture of RE and other eye-related problems to detect vision problems earlier.

Types of Refractive Error in Pediatric Low Vision Condition

Types of Refractive Error in Pediatric Low Vision Condition

Spectacle Wear Compliance in Primary School Children with Refractive Error in Addis Ababa

Purpose: Refractive error is a leading cause of visual impairment globally. Spectacle is the most cost-effective intervention used for correcting refractive error. Different factors affect spectacle wear compliance. This study assessed the spectacle wear compliance and determinant factors among school children with refractive error in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: This study was a cross sectional study with 318 study participants in primary school children of Addis Ababa. Multistage sampling was used. The students were examined by a team of optometrists. A structured questionnaire used to collect demographic and clinical data, spectacle use, and reasons for not wearing spectacle. Ethical clearance obtained from IRB. Results: The compliance of spectacle wear among primary school children in Addis Ababa was 35.2% (95% CI 30.0, 40.5). Factors associated with poor-compliance were being male (p &lt; 0.001), having low power refractive error (&lt; 5D) (p &lt; 0.001), having negative attitude towards spectacle (p = 0.007) and prolonged spectacle use (&gt;12 months) (p = 0.037). Non-compliance was not associated with age, type of refractive error and parental use of spectacle. The main reason for not-wearing spectacle were parental disapproval (20.2%) (95%CI 15.8, 24.6). Conclusion: Spectacle wear compliance is very poor among children with refractive error. Health care intervention and school health programs need to address factors affecting compliance.