Typical Pulse Research Articles

Analysis Of Concrete Tunnel Frameworks Subject To Fault Removal

An earthquake fault rupture generates two types of ground motion: permanent quasi-static dislocations and dynamic oscillations, characterized by strong pulses. This study investigates tunnel’s response to two different conditions using a 2D finite element program; the first one has a static dislocation corresponding to different earthquake magnitudes, while the second combines near-field seismic motions with three specific peak ground accelerations along with permanent dislocations. The impulsive ground motions affect the lining response further to other influential factors such as fault type and dip angle, making changes in sectional forces, displacement, and shear distortion of the lining. Moreover, pulse intensity, period, and frequency content are effective characteristics of impulsive motions that change in final response of the lining, subjected to subsequent static dislocations. Based on the second condition, at low PGAs, the pulse type is more effective to final response of the lining, due to forward and backward momentum specifications in impulsive motions. For earthquakes with high PGA and larger values in nearfield parameters, both the pulse type and period are effective. The tunnel displacement increases at PGAs as large as 0.7 and 1g, unlike the low PGA as large as 0.35g, because of increasing soil stress and plastic strain, respectively.

Holmium:Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet Laser Pulse Type Affects Irrigation Temperatures in a Benchtop Ureteral Model.

Introduction: MOSES™ technology is a holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser pulse mode shown to minimize stone retropulsion. This may facilitate lithotripsy at higher power settings. However, power and heat production are proportional, and temperatures capable of tissue injury may occur during ureteroscopic lithotripsy. Although previous in vitro studies demonstrate the importance of irrigation and activation time on heat production, the impact of pulse type has not been evaluated. Methods: A flexible ureteroscope with a 365 μm laser fiber was placed in an 11/13 F access sheath inserted into a 50 mL saline bag to simulate a ureter, renal pelvis, and antegrade irrigant flow. A thermocouple was placed adjacent to the laser tip, and the laser fired for 30 seconds at 0.6 J/6 Hz, 0.8 J/8 Hz, 1 J/10 Hz, 1 J/20 Hz, and 0.2 J/70 Hz at irrigation pressure of 100 mmHg. Four runs were tested per setting using short pulse, long pulse (LP), MOSES-contact (MC), and MOSES-distance (MD) modes. The mean temperature changes (dT) were compared and thermal dose was calculated in cumulative equivalent minutes at 43°C (CEM43) using an adjusted baseline of 37°C. CEM43 ≥ 120 minutes was considered the tissue injury threshold. Results: At 0.8 J/8 Hz, LP produced the greatest dT, significantly higher than MC (p = 0.041). CEM43 did not exceed the injury threshold. At 1 J/10 Hz, dT was significantly higher for LP versus MC and MD (p = 0.024 and 0.045, respectively). Thermal dose remained below the injury threshold. No differences in dT were seen between pulse types at 0.6 J/6 Hz, 0.2 J/70 Hz, or 1 J/20 Hz. At 1 J/20 Hz, thermal dose exceeded the injury threshold for all pulse types within 3 seconds. Conclusions: Laser pulse type and length seemed to impact heat production in our ureteral model. LP produced significantly greater temperatures at 0.8 J/8 Hz and 1 J/10 Hz relative to MOSES settings. Fortunately, thermal dose remained safe at these settings. Both LP and MOSES technology have been shown to reduce stone retropulsion. At power ≤10 W, the latter may confer this advantage with decreased heat production.

Study on Electromagnetic Radiation Generated During Detonation

AbstractElectromagnetic radiation generated by an explosion significantly interferes with devices used in explosion tests. To study this electromagnetic radiation generated during the explosion of explosives, experiments using different masses of composition B explosives were performed, where coils were used to measure electromagnetic pulses generated by the explosion. The acquired signals were de‐noised by a wavelet analysis to extract the real signals. Three typical pulses were identified at different times after detonation, which were locally amplified and investigated in detail to differentiate their origins. Based on this analysis, a numerical simulation of the entire explosion process was performed. The EXPLOSION‐3D hydrocode was used to simulate the experimental cases, and the propagation of the air shock wave over time was modelled. Comparing the experimental and calculated results, we made the following observations. First, an electromagnetic pulse was directly generated by the high‐temperature plasma produced by detonation of the composition B explosive; second, an electromagnetic pulse was generated by charged particles, which were in turn generated by the unbalanced and incompletely ionized plasma formed by the shock wave reflected from the ground meeting the front shock wave; and third, an pulse was caused by the shock wave impacting the measuring coils and was considered an experimental artefact and not a result of the explosion.

Possibilities of cardioselective beta - blocker bisoprolol therapy in patients having coronary artery disease and bronchial asthma

to compare the antianginal and pulse slowing effects, the impact on the ectopic myocardial activity as well as the safety of the treatment with beta - adrenoblocker bisoprolol, calcium antagonist verapamil and the combination of bisoprolol with amlodipine in patients with stable angina (SA) and bronchial asthma (BA). The study included 90 patients with SA II-III functional class (FC) having concomitant persistent asthma of moderate severity, controlled, without exacerbation. The patients were divided into three groups with 30 individuals in each one depending on the main antianginal drug prescribed. Group 1 patients received a cardio - selective beta - adrenergic blocker bisoprolol (Concor) at the dose of 5 mg/day, patients of group 2 were treated by a calcium antagonist verapamil at the dose of 240 mg/day, patients of group 3 received combined therapy with bisoprolol at the dose of 5 mg/day and amlodipine at the dose of 5 mg/day given as a fixed combination (Concor AM 5/5). All the patients were investigated by the methods of daily ECG monitoring and respiratory function study (RFS) in addition to physical examination at baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment. After 4 weeks of treatment, patients of group 1 and group 3 did not complain of angina attacks and did not use nitroglycerin unlike patients of group 2. The achieved heart rate (HR) in group 1 patients was 68.6±8.5 beats/min, in group 2 - 74.3±5.6 beats/min, in group 3 - 67.3±4.8 beats/min. A significant decrease in the number of supraventricular and ventricular extrasystoles occurred in patients of group 1 and group 3 only. Thus, the pulse slowing, antianginal, antiischemic and antiarrhythmic effect of the calcium antagonist verapamil, even at the dose of 240 mg/day, is not always sufficient for the patients with SA II-III FC and concomitant BA, unlike therapy with the inclusion of beta - blocker bisoprolol. During the study there was no registered deterioration in the indices of bronchial patency according to the RFS data in the patients of all three groups. In patients with coronary artery disease and concomitant asthma, all three types of pulse slowing therapy do not have any negative effects on bronchial patency. Therapy with the inclusion of beta - blockers (bisoprolol or its combination with amlodipine), in contrast to verapamil, reliably reduces heart rate and the number of supraventricular and ventricular extrasystoles in addition to a good antianginal effect.

Discontinuous Galerkin methods for short pulse type equations via hodograph transformations

In the present paper, we consider the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods for solving short pulse (SP) type equations. The short pulse equation has been shown to be completely integrable, which admits the loop-soliton, cuspon-soliton solutions as well as smooth-soliton solutions. Through hodograph transformations, these nonclassical solutions can be profiled as the smooth solutions of the coupled dispersionless (CD) system or the sine-Gordon equation. Therefore, DG methods can be developed for the CD system or the sine-Gordon equation to simulate the loop-soliton or cuspon-soliton solutions of the SP equation. The conservativeness or dissipation of the Hamiltonian or momentum for the semi-discrete DG schemes can be proved. Also we modify the above DG schemes and obtain an integration DG scheme. Theoretically the a-priori error estimates have been provided for the momentum conserved DG scheme and the integration DG scheme. We also propose the DG scheme and the integration DG scheme for the sine-Gordon equation, in case the SP equation can not be transformed to the CD system. All these DG schemes can be applied to the generalized or modified SP type equations. Numerical experiments are provided to illustrate the optimal order of accuracy and capability of these DG schemes.

Graphene quantum dots-silver nanoparticles as a novel sensitive and selective luminescence probe for the detection of glyphosate in food samples

Glyphosate (Gly) is the most widely used herbicide at the moment. It presents a broad spectrum of action, hence its use for many different crops. Regulatory agencies have constantly mentioned the low hazard potential of Gly to mammals. However, the International Agency for Research on Cancer concluded in 2015 that glyphosate is “probably carcinogenic to humans”. For this reason, it is important to develop reliable analytical methods to quantify Gly in food samples. Here, we propose an analytical method that makes use of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and cysteine-capped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for the screening of glyphosate, using QuEChERS as sample treatment. Gly quenched the luminescence of GQDs-AgNPs system, achieving an excellent sensitivity (detection limit of 9 ng mL−1) and selectivity. The method developed was applied to different types of pulses (peas and lupins), obtaining recoveries close to 100% and relative standard deviations lower than 4% in all cases. Its simplicity and rapidity make this method an interesting alternative to other existing methodologies for the analysis of this pesticide in food samples.

Pulse duration adjusted by changing the cavity length with a multi-pass cavity in a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser.

We report a compact, long nanosecond (ns) pulse duration stretched laser source by a multi-pass cavity (MPC). Based on the combination of the MPC and pump power, a high-power high beam quality 1064nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with a pulse duration adjustable over the range of 160-1000ns was obtained at a pulse repetition frequency of 10kHz for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. At a typical pulse width of 560ns, an average output power of 10.6W was successfully achieved. The beam quality factor M2 was measured to be 1.45 with a good Gaussian mode.

Phosphogypsum utilization in fired bricks: Radioactivity assessment and durability

This paper presents results in a room constructed using fired bricks made partly with phosphogypsum. Radon-222 concentration values are monitored and reported for two different seasons using a passive method (LR-115 dosimeters) and an active method (AlphaGuard) in spring season 2008 and using an active method the pulse type ionization chamber AlphaGUARD in the winter season of 2017. The average values obtained with the LR-115 in spring season 2008 are of 29 Bq/m3 in finished normal room and 32 Bq/m3 in finished phosphogypsum room. The average values obtained with active method at spring season 2008 in normal room and phosphogypsum room are 42 Bq/m3 and 34 Bq/m3, respectively. The average values in winter season 2017 are 20 Bq/m3 and 15 Bq/m3, respectively.This paper compares the measurement of indoor radon using a passive method and an active method for two different seasons and for two types of construction material. Meteorological factors such as temperature, barometric pressure and humidity were measured in order to study their influence on radon emanation. The results were presented for a reference room that was built with standard bricks with those an experimental room that was built with phosphogypsum containing brikd. Both rooms have the same physical characteristics. The measurements were made at the same time and under the same conditions. The study is focused on formulation, manufacturing process and characterization of the bricks. The new bricks meet all physical and mechanical requirements for this type of material. The results are very promising. All radon concentration values are below the strictest standards, i.e., less than 150 Bq/m3 according to Canadian standards.

Virtual first and last pulse method for building detection from dense LiDAR point clouds

ABSTRACTLiDAR (light detection and ranging) technology is one of the most important techniques used in photogrammetry and remote sensing in order to extract high quality and high density 3D point clouds. In this paper, a novel method is proposed to detect buildings without filtering the ground points, depending on a new method named Virtual First and Last Pulse (VFLP). The type of pulses is reclassified according to the vertical direction, so that the first and last pulses for each imaginary vertical column are extracted. Using the height difference between the virtual first pulse (VFP) and virtual last pulse (VLP), the vertical features can be extracted. One of these features is the building walls, which are used as a mask for the building and, in turn, is used to detect the buildings. The results show that this method is very effective for detecting buildings and removing the trees and vegetation without filtering the ground points. Also, this method obtained a promising result for per-area and per-object level. The results show the completeness of 98.75%, correctness of 97.29% and quality of 96.1% at the per-area level and completeness of 91.95%, correctness of 98.63% and quality of 90.79% at the per- object level.

Sensitivity enhancement of poly(methyl methacrylate) upon exposure to picosecond-pulsed extreme ultraviolet

Short-pulse extreme ultraviolet (EUV) of a free-electron laser (FEL) is a prime candidate as a next-generation EUV lithography light source. However, the physical events and chemical reactions in resist materials, induced by the short-pulse EUV, have not yet been elucidated. In this study, the morphological and chemical changes in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) induced by picosecond-pulsed EUV were investigated using an X-ray laser (XRL) as a touchstone for next-generation EUV-FEL lithography. The XRL is suitable for the evaluation of resist materials in next-generation EUV-FEL lithography because of its short pulse width (7 ps) and high intensity (approximately 200 nJ/pulse at a maximum). The sensitivity of PMMA upon exposure to a 7 ps XRL pulse was enhanced by approximately 50 times in comparison with using conventional EUV sources, which have a typical pulse width of the order of nanoseconds. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the decomposition of both the main and side chains of PMMA after XRL irradiation. These changes only occurred for relatively high doses of EUV irradiation at picosecond timescales. Thus, the results suggest the importance of a specific resist design for next-generation EUV-FEL lithography.

Random Forest Based Optimal Feature Selection for Partial Discharge Pattern Recognition in HV Cables

Optimal selection of features of Partial Discharge (PD) signals recorded from defects in High Voltage (HV) cables will contribute not only to the improvement of PD pattern recognition accuracy and efficiency but also to PD parameter visualization in HV cable condition monitoring and diagnostics. This paper presents a novel Random Forest (RF)-based feature-selection algorithm for PD pattern recognition of HV cables. The algorithm is applied to feature selection of both PD signals and interference signals with the aim of obtaining the optimal features for data processing. First, the experimental data acquisition and feature extraction processes are introduced. PD signals were captured from faults created in a cable to obtain the raw PD data, and then, a set of 3500 transient PD pulses and a set of 3500 typical interference pulses were extracted, based on which 34 PD features were extracted for further processing. Furthermore, 119 two-dimensional features and 1082 three-dimensional features were generated. The paper then discusses the basic principle of the RF algorithm. Finally, RF-based feature selection was implemented to determine the optimal features for PD pattern recognition. The results were obtained and evaluated with the Back Propagation Neural Network and Support Vector Machine. Results show that the proposed RF-based method is effective for PD feature selection of HV cables with the potential for application to additional HV power apparatus.

Study on the Influence of Electromagnetic Pulse on UAV Communication Link

UAVs have many functions in detection, fire protection, communication, etc. in modern life, but the complex electromagnetic environment has a very bad impact on the UAV communication link. In this paper, the BPSK modulation and demodulation method of the UAV downlink communication link was analysed. Some typical electromagnetic pulse models were established, including sinusoidal pulse, square wave pulse, triangular wave pulse, Gaussian noise, electric fast transient pulse and surge pulse. The amplitude of different electromagnetic pulses was analysed when UAV communication error rate achieve 5%. Furthermore, the influence on the transmission image quality via UAV downlink was analysed with different electromagnetic pulses, which will provide a theoretical basis for the anti-interference optimization design of UAV communication links in the future.

Adaptive Negative Stiffness Device based nonconventional Tuned Mass Damper for seismic vibration control of tall buildings

Adaptive Negative Stiffness Device (ANSD) has been developed recently for passive vibration control of structures. ANSD emulates negative stiffness behavior (by exerting force toward the direction of motion) to a structure, so that, the combined structure-ANSD system shows smooth elasto-plastic force-deformation behavior with virtual yielding at target (“engaging”) displacement. The device has been studied analytically and its behavior has been demonstrated experimentally in simply supported bridge model and in Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) structure considering limited input excitations. However, efficient and cost-effective exploitation of true potential of ANSD deserves further studies. With this being the eventual goal, in this study, we explore the performances of ANSD in seismic vibration control of a tall building by implementing a nonconventional Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) with drift control. In absence of a methodology for choice of ANSD parameters in literature, reported till date, we employ a tuning criteria for nonconventional TMD, on which the drift control is imposed as a constraint, given the special significance of drifts in tall buildings. The criteria of tuning and drift control are shown to be mutually conflicting and an algorithm is presented to address the same. Simplifying assumptions are made to develop the tuning criteria in presence of nonlinearity in ANSD and P−δ nonlinearity in tall building. A Reduced Order Modeling (ROM) approach for the building-ANSD system is developed to facilitate the algorithmic computations. Robustness of our design approach is shown under an acceptable level of detuning of TMD and near fault pulse type motions. Comparative assessment with a conventional design approach is presented to show the improvements. A step by step illustration of the developed methodology is briefly touched on in context of modern performance based approach. The study is a first step toward the possible utility of ANSD in controlling seismic vulnerability of tall buildings.

Improvement of processing quality based on VHF resonant micro-EDM pulse generator

As an important non-traditional machining technology, micro-electrical discharge machining (micro-EDM) has become one of the ideal methods for conducting material parts in the mesoscopic scale. However, the current micro-EDM pulse generator has low discharge frequency and wide pulse width, and its nano-scale high-efficiency erosion ability is still difficult to meet the increasing practical requirement. For this purpose, a micro-energy pulse source with narrow pulse width and high-voltage amplitude, which is different from the current typical micro-energy pulse generator, is designed for a pulse generator with more fine-etching ability. Using the principle of circuit resonance, the very high-frequency (VHF) resonant discharge pulse generator can produce an open-circuit voltage waveform with a discharge frequency of 90 MHz and a peak value of 70 V. The single-pulse discharge energy can be continuously processed as low as 6nJ. Based on the VHF pulse generator and the transistor-type pulse generator, the discharge erosion experiments are carried out, and the surface roughness and recast layer are analyzed and compared. The experimental results show that the former processing quality is obviously better than the latter. The surface roughness after processing at a discharge frequency of 90 MHz can reach Ra 42 nm, the average diameter of craters is 0.38 μm, and the hole edge processed at a discharge frequency of 55 MHz has almost no recast layer which achieves similar cold processing effects.

Pulse interference method against PRI sorting

Based on the purpose of proactive anti-reconnaissance, the essential characteristics of several typical pulse repetition interval (PRI) sorting algorithms were analysed and the feasibility of counter-deinterleaving was discussed. A method for disturbing arrival time sequence by using interference pulse was proposed, which changes the statistical properties of the radar PRI to disturb the deinterleaving results. The simulation results show that the pulse jamming method proposed in this paper can influence PRI sorting process effectively, which let signal processer make a misjudgment on PRI pattern of radar.

Statistical Characteristics of the cosGBOC Signals of Promising Satellite Radio Navigation Systems

Properties and statistical (time and frequency) characteristics of the cosGBOC signals for new generations of satellite radio navigation systems (in particular, GPS (USA), Galileo (EU), and BeiDou (China)) are considered. Analytical expressions for correlation functions (CFs) of single elements of modulating function (MF) of the cosGBOC signals are derived for typical pulse multiplicities of $${{N}_{{\text{p}}}}$$ = 2 and 4 and different values of duty cycle ρ (ρ ∈ [0, 1]). It is shown that general formulas are valid for important particular cases in which ρ = 0.5 (meander-type noise-like signals (cosBOC signals)) and ρ = 0 or 1 (binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) signals). Direct Fourier transform of the CF is used to calculate energy spectra (power spectral densities) of single elements of MF of the cosGBOC signals for $${{N}_{{\text{p}}}}$$ = 2 and 4.

SmartPulse, a machine learning approach for calibration-free dynamic RF shimming: Preliminary study in a clinical environment.

A calibration-free pulse design method is introduced to alleviate artifacts in clinical routine with parallel transmission at high field, dealing with significant inter-subject variability, found for instance in the abdomen. From a dual-transmit 3T scanner, a database of and off-resonance abdominal maps from 50 subjects was first divided into 3 clusters based on mutual affinity between their respective tailored kT -points pulses. For each cluster, a kT -points pulse was computed, minimizing normalized root-mean-square flip angle deviations simultaneously for all subjects comprised in it. Using 30 additional subjects' field distributions, a machine learning classifier was trained on this 80-labeled-subject database to recognize the best pulse from the 3 ones available, relying only on patient features accessible from the preliminary localizer sequence present in all protocols. This so-called SmartPulse process was experimentally tested on an additional 53-subject set and compared with other pulse types: vendor's hard calibration-free dual excitation, tailored static radiofrequency shimming, universal and tailored kT -points pulses. SmartPulse outperformed both calibration-free approaches. Tailored static radiofrequency shimming yielded similar flip angle homogeneity for most patients but broke down for some while SmartPulse remained robust. Although flip angle homogeneity was systematically better with tailored kT -points, the difference was barely noticeable on in vivo images. The proposed method paves the way toward an efficient trade-off between tailored and universal pulse design approaches for large inter-subject variability. With no need for on-line field mapping or pulse design, it can fit seamlessly into a clinical protocol.

EVALUATION OF THE NOISE REDUCTION FILTERS FOR THERMAL IMAGING CHANNEL OF SURVEILLANCE OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES

Optoelectronic devices for remote sensing are becoming more common in various fields of science and technology. Taking into account significant reduction in the cost of infrared detectors, thermal imager is increasingly being introduced into the composition of such systems. It essentially increases the functionality of the entire surveillance system, and allows you to work without external lighting and in smoke. Temperature contrasts on an object are oftenly higher than contrasts in the visible range of the spectrum. But the sensitivity of infrared detectors is less than in visible range. Therefore, thermal images have a small signal-to-noise ratio. An obligatory stage of signal processing in a thermal imagers is noise reduction. A standard way to increase the signal-to-noise ratio is to use digital filtering. An obvious simple filtering method is the use of standard filters that have been developed for conventional visible images. But there is a question of the effectiveness of the use of such filters for thermal imaging. The possibility of using standard digital filters to reduce the noise of thermal images is investigated. Filters are implemented by embedded functions in the Mathcad software environment: medfilt (M), wiener2d (M), gaussconv (M), orthosmooth (M), orthosmooth5 (M), centsmooth (M). To evaluate the effectiveness of using filters based on real thermal imaging, statistical metrics MSE, PSNR, SSIM, CC were calculated. Filtered images with additive, pulsed and multiplicative types of noise are considered. Recommendations are given on the use of the considered digital filters for various types of noise. None of the considered filters is recommended to eliminate periodic noise. To eliminate the “salt and pepper” impulse noise, the median filter is most effective. To eliminate the multiplicative noise and noise distributed according to the Gauss law, it is more efficient to use a 3x3 convolution kernel filter. Comparison of filter operation can be applied when designing adaptive filters on microcontrollers to reduce image noise of a thermal imaging channel of surveillance optoelectronic devices.

Edge detection of retinal OCT image based on complex shearlet transform

Aiming at the problem that optical coherence tomography (OCT) images with low contrast and layer structure blur are difficult to be automatically layered, a new OCT detection method based on complex shearlet transform is proposed. The method utilises nearly optimal sparse approximation singular curves of multi-scale shearlet transform, and the contrast invariance of the phase congruence method. Compared with the Canny edge detector and wavelet methods, the complex shearlet-based method achieved the highest Pratt figure of merit (PFOM) value. The PFOM value of a step type edge is 0.92, and that of a pulse type edge is 0.98. Three types of OCT images were tested, including normal retinal macula area, dry age-related macular degeneration, and Stargardt disease. The experimental results show that the complex shearlet-based method can detect more layered structures of OCT images, especially the boundary between the ganglion cell layer and the inner plexiform layer that is difficult to detect, and it can detect various types of OCT images. The complex shearlet-based transform method provides an effective and general way to measure retinal OCT images.

Quantification of pulsed saturation transfer at 1.5T and 3T.

To compare magnetization transfer (MT) and CEST effects between 1.5T and 3T in phantom and in vivo experiments. A pulsed saturation scheme using block-shaped pulses separated by gaps was used to overcome the single RF amplifier duty cycle limitations of a clinical 1.5T scanner. Modeling was performed by incorporating the extended phase graph formalism into a Bloch-McConnell simulation. Two saturation pulse types (with long and short pulses) were used. Estimated parameters for MT (the semi-solid pool fraction, M0B ; the semi-solid transverse relaxation time, T2B ) and CEST (asymmetry; areas) were compared between 1.5T and 3T in phantoms and in the healthy brain. Improved fits were shown after inclusion of extended phase graphs. Semi-solid pool fractions in phantom (for agar with ammonium chloride) were higher for short compared to long pulses at 3T (by 19% over all concentrations) and higher at 1.5T compared to 3T (by 5%) using short pulses. In the in vivo experiments, differentiation of white and gray matter was seen in the brain at both field strengths with improved white-gray matter contrast at 3T. In white matter, the mean semi-solid fractions were 18 ± 2% at 3T and 15 ± 2% at 1.5T. The CEST asymmetry in white matter was negative (-4.9 ± 0.4%) at 3T and zero (0.0 ± 0.3%) at 1.5T. The pulsed saturation method with short pulses, using the extended phase graph formalism in the Bloch McConnell simulations, led to improved model fits to the data, when compared to those without extended phase graphs.