Types Of Public-private Partnerships Research Articles

Public reaction to public-private partnerships (PPPs): citizen assessments of four different types of PPPs and policy support

ABSTRACT Solving problems through collaborative efforts of public, private, and nonprofit groups has become more important in recent years. One type of public-private partnerships (PPPs) has been studied in some depth – government-business contracts for transportation infrastructure. Little is known, however, about other types of partnership arrangements that deal with other community issues or services and may involve different combinations of actors. And there is little information on how the public views any of the available PPP options and arrangements for possible transportation infrastructure design, development and implementation. This article focuses on the public's views of four PPP transportation infrastructure options. The overall results show that respondents’ do differentiate between types of PPPs and that respondents’ PPP preferences are associated with their views on community engagement policy on infrastructure.

Improving the Legislation on Public-Private Partnerships in Environmental Protection in the BRICS Countries

The Concept of Sustainable Development is one of the basic principles of the modern world. An increasing number of fields are coming under regulation governed by this concept. Recent updates to the environmental agenda have resulted in growing demands for increased environmental responsibility on the part of states and businesses. The global nature of environmental problems, their diversity and scale, and, at times, the irreversibility of the consequences of the negative environmental impact of the economy often provide for the consolidation of efforts by the state and business, particularly, through the implementation of public-private partnership (PPP) mechanisms. This article focuses on the pros and cons of legislation in the BRICS countries in the area of PPP practice in general and in environmental protection in particular. The data and PPP practices have been collected from the World Bank, UNCITRAL, and other official national sources related to PPP. An analysis of the legislation on PPPs in the BRICS countries indicates a lack of uniformity in the legal regulation of the relationships arising from this partnership, as well as a lack of specific legislation on PPPs specifically addressing environmental protection. The analysis shows that only those BRICS countries using the common law system (South Africa and India) have the instruments available to allow potential investors to fully assess the PPP model as it currently exists in a particular country. This practice developed as a result of a more flexible approach to the regulation of public relations. Undoubtedly, one of the many advantages of this approach is the ability to adjust the PPP system and model all of the known forms and types of PPPs in accordance with the specific needs of society and the state. The lack of flexibility, for example, of the Russian legislation on PPP regulation, has led to the limited forms or types and objects of PPPs, which is inconsistent with the modern needs of society and the state to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

Do regional characteristics influence PPP contract governance skills requirements?

PurposeThis study aims to seek, on the basis of Hofstede's culture consequences, to explore the notion that regional characteristics may influence the prioritisation of certain types of public-private partnerships (PPP) contract governance skills over others. It further sets out to determine which skills are considered the most critical between the groups of respondents surveyed.Design/methodology/approachTo bring this important and neglected perspective into the mainstream of PPP discussions, the study, being of an exploratory nature, relied on a survey of 340 respondents from around the globe. The respondents are a rich mix of public policy experts, economists, construction professionals, project finance experts, lawyers and academic researchers in PPP.s.FindingsAnalysis revealed that, regional characteristics was an important factor influencing skills prioritisation. Furthermore, exploratory factor analysis with Monte Carlo principal component analysis (PCA) confirmation revealed that project management, contract design, negotiations, performance management and stakeholder management skills were very critical for successful contract management of PPP projects.Practical implicationsThe findings indicate that the design and implementation of regulatory governance for infrastructure PPPs should be context-specific rather than the current one-size-fits all model. Training should be tailored to reflect regional specific characteristics.Originality/valueStudies are increasingly pointing to the absence of critical PPP skills among institutions responsible for managing PPP contracts. This lack of capacity has resulted in poor oversight of private companies providing public services resulting in poor services, and financial recklessness, which threaten the sustainability of service provision.

Public-Private Partnerships for the UN Sustainable Development Goals achievement

The subject of the study is public relations emerging in the implementation of public-private partnership projects aimed at achieving the sustainable development goals developed by the UN. The object of the study is a set of financial and institutional conditions for the implementation of public-private partnership (PPP) projects based on PPP agreements with a special focus on the UNECE model law “PPP for the benefit of people” being developed. Thus, the proposed approach to PPP for the benefit of people as a separate type of PPP has been criticized. The author, through the prism of sustainable development goals, describes the possibility of improving the proposed international legal norms and rules developed for the implementation of PPP projects. The article also discusses the possibility of introducing the sustainable development agenda through PPP agreements (lex PPPs). When writing the article, the following methods were used: logical, historical, theoretical-prognostic, formal-legal, systemic-structural, comparative law and legal modeling. The methodological apparatus consisted of the following dialectical techniques and methods of scientific knowledge: analysis, abstraction, induction, deduction, hypothesis, analogy, synthesis, typology, classification, systematization and generalization. The main conclusions of the study are that the concept of sustainable development and sustainable development goals are becoming increasingly popular in the practice of implementing investment projects, including those based on PPP. Further improvement of domestic legislation on PPP should be in line with the implementation of best practices, focused not just on the financial component and benefit of the investor and the state, but also on the benefit for people (PPP people first) and the planet (PPP for planet). The main results of the study include the fact that aspects were identified that slow down the advancement of the sustainable development agenda in the field of public-private partnership (contradiction of terms, lack of incentives for implementation for investors), a definition was given to public-private partnership for sustainable development, and It was also revealed that lex PPPs can become an effective tool for achieving sustainable development goals through their implementation in PPP agreements.

Государственно-частные партнерства в научно-технической сфере

The article discusses characteristic features of public-private partnerships (PPPs) as an instrument of public management of innovative development. It is noted that after the global financial crisis of 2008–2009, strategic PPPs play an increasingly important role in the implementation of large-scale research and technical programs and projects. They are characterized by a focus on solving long-term issues of innovative and socio-economic development, long implementation periods and significant scale, an emphasis on the development of critical technologies, complexity and expansion of functions of a public partner, as well as high risks of research and development. There are two types of such partnerships – institutional (Joint Technology Initiatives) and contractual. Both of these types are formed based on the European Technology Platforms, however, institutional partnerships involve formation of a legal entity, and contractual PPPs are formed based on agreements between the European Commission and industry associations. It is argued that a variety of forms and types of PPPs, in which public entities and corporations, research and educational institutions, and innovative small and medium-sized companies participate, can contribute to solving the priority tasks of Russia’s innovative development. To do this, first of all, it is necessary to amend the current legislation, which lacks norms regulating general principles and rules for the formation and functioning of PPPs in science and technology sectors. Russia’s regulations contain an extremely narrow definition of the purpose and objects of PPP agreements. The goals are not related to the public innovation policy, and the objects are represented by a closed list of 21 objects, which, with the exception of computer programs and databases, belong to technological complexes of real estate and transport infrastructure. According to the authors, adoption of such a legal act will contribute to implementation of the key national programs, projects and initiatives and boost innovation development of the country.

A Study on the 「Code de la commande publique」 in France

국가나 지방자치단체가 체결하는 다양한 계약들(공공조달계약, 민간위탁계약, 국·공유재산 점용허가계약, 민간투자 실시협약 등)은 「국가를 당사자로 하는 계약에 관한 법률」(이하 국가계약법), 「지방자치단체를 당사자로 하는 계약에 관한 법률」(이하 지방계약법), 「사회기반시설에 대한 민간투자법」(이하 민간투자법) 등 다양한 법률의 규율을 받고 있다. 그런데 개별계약들이 이들 법률들의 적용을 어디까지 받는지에 관해서 다양한 문제가 발생하고 있다. 이 글에서는 이러한 문제를 푸는 실마리를 프랑스법과의 비교에서 찾아보았다. 2018년에 제정된 프랑스의 「공공발주법전」(Code de la commande publique)이 다음과 같은 특징을 가지고 있기 때문이다. 첫째, 이 법전은 단순히 EU 공공조달지침을 국내법으로 전환하는 데에 그치지 않고 국내 공공발주법제의 개혁의 기회로 삼아 법률부분과 법규명령부분으로 나누어 공공발주에 관한 내용을 종합적으로 규율하고 있다. 둘째, 이 법전은 그동안 공공조달과 특허가 별도로 규율되던 것에서 벗어나 이들을 포괄적으로 규율하면서 이 두 가지 모두에 적용되는 기본원리(후보자들의 동등대우의 원리, 자유로운 접근의 원리, 절차의 투명성의 원리)를 체계화하고 있다. 셋째, 이 법전은 기존의 행정계약의 법리(불가예견론 등)를 입법화하고 공공발주계약과 행정계약과의 관계를 명문화함으로써 행정계약의 법리발전에 기여하고 있다. 프랑스 「공공발주법전」의 제정사례는 우리나라 법제에도 많은 시사점을 제공해주는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 첫째, 공공조달계약과 실시협약의 계약적인 측면이 국가계약법 및 지방계약법에서 통합적으로 규율되는 것이 바람직하며, 둘째, 공공조달계약, 실시협약, 민간위탁계약 등에 공통적으로 적용되는 원리들을 국가계약법 및 지방계약법에서 입법화하는 것이 바람직하고, 셋째, 공공조달과 특허가 대가지급방식에서 차이가 있으므로 민간투자법에서 수익형 민자사업과 그 외의 민자사업간의 차이를 면밀히 고려한 입법이 이루어질 필요가 있고, 넷째, 공공조달계약은 물론 민간위탁계약, 실시협약이 원칙적으로 국가계약법이나 지방계약법의 적용대상이 된다는 점을 확인적 차원에서 명시할 필요가 있고, 다섯째, 국가나 지방자치단체가 체결하는 계약의 법적 성질을 보다 명확하게 하기 위해서 우선 계약체결의 근거가 된 개별법령(예를 들어 민간투자법)에서 공법상 계약에 해당되는 경우를 명시해주는 것이 필요하다.Contracts, which are concluded by state and local government (eg. public procurement contract, delegation contract to private parties, authorization contract for state or local government’s asset, public-private partnership contract), are regulated by various statutes like 「Act on the Contracts in which the State is a Party」(hereinafter ‘State Contract Act’), 「Act on the Contracts in which the Local Government is a Party」 (hereinafter ‘Local Government Contract Act’), and 「Act on the Public Private Partnerships in Infrastructure」(hereinafter ‘PPP Act’). The application scope of these statutes to each type of contract is debated nowadays. This paper seeks the way to address this issue by comparison with Korean & French law, because 「Code de la commande publique」 in France has following characteristics. First, this Code does not content with transposing EU public procurement directive only, and goes furthermore to regulate commande publique with legislative part and regulatory part. Second, both public procurement contract (marché public) and concession contract are comprehensively regulated in this Code and general principles of commande publique (equal treatment of candidates, freedom of access, transparency of procedure) are systematized in this Code. Third, this Code legislates the theory of contrat administratif (such as theorie de imprévision), and makes clear the relationship between commande publique contact and contrat administratif. French experience of legislating 「Code de la commande publique」 shows many implications to Korea. First, contract aspect of public procurement and PPP (public private partnership) should be comprehensively regulated by State Contract Act and Local Government Contract Act. Second, general principles which apply to public procurement, PPP contract and delegation contract to private parties should be comprehensively provided in State Contract Act and Local Government Contract Act. Third, concession type PPP and non-concession type PPP should be regulated by PPP Act in due consideration of its differences, Fourth, State Contract Act and Local Government Contract Act should make clear its scope of application including PPP contract and delegation contract. Five, the types of contract of public law nature should be provided in each Act (eg. PPP Act) which is a ground to each contract to clarify the legal nature of each contract.

Net present value-time curve behaviour of public private partnership projects

The development wheel in Egypt, and many other countries of the same profile, is hampered by insufficient governmental funds. Successive governments have not succeeded in providing large and immediate investments to cover such needs. Public Private Partnership (PPP) is a project delivery method that can be used to overcome this dilemma. In this financing system, the public sector partners with the private sector providing projects/services; the private sector affords the financial burden and shares the risks with the public sector. As the most commonly used PPP scheme in Egypt, B.O.T has no objective negotiating criteria to determine the concession period in such projects. This article proposes a framework to determine the concession period boundaries of BOT projects. The B.O.T Net Present Value (NPV)/Time Curve behaviour has been noticed previously for roads projects. The methodology depends on reviewing different types of PPP (B.O.T) projects in Egypt; a resort, a garage, and an airport. The NPV/Time curve behaviour in all of those projects was the same as the road one. Such observation institutes a foundation that facilitates the decision-making of determining the PPP (B.O.T) concession period. Consequently, it enables awarding more PPP projects to accelerate the development wheel.

A critical analysis of water PPP failures in sub-Saharan Africa

PurposeTop-down pressure from donors, public sector inefficiencies and fund deficits have steered the introduction of public–private partnerships (PPPs) in sub-Saharan Africa. However, PPP activities in the water sector have been quite insignificant compared to other infrastructure sectors in this region. In addition, a number of water PPPs have encountered great difficulties and subsequent failures. This study aims at unveiling the underlying reasons behind failures.Design/methodology/approachThis study has classified the failure types of water PPPs and reviewed the development of water PPPs in sub-Saharan Africa to identify failed ones. Eight failed case studies are completed through the rigorous approach of event sequence mapping.FindingsNine root causes of water PPP failure are identified through a thorough examination of these failed water PPP cases and the interrelationships between these failure causes are established. The failure causes are further generalized through literature focusing on water PPP failures in developing countries and problematic issues that hinder the implementation of successful water PPPs across different Sub-Saharan African countries. Recommendations are provided for future improvements in carrying out water PPPs in Sub-Saharan Africa by learning past lessons and drawing experiences.Originality/valueThis is the first case study on water PPP failures in Sub-Saharan Africa from a construction management perspective. This study will help governments and the private sector in developing stronger future water PPPs.

Comparison of toll and annuity PPPs: a case study of highway projects in India

PurposeThe use of public–private partnership (PPP) approaches for developing infrastructure has been well recognized. The allocation of risk between public authority and private sector differs among the different types of PPP projects. The objective of the paper is to analyze the factors that influence the type of PPP and the performance of different types of PPP contracts.Design/methodology/approachA unique data set of 202 national highway PPP projects from India, comprising 154 toll and 48 annuity projects formed the basis of the study.FindingsThere are significant differences between toll and annuity PPP projects. The former are longer, are implemented in better developed states but are also characterized by higher cost over-runs. The latter are characterized by higher debt–equity ratio.Practical implicationsMitigating revenue risk can significantly enhance the debt capacity of the projects, thereby reducing the overall cost of capital. To make toll roads attractive for bidders, they have to be developed as longer stretches. Toll projects that are immediately ready for development at the time of award would reduce cost overruns of toll projects and sustain the interest of private developers.Originality/valueComparison of toll and annuity PPP road projects has never been done previously. The unique data set used in this study highlights the differences in characterization and performance for both the project types. The study provides evidence support to “intuition” and enables policymakers to choose the right form of PPP to realize their objectives.

Evaluating critical success factors in public – private partnership water supply infrastructure projects

Research background: Public-private partnership (PPP) has been implemented in Vietnam since 1995 in the field of water supply. It is worth noting that not all governments are successful in implementing the PPP policy. According to studies in many countries in the region on the factors affecting the success of a PPP project, there are many similarities. However, differences in politics and administrative systems of each country can lead to changes in the influencing factors, changes in the degree of influence of the above factors on the success of the PPP project. Purpose of the article: This article aims to identify critical success factors (CSFs) that enable successful project execution, contributing to knowledge for practitioners in assessing the likelihood of success in executing a public-private partnerships PPP water supply project. Methods: In-depth interviews with PPP specialists in the water supply sector have confirmed the list of CSFs, after which the attributes are weighted to evaluate among different types of PPP by applying the AHP approach. The influences of CSFs were evaluated by data collected using a sample survey of 20 experts involved in the water supply sector and PPP projects in Vietnam. In Vietnam, the study finds seven CSFs affecting the success of PPP projects in the domestic water supply sector, including political environment, commitment of partners, strong consortium, asset quality/social support, national PPP unit, good governance, and project feasibility. Findings & Value added: The results reveal that the political environment is CSF that has the strongest impact on the success of the projects. As suggested by AHP, the BOO contract type of a PPP project in Vietnam water supply industry is chosen above the BOT contract.

The economics of moon mining

The 50th anniversary of the first human landing on the Moon has revived the interest of space agencies and private companies on the Earth only natural satellite. Mining the Moon has become the topics of interest to the entire space community. This paper will address the following questions: (i) is space resource utilization by solely private markets sustainable, and (ii) if not, what type of public-private partnership are important/appropriate to enable the development of a private-sector market.

Mechanisms for risk-oriented management of concession projects in seaports

Within the framework of the implementation of the Law “On Seaports in Ukraine”, the Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine has developed a strategy for the development of seaports of Ukraine, which provides for the development of port (terminal) and adjacent (access railways, roads) infrastructure, as well as directions for reforming the industry by attracting private investment through implementation of public-private partnership projects. Concession projects, unlike other types of public-private partnerships, are the most effective form of cooperation between the state and private investors in the implementation of strategies for reforming sea trade ports. The purpose of the study is to develop a mechanism for effective risk-oriented management of concession projects implemented in seaports of Ukraine. The work identified the stakeholders of the concession project in the port: the state, private investors, regulatory authorities (seaport administration, environmental inspection, customs, border authorities), the labor collective of the port, local authorities, citizens, port business. The implementation of large investment projects, including concession projects, is always associated with a significant number of risks. Each of the stakeholders of the port concession project has its own specific goals. Consequently, the risks of each of the project participants are different. The paper presents a mechanism for finding the area of mutually acceptable goals of the stakeholders of the concession project being implemented in the seaport. Having determined the goals of the stakeholders of the concession project, a risk management mechanism was proposed for each of the project participants, which allows identifying risk situations for the state, private investors, regulatory authorities, the port’s labor collective, local authorities, citizens and the port business. A model for managing goal indicators of stakeholders is proposed, taking into account the weighting coefficient of a certain indicator for a specific stakeholder.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ДЕРЖАВНО-ПРИВАТНОГО ПАРТНЕРСТВА В МЕДИЧНІЙ СФЕРІ В УМОВАХ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ СТАЛОГО РОЗВИТКУ

The article summarizes scientific discussions on the use of public-private partnership in the health sector and concludes that it is relevant as a tool for sustainable development of the country, regions and individual industries. The structural elements of public-private partnership have been identified. Based on the systematization of literary sources on approaches to the definition of public-private partnership, it was found that the content of the category "public-private partnership" is revealed through the complementarity of the project and institutional approaches, as well as in aspects of strategic development and stylistic reception in a broad sense, as a result of which the author's interpretation of the category public-private partnership in the medical field. The types of public-private partnerships as a tool for sustainable development of the country and its regions are systematized and the feasibility of integrating various projects is substantiated. The main features of public-private partnership in the medical field are revealed, revealing the specifics of partnership between the state and the private sector as an economic category. Key words: public-private partnership, private sector, medical sphere, healthcare, sustainable development. It is proved that the use of the term public-private partnership in scientific and practical activities is associated with the introduction of a new economic form of interaction between the state and the private sector for effective attraction and use of financial resources and organizational opportunities of business in limited investment resources. The author explored the variety of forms and areas of partnership between the state and business, which makes it a universal tool for solving government problems in priority areas of the economy and increasing the country's competitiveness, ensuring sustainable national and regional growth and sustainable economic relations.

Investment encouragement mechanisms in forestry sector: Analysis of global experience and its viability in Russia

Undoubtedly, a forestry sector is an integral element in the economy of Russia. A forestry sector is defined to be a set of industries, including forest industry and forestry, and its relevant tasks today are to improve the competitiveness of the forest industry and to provide the advanced growth for the sector on the whole. One of the barriers preventing the Russian forestry sector from development is a low recycling degree of raw wood, which, in its turn, is determined by a deficit of wood processing enterprises and underdeveloped investment encouragement mechanisms. Efficient investment strategy should account for the national and international practices, which supports the relevance of this research. The purpose of the study is to systematize the best global practices in investment encouragement in the forestry sector to reason their application in national context with regard to the institutional and natural climatic features of the development in the forest industry and forestry in Russia. Methodology of the research includes general scientific methods, as well as a comprehensive approach aimed to analyze the most relevant national and international materials and reports from the specialized institutions dealing with the issues concerning the forest and forest resources management. The scientific novelty of the research focuses on the classification of the best global practices in investment encouragement in the forestry sector of economy, the classification summarizes the experiences of the leading countries in forestry. The study identifies the most popular investment encouragement methods, including administrative and economic measures, in the leading countries in the respective forest resource reserves. The programs of non-financial support for the forest land users, consultations, and educational programs, R&D encouragement are among the administrative measures. Economic measures cover the fiscal and monetary policy tools, including concessional taxation, public subsidies, joint investment of the projects, and soft loans. The paper proves that direct transfer from the international practices will not give any significant positive effect and development in the forestry sector of Russia and will not improve the competitiveness of the national forest processing companies as the investment encouragement measures should account for the natural climatic, social economic and institutional features of the forestry sector. One should take into account that the forest land property rights belong to the state in the Russian Federation. With these features in mind and the classification of the best global practices in investment encouragement in the forestry sector of economy in hand, it has been found that the support measures which work in Canada are likely to be the most efficient ones under the national conditions because Canada runs similar forest land property rights. Canada practises R&D encouragement and public subsidies which could be implemented in Russia as a type of public-private partnership or other types of joint investment of the projects in the forestry sector. Therefore, the research carefully looks at the public measure started back in 2007 and aimed at large-scale investment projects in forest exploration and identifies a number of associated problems. The most burning issues are as follows: national investors are not sufficiently interested in the project completion, the products from the forest processing enterprises have low profitability, which is determined by high electricity and railway tariffs, there is no spatial distribution scheme for particular types of production with regard to the availability of forest resources and the needs of the domestic market in timber and paper products, wood is harvested illegally on the rented plots designed to be used for the priority investment projects, the forest resources are not sufficiently applied and recovered, the deadlines and other project’s parameters are violated, and the feedback links between the enterprises and the authorities monitoring the projects are underdeveloped. Along with that, the practices of public subsidy programs show that acquiring the status of a priority investment project in forest exploration is seen to be one of the most efficient measures in investment encouragement in the forestry sector. Further research should focus on the development of a comprehensive approach to the analysis of the efficiency of the priority investment projects to justify the offers in investment encouragement mechanism improvement in the forestry sector in Russia. This approach should be based on the analysis of the econometric factors which determine the success of the projects.

ДЕЯКІ ПИТАННЯ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ МЕХАНІЗМУ КОНЦЕСІЇ В ПОРТОВІЙ ГАЛУЗІ: СУЧАСНИЙ ПОГЛЯД

The article examines the features of the application of the concession mechanism for seaports in modern conditions. Within the framework of the consideration of the issue, the sequence of the adoption of regulatory legal acts was established, with the help of which, ultimately, it became possible to use the concession of seaports. It has been established that the legal basis governing the application of the concession mechanism in the port industry is: the Law of Ukraine «On Public-Private Partnership», the Law of Ukraine «About Concession», the Economic Code of Ukraine, the Civil Code of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine «On Natural Monopolies» and others. The characteristic features of seaports as objects of concession have been determined. The place of concession projects among the ways to improve the investment climate in the port industry is considered. The advantages and disadvantages of concession projects have been studied, the problematic points of their implementation have been identified. In addition, the value of the term of the concession agreement was established. The concession tender and competitive dialogue as a possible way to select a concessionaire were investigated by the method of comparison. The problematic aspects of transformation of lease relations in seaports into concession ones are considered. This is especially important since most of the port infrastructure facilities are leased. The necessity of using the concession mechanism in seaports has been established precisely within the framework of public-private partnership. The priority value of the concession among other types of public-private partnership is indicated. It was concluded that the concession is an effective mechanism for increasing investment income and developing the port industry. Along with this, the focus is on the need to find alternative ways of developing the port industry.

Current Situation of Public Private Partnership Development for the Elderly in China

Chinese government is trying to use the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) to help the development of China’s elderly care industry. This article will analyze the characteristics of pension PPP projects, summarize the current status of China’s pension PPP projects and existing problems, and make some suggestions for these problems. Firstly, the article reviews the literature of China’s pension PPP projects, then introduces the common types of pension PPPs, and analyzes 107 pension service projects in the project management library of the Ministry of Finance’s PPP Center. Finally, it proposes the problems of existing PPP projects, and made some suggestions. The results of this study describe the current status of pension PPPs in China and provide useful references for future research.

Public Private Partnerships: Rome’s EPrix, auto industry mergers and repercussions, turnpikes and toll roads

This paper uses Public Choice analysis to examine the case for and experience with Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs). A PPP is a contractual platform which connects a governmental body and a private entity. The goal is to provide a public sector program, service, or asset that would normally be provided exclusively by a public sector entity. This paper focuses on PPPs in developed countries, but it also draws on studies of PPPs in developing countries. The economics literature generally defines PPPs as long-term contractual arrangements between a public authority (local or central government) and a private supplier for the delivery of services. The private sector supplier takes responsibility for building infrastructure components, securing financing of the investment, and then managing and maintaining this facility.However, in addition to those formed through contracts, PPPs may take other forms such as those developed in response to tax subvention or coercion, as in the case of regulatory mandates. A key element of PPP is that the private partner takes on a significant portion of the risk through a schedule of specified remuneration, contingency payments, and provision for dispute resolution. PPPs typically are long-term arrangements and involve large corporations on the private side, but may also be limited to specific phases of a project.The types of PPPs discussed in this paper exclude arrangements which may result from government mandates such as the statutory emission mandates imposed on automobile manufacturers and industrial facilities (e.g., power plants). It also excludes PPP-like organizations resulting from US section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code, which provides tax subsidies for certain public charities, scientific research organizations, and organizations whose goals are to prevent cruelty to animals or erect public monuments at no expense to the government. This paper concludes that an array of Public Choice tools are applicable to understanding the emergence, success, or failure of PPPs. Several short case studies are provided to illustrate the practicalities of PPPs.

The public-private partnership in medical services market

The article considers the types of public-private partnership in the medical services market. Nowadays, health care is recognized all over the world as one of the most investment attractive platform for development of public-private partnership. The investments of private capital into medical services sector represent global trend conditioned by implementation of innovative treatment methods, technique support of medical clinics, improvement of quality of medical services, formation of new institutional structure in health care. The alterations like that make it necessary to attract financial resources, including at the expense of private investments entry. Thus, in modern economic conditions, issues of considering possibilities of public-private partnership projects in medical services market are actual in Russia.

Corporate Social Responsibility and Public Private Partnership

Since the adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the SustainableDevelopment Goals (SDGs), public-private partnerships have become even more prominent. In simple terms, the Agenda is a plan of action for prosperity that seeks to strengthen universal peace and freedom by eradicating poverty in all its forms and dimensions. Further, the Agenda requests all stakeholders to act collaboratively in partnership for sustainable development. UN agenda is a plan of action for ‘people, planet, and prosperity.' The 17 Goals cover all crucial policy areas to secure a sustainable future, including education, health, economic development, social protection, environmental protection, and natural resources governance. The 17 goals are operational in 169 targets which need to be reached by 2030 or earlier. The SDGs build on the Millennium Development Goals and aim to complete what these Millennium Development Goals did not achieve. The main difference between the Millennium Development Goals implemented from 2000 till 2015 and the Sustainable Development Goals launched in 2015 is that the former were mainly targeted to governments while the latter attempts to target many different stakeholders including the private sector. Therefore, a shift in approach between the Millennium Development Goals and the Sustainable Development Goals is the recognition that policy objectives are best achieved by involving and integrating private actors in the policy process. It must be recognized that Various actors have used Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) for sustainable development as a mechanism of operation during the last three decades. It is viewed as a shift in the public management way of doing business. Even if there are many types of PPP as depicted in the below figure 1, the above move is explained by the shift from ‘public management’ to ‘public governance,' signaling that governments are no longer the only providers of public policy but increasingly engage private actors. (Rosenau, 1995:13)

Road service facilities for improving the ecological state using the PPP mechanism

The relevance of this work is associated with the creation of methodological foundations for the formation of effective organizational forms and ways to improve the quality of road maintenance, the development of conditions that prevent different types of environmental pollution, compliance with environmental protection and environmental safety throughout the length of road transport routes. The study solves the following tasks: analysis of the development of systems and complexes that prevent environmental pollution, the development of road service facilities with the infrastructure for the environmental mode of transport, substantiation of the organizational form and scheme of interaction between the state and private business in the Russian Federation for the implementation of road service facilities, comparison of Russian and international experience in the development of these facilities. The organizational form of construction of road service facilities using the public-private partnership (PPP) mechanism in the Russian Federation is a priority from an economic point of view and effective for the development of facilities that contribute to the improvement and compliance with environmental safety requirements. The most effective type of construction in this industry is modular construction. Combining PPP and modular type of construction is the most priority method of cooperation for private entrepreneurs. The minimum construction time and the availability of the roadside service will accordingly improve the conditions for movement of road users and, thus, the ecological state.