Type Of Publicity Research Articles

Of Tempests, Laughing Horses, and Sacred Cows: Controlling College Student Presses between the World Wars

This article examines the controversies involving college student publications in the 1920s and 1930s, demonstrating that restrictions on newspapers and magazines cut across institutional type and region in the era. It identifies three types of article content that frequently caused difficulty for student editors and writers (criticism of university officials, unpopular political stands, and alleged obscenity) and shows how they interacted with each other in specific campus contexts. In an era of in loco parentis, institutional administrators had almost limitless authority and little need to explain their actions in censoring papers and disciplining students. Still, two rationalizations for controlling the presses were evident: institutions viewed papers as student activities that should be managed and controlled like any other, or, as publishers of official papers and magazines, institutions claimed ultimate authority over editors and content. Though educational considerations were present in some of the situations, these cases demonstrate the desire of institutions to control their student presses in hopes of avoiding controversies that might offend legislators and potential donors. At the same time, the very act of censoring student papers could lead to the type of publicity that college presidents were hoping to avoid.

Effectiveness of seven programs to reduce alcohol-impaired driving

This presentation reports on the results of a complex, seven-state demonstration program to reduce alcohol-impaired driving through well-publicised and highly visible enforcement. Each of the demonstration programs was unique and...

Marketing During an Economic Downturn

You have accessThe ASHA LeaderFeature1 Aug 2009Marketing During an Economic Downturn Greg Weimann Greg Weimann Google Scholar More articles by this author https://doi.org/10.1044/leader.FTR5.14102009.13 SectionsAbout ToolsAdd to favorites ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In In an uncertain economy, those in charge of running a hospital, clinic, or private practice often switch into survival mode, cutting expenses perceived to have little effect on the bottom line. One of the first expenses on the chopping block is often the marketing budget. The speech-language pathology or audiology practice across town, however, is relying on its competition’s reduced public awareness programs. Although economic downturns are a natural part of long-term businesses cycles, clinicians can strengthen their brand, distinguish themselves from the competition, and increase market share by taking advantage of competitors’ decreased marketing activities. Sharpen Your Strategy Sharpening your marketing and public relations efforts may help you and your organization not only ride out the recession, but also to emerge from it even stronger. Keep the following guidelines in mind: Retain high-value clients. New business is important, but don’t lose focus on high-value, existing clients. Losing loyal clients can be costly. Retain these valuable clients by finding ways to offer a special value that rewards existing clients for their loyalty. Change your mindset. View marketing and public relations as strategic assets and investments, not as a drain on profits. Look for low-cost marketing and public relations opportunities, such as outreach to referring physicians. Be visible. Now is the time to be everywhere. Participate in health fairs and speak at AARP meetings, civic organizations, and professional associations. Get yourself on the agenda for an upcoming panel discussion conducted by your local chamber of commerce, Rotary Club, or industry group. Try public relations. PR helps companies build trust and maintain relationships by delivering tailored messages to key publics through a variety of channels. Advertising can be expensive; during economic downturns, consumers rely more on personal recommendations. An effective, low-cost strategy is to reach out to your local community health reporter and pitch a story about the benefits of speech-language pathology and audiology services. Favorable publicity and the unbiased, third-party endorsement of the press lends credibility to your services. Advertise wisely. A fast and effective way to raise awareness is through a small, inexpensive advertisement in your local paper or cable television company. With advertising revenues down, local newspapers and cable television stations may be willing to negotiate prices. In addition, more than 80% of seniors regularly read the newspaper, making print ads an effective medium to reach this market. Use the Internet and social media. More consumers are using the Internet to research health care information. Update your Web site to reflect your services, provide information about insurance options, and offer testimonials. Use social media tools to promote your services. Post information about your company and services on a blog, Twitter, or Facebook. The United States has experienced nine other recessions since World War II, and like with any other economic downturn, a full recovery from the current recession will take time. These tips may help you and your organization get through the days ahead. Marketing Resources Frequently Asked Questions about Business Practices A collection of resources and tips on starting and managing all aspects of a business practice, including marketing. Public Relations Handbook—A Guide to Reaching the Media [PDF] This comprehensive, step-by-step guide offers an overview of the many types of publicity, ideas for garnering publicity, examples of media-generating events, and methods for approaching different types of media. It also provides sample documents and a glossary of terms. Internal Marketing for the Established Audiology Practice This article in the American Journal of Audiology outlines several marketing activities aimed at current clients. Promotional Marketing of Audiology Services This article discusses marketing from the perspective of university audiology clinics. Author Notes Greg Weimann, an ASHA public relations manager, can be reached at [email protected]. Advertising Disclaimer | Advertise With Us Advertising Disclaimer | Advertise With Us Additional Resources FiguresSourcesRelatedDetails Volume 14Issue 10August 2009 Get Permissions Add to your Mendeley library History Published in print: Aug 1, 2009 Metrics Downloaded 250 times Topicsasha-topicsleader_do_tagleader-topicsasha-article-typesCopyright & Permissions© 2009 American Speech-Language-Hearing AssociationLoading ...

Government-Oriented Corporate Public Relation Strategies in Transitional China

This study proposes an initial and a revised model of government-oriented public relation (PR) strategies based on the results of two content analyses of website news regarding the PR activities of 76 firms in general and six well-known firms in China in more depth. With the perspective of resource dependence theory, this model reveals that firms in China employ six types of formal PR strategies, including visitation, philanthropy, participation, publicity, party involvement and political propaganda, to manage their dependence on government for resources. Further, the implementation of such strategies involves a four-step process: organizing PR activities with economic, social and political significance; obtaining the involvement and recognition of the government; building firms' resource, moral and cultural legitimacy in the government's eyes; and interacting with the government on the issues of firms' dependence to influence government policies relative to firms. We also explore the differences that exist among firms with different ownership structures in the use of these PR strategies, the level of government involved and the issues pursued.

Increasing the rural general practitioners’ use of library and information services through publicity: a randomized controlled trial in Cornwall, UK

To provide evidence on the effectiveness of publicity with the aim of encouraging general practitioners (GPs) in Cornwall to make better use of the Cornwall Health Library Service (CHLS). In the light of the findings, a second objective was formulated to determine which resources they used to look for health information. A cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT) measured the effect of two types of publicity, comparing emails with visiting GP practices. After the trial period, a questionnaire was sent to all 332 GPs to ascertain the resources they accessed for their information and any barriers to their use of the CHLS. The GP's use of the library services was lower than the level needed for a conclusive statistical analysis; however, visiting practices was associated with an apparent increase in library use and warrants further investigation. The questionnaire showed that GPs make good use of databases and colleagues. The RCT confirmed the low uptake of library services anticipated, but was inconclusive in demonstrating the most effective form of publicity. The questionnaire suggested that a substantial number of GPs are interested in the library services and has provided an insight into the way that GPs look for information in Cornwall.

Autopsy pathology should become a recognised subspecialty

Autopsy pathology should become a recognised subspecialty

Can 'Dr Death' receive a fair trial?

Identification of a person suspected of a heinous crime before being charged risks prejudicing a fair trial. The identification of rogue former Queensland surgeon Dr Jayant Patel is but one recent example. Present laws place this type of negative publicity outside the reach of sub judice contempt. This article argues there should be a change in the law making it an offence for the media to publish the fact that a person is under investigation until the person has been charged.

How to deal with negative publicity: the importance of consumer involvement

Negative information about companies can have a harmful effect on consumer perceptions. However, few studies investigate how consumers process negative publicity and how companies should react to it. In order to examine this question, two experiments were carried out: first, a laboratory experiment which tests how consumers process two different types of negative publicity (product attributes or company values); second, a field experiment comparing three different responses (no answer, denial/reduction of offensiveness and corrective action) given by the company affected by the negative publicity. Results from the first study confirm the detrimental effect of negative publicity on consumer attitudes, indicate that consumers have a higher level of involvement with the message when it is concerned with the company's values and suggest a moderating role of the product involvement on the influence of negative information on corporate image. The second study extends these findings by identifying different options for company reactions from literature and testing them empirically. Results suggest again the involvement variable as a moderator, now on the influence of company reaction on product image

Doing the Full Monty: Will Publicizing Tax Information Increase Compliance?

Publicity of information is a fundamental principle of American democracy. Not only is it instrumental in increasing compliance with the laws, a necessity of any government, but also it is an essential element of the right to know-which itself is an aspect of the first amendment right to free speech. Unfortunately, publicity often conflicts with another fundamental right-the right to privacy. In regards to taxes, citizens essentially have two rights to know: a right to know what the tax laws are, and a right to know that these laws are being administered fairly. Publicity in the tax context traditionally means making tax return information public records in an attempt to ensure the fair administration of the tax laws. This type of publicity, however, generates intense hostility because taxpayers perceive it as a huge invasion of their privacy.After examining the pros and cons of traditional publicity of tax information, this Essay suggests that tax publicity be reconceived more broadly. Redefined in the dictionary sense of simply the transmission of information, tax publicity can include a wide array of communications, varying as to content and audience, which can better achieve publicity’s underlying goals with minimal invasions of privacy. A large portion of publicity in this broad sense can be-and should be-educational.The Essay outlines four publicity proposals to stimulate discussion. Three use the expanded definition of publicity and focus on individual taxpayers: an annual tax statement, a short booklet to accompany the 1040, called Know Your Taxes, and an annual W-4. These essentially educational programs should deliver tax information to taxpayers more effectively than currently occurs. The fourth, more controversial, proposal suggests partial publicity-in the traditional sense. It attempts, however, to minimize the customary objections to publicizing tax return information by reducing invasions of privacy.All the proposals will cost money, but probably less than the costs of enforcing compliance only through increased audits and litigation. They may also have psychic and political costs. Although recent studies show that more informed taxpayers are often more compliant, some of the information may trigger negative attitudes which would decrease compliance and/or create pressure for lower taxes.Regardless of whether taxpayer reactions to the increased information are positive or negative, the greater publicity proposed in the Essay could have salutary effects, especially if it occurred in the context of a rational debate by elected officials about tax policy (instead of the current inflammatory rhetorical sound bites). On the one hand, if taxpayers respond positively to publicity, compliance will increase. If they act negatively, and their hostility to taxes increase, at least the publicity will arm them with more precise information that will allow them to focus their objections to the income tax and thereby lobby more effectively for real tax reform.

How to deal with negative publicity: the importance of consumer involvement

Negative information about companies can have a harmful effect on consumer perceptions. However, few studies investigate how consumers process negative publicity and how companies should react to it. In order to examine this question, two experiments were carried out: first, a laboratory experiment which tests how consumers process two different types of negative publicity (product attributes or company values); second, a field experiment comparing three different responses (no answer, denial/reduction of offensiveness and corrective action) given by the company affected by the negative publicity. Results from the first study confirm the detrimental effect of negative publicity on consumer attitudes, indicate that consumers have a higher level of involvement with the message when it is concerned with the company's values and suggest a moderating role of the product involvement on the influence of negative information on corporate image. The second study extends these findings by identifying different options for company reactions from literature and testing them empirically. Results suggest again the involvement variable as a moderator, now on the influence of company reaction on product image.

The Pentalfa project. 3: participant evaluations of the interactivity of the educational videoconferences and the effectiveness of project promotion.

A distance continuing medical education programme was established at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven using multipoint videoconferencing via ISDN lines at 384 kbit/s. During each academic year, 24-26 sessions were organized. The interactivity afforded by the videoconferencing was investigated during the first three years of the project. More than 60% of the participants rated the interactivity as good or very good. No differences were found between the sites or over the three years of the project, but female participants were more positive (66% making ratings of good or very good) in this regard than male participants (57%). Also, the effectiveness of the various types of publicity used to promote the programme was analysed. A brochure was the main source of information (62% of participants heard of the programme by this means), followed by direct mailings (27%), posters (15%), personal contact (14%) and the programme's Website (1%). The proportions of participants who heard of the programme through these different means varied with age and gender.

CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTING SCORING SYSTEMS

Scoring systems are increasingly being used to rate, rank and benchmark corporate environmental reports. This paper outlines the four basic levels of measurement or scales utilised in scoring systems highlighting the rules of scaling and statistical application. The scoring systems created by seven groups of analysts and researchers are described and assessed for their methodological approaches. The research shows that the axioms of the scales are rarely obeyed, thus creating skewed and misleading results. The implications of utilising such scoring system to rate, rank and benchmark companies can have repercussions on the type of publicity that companies receive, and they must be better understood and executed in order that companies can deal with the consequences more readily.

DRUGS, SEX, AND CRIME IN SPORT: AN AUSTRALIAN PERSPECTIVE

An investigation was conducted into the impact of controversial publicity on perceptions of well-known sport performers. Undergraduate students (N = 106) rated six high-profile sport stars on 11 dependent variables assessing attitudes and ascribed personality characteristics. Three types of publicity were assessed: steroid use, criminal activity, and sexual stigma. Initial analyses revealed significant multivariate effects for gender, type of publicity, and the interaction of these variables. Examination of univariate effects showed generally favorable perceptions of sexually stigmatized athletes and highly negative perceptions of athletes associated with criminal acts. The results also indicated that athletes associated with the use of performance-enhancing drugs were evaluated harshly and that male / female differences existed for certain types of stigma.

Marketing British Modernism: The Egoist and Counter-Public Spheres

In pre-WWI London, mass-circulation publications like Alfred Harmsworth's Comic Cuts and Illustrated Chips, and best-selling novels like Marie Corelli's The Sorrows of Satan, epitomized a commercial culture that arose alongside a huge increase in availability of consumer products, and a concomitant expansion of advertising industry to create markets for new goods.(1) Though Habermas implicates commercialization of press in decline of liberal public sphere, Edwardian oppositional groups discovered ways to deploy some of same tactics that made Harmsworth a millionaire in order to unite large publics and support widespread social and political change. Suffragists and radical political groups created discursive spaces outside of dominant public sphere - what I will call spheres[2] - but burgeoning commercial mass culture made these counter-public spheres viable. Commodity ads funded suffrage papers; public spectacles and popular advertising campaigns helped package, publicize, and sell causes like the vote to thousands of women (see Tickner). Anarchists, syndicalists, and socialists also turned to mass-publication strategies to create an alternative press and to reach new followers. As Andreas Huyssen suggests, many early modernist writers and artists responded to aspects of this expanding commodity, culture with antipathy (Huyssen, pt. 1). The Egoist (E) and its predecessors, The Freewoman (FW) and New Freewoman (NFW), would seem to exemplify, type of coterie publication that turned its back on mass audiences and published either for posterity or for what Ezra Pound would call party of intelligence (E2/1/17, 21).(3) These little magazines were arenas for radical political and economic theories, egoistic philosophy affirmed by Dora Marsden, and early work of modernist authors like Pound, Richard Aldington, H. D., F. S. Flint, and T. S. Eliot - all of whom generally appear to affirm high-culture side of Huyssen's great divide.(4) But Huyssen's argument overlooks an important phase of early modernism, one that blurs separation of modernists from avant-gardists by their stances toward mass culture? I wish to explore close, if brief, contact between modern commodity-advertising tactics and modernists who in many ways most upheld a notion of high culture against mass-culture contamination. The counter-public spheres that I will discuss - those of suffragism and of anticapitalist and antistatist political movements - showed these modernists how to adapt mass-advertising tactics to further political and social, rather than explicitly economic, goals. I will argue that writers and editors for The Freewoman/New Freewoman/Egoist were attracted to proliferating types of publicity of an energetic advertising industry, and that they also attempted to adopt mass-advertising tactics - not directly from commercial enterprises of mass-market magazines, but rather via suffrage and anarchist movements - in order to seek out large audiences within prewar London masses. These attempts mark a surprising optimism among modernists about possibility of forming broad-based counter-public spheres in opposition to bourgeois social norms, liberal and statist politics, and, above all for modernist authors, conventional literary taste. I will give an overview of developments in commercial advertising, and how those developments were deployed by suffragists and other political radicals in prewar London. These oppositional movements provided an institutional context for little magazine that began as The Freewoman - a feminist paper - and ended as The Egoist - a primary vehicle for modernist authors. I will then discuss these authors' attempts to forge ties to oppositional movements and to market modernism via institutions and material practices of commercial culture. Avant guerre oppositional groups, like women's suffrage organizations and socialist, anarchist, and syndicalist political movements, were intricately related to mass-advertising and mass-publication techniques, which were enjoying unprecedented success. …

A journey into the unknown: Pretrial publicity and capital cases

This article examines issues related to pretrial publicity's role in the free press‐fair trial debate. First, the article provides a comprehensive review of existing research examining the effects of pretrial publicity on case outcomes. Second, it examines the presentation of prejudicial publicity items in a sample of newspaper stories on capital cases, identifying the types of factual and emotional publicity presented and suggesting areas that need to be more closely scrutinized in future research. The article concludes that cases that ultimately result in sentences of death receive both more and different types of pretrial publicity than cases that result in lesser sentences. The current state of empirical pretrial publicity knowledge, and the presentation of death cases, are discussed as they relate to the balancing of First and Sixth amendment rights.

Telework

Despite predictions over the years that many employees would soon be teleworking from their homes, neither employees in general nor information systems (IS) professionals in particular, whose work is especially appropriate for telework, have begun teleworking to any large extent. The reasons for this lack of telework growth are empirically untested. Yet an understanding of why organizations and IS departments are not joining the telework bandwagon is critical if predictions of improved flexibility and productivity through telework are to be realized.This study used innovation theory to suggest key variables that may be related to telework use among IS programmer/analysts. A national survey of IS executives was used to obtain information on the variables relevant to IS telework assimilation. The survey resulted in responses from 252 IS departments describing their telework arrangements.Key variables related to both the adoption stage and the infusion stage of IS teleworking were middle management support for telework, administrative intensity, and professionalism. A variable significantly related only to the adoption decision was centralization. The key variable related only to the infusion stage was size. The variables that were not related to either adoption or infusion were specialization and formalization, suggesting that bureaucracy alone is not an obstacle to telework.Overall, the findings suggest a bottom-up initiation of telework; i.e., that programmer/analysts are initiating telework arrangements. Lack of middle management support for telework has a strong negative effect on the assimilation of telework. Thus, this study suggests that future research may wish to investigate further the reasons for lack of managerial support. Moreover, the lack of organizations getting on the telework bandwagon, together with the variables found significant in this study, suggest fruitful areas for future research may be an analysis of the type of publicity describing telework arrangements, managerial knowledge of telework arrangements, the nature of IS work appropriate for telework, and the managerial skills demanded by telework.

The biasing impact of pretrial publicity on juror judgments.

This study examines three previously unexplored aspects of the biasing impact of pretrial publicity. First, this study tests the differential effects of several different types of pretrial publicity on juror decision making. Second, this study explores the impact the presentation of trial evidence has on biases created by pretrial publicity. Finally, the study explores the psychological processes by which pretrial publicity effects may operate. Results indicate that pretrial publicity, particularly negative information about the defendant's character, can influence subjects' initial judgments about a defendant's guilt. This bias is weakened, but not eliminated by the presentation of trial evidence. Character pretrial publicity, and both weak and strong inadmissible statements appear to operate by changing subjects' initial judgments of the defendant's guilt. This initial judgment then affects the way subjects assess the evidence presented in the trial and the attributions they make about the defendant. Prior record pretrial publicity appears to have its effects by influencing subjects' inferences about the criminality of the defendant and this is related to posttrial judgments.

ENFORCEMENT OR INCENTIVES? PROMOTING SAFETY BELT USE AMONG MILITARY PERSONNEL IN THE NETHERLANDS

During a nationwide campaign to promote safety belt use among military personnel, a field study was conducted at 12 different military bases in the Netherlands. Amount of enforcement, type of publicity, and incentive strategies were varied among military bases. Observations of safety belt use among servicemen in their personal vehicles were conducted before the campaign, immediately following the campaign, and 3 months later. Safety belt use increased from 65% during baseline to 73% directly after the campaign and to 76% 3 months later. An overall 28.6% increase in safety belt use (from 63% to 81%) was observed at seven bases, whereas no changes were found at five bases (68% on all occasions). To a large degree the effects were due to a 37.7% increase among young drivers. These results confirmed that enforcement, as well as incentives, can be effective in promoting safety belt use. However, treatment effects were not systematic, thereby complicating the interpretation of the results. Implications of these varied outcomes are discussed.

Murder, Capital Punishment, and Television: Execution Publicity and Homicide Rates

The deterrent effect of criminal law is dependent upon communication to the public of the threat and application of sanctions. I test this argument for murder and capital punishment by examining monthly homicide rates and television publicity devoted to executions from 1976 through 1987. Despite the power of television as a source of news in the United States, the results of this study do not support either the deterrence argument, which contends that capital punishment reduces killings, or the brutalization argument, which contends that capital punishment promotes killings. Homicide rates were not found to be related to either the amount or the type of execution publicity over the period. (abstract Adapted from Source: American Sociological Review, 1990. Copyright © 1990 by the American Sociological Association) Homicide Rates Capital Punishment Television News Deterrence 1970s 1980s 10-99

Pretrial publicity, judicial remedies, and jury bias.

Although past research has established pretrial publicity's potential to bias juror judgment, there has been less attention given to the effectiveness of judicial remedies for combatting such biases. The present study examined the effectiveness of three remedies (judicial instructions, deliberation, and continuance) in combatting the negative impact of different types of pretrial publicity. Two different types of pretrial publicity were examined: (a) factual publicity (which contained incriminating information about the defendant) and (b) emotional publicity (which contained no explicitly incriminating information, but did contain information likely to arouse negative emotions). Neither instructions nor deliberation reduced the impact of either form of publicity; in fact, deliberation strengthened publicity biases. Both social decision scheme analysis and a content analysis of deliberation suggested that prejudicial publicity increases the persuasiveness and/or lessens the persuasibility of advocates of conviction relative to advocates of acquittal. Acontinuance of several days between exposure to the publicity and viewing the trial served as an effective remedy for the factual publicity, but not for the emotional publicity. The article concludes by discussing the potential roles of affect and memory in juror judgment and evaluating the available remedies for pretrial publicity.