Types Of Public Buildings Research Articles

MEMORABLE SPACES: VIEWS OF TIME

Memorial space is a memorial and museum complex (a symbiosis of monuments, museum and artistically decorated open spaces), which is the type of public building, the development of which took place sequentially and progressively in time. The stages of its formation are directly related to the social formation and aesthetic development of society, due to political and economic processes, which are the main driving forces of world history in general and art history in particular. In this article, the question of how this formation took place and whether its phases can be determined, and most importantly, what it will be embodied in the new century, is examined from the angle of the temporal and thematic characteristics of this phenomenon.

Innovative financial schemes for buildings’ energy renovation

Building energy renovation is a key issue to tackle the high energy consumption of the building stock. Many countries - especially the Mediterranean ones - have been strongly hit by the financial crisis of 2008 which has affected national economies and resulted in market uncertainty. On one hand, the financial resources are very limited and on the other hand, the energy efficiency policy of the European Union (EPBD recast and Energy Efficiency Directive) has become stricter with more ambitious goals in terms of energy efficiency and CO2 emissions, especially of the public building stock. Public authorities are not ready to implement them. Administrative and regulatory obstacles help to maintain an unsuitable environment for this kind of initiatives. The majority of public buildings can significantly improve their energy performance, but to mobilize these investments new financial instruments are necessary (such as Energy Performance Contracting-EPC) that will be negotiated with new market actors (Energy Services Companies-ESCOs).The current work tries to facilitate the decision to implement energy renovation measures in public buildings by the use of a tool. The Subsidy Evaluation Tool (SET) carries out an energy and financial evaluation of Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs) for buildings energy renovation and can be used for various types of public buildings. The main aim of the tool is to find innovative financing schemes that combine public resources with private investments and to create conditions for deep investments in energy efficiency actions for public buildings considered bankable by the market. The paper presents the structure of the tool, its layout, the parameters and formulas utilized, so as to provide with the most appropriate solution for energy retrofitting of buildings from a techno-economic point of view.

Multiple regression analysis on the HVAC energy consumption of railway passenger stations

With the rapid development of high-speed railway transport in the last decade, the number of railway passenger stations in China has surged. Distinguished by its large floor space, high quality of service, long operation time and high occupancy rate throughout the year, the electricity consumption of the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system for current railway stations is much higher than other types of public buildings. Despite of its huge amount of energy consumption, the assessment standard and benchmarking for the railway passenger stations is not completely established. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the energy use level and the associated factors of influence. In this paper, extensive field tests have been conducted to collect detailed energy data of stations in different climate zones in China. Multiple regression model is adopted to determine relevant impacting parameters. The results showed that building area tends to be the primary factor affecting the energy consumed by the HVAC system in each of the four climate zones. Furthermore, for each climate region, regression equations are developed, which serve as an effective standard to evaluate the energy consumption of stations.

СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ОСНОВ ПОСТРОЕНИЯ НОРМАТИВНОЙ БАЗЫ ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ В ОБЛАСТИ КОНСТРУКТИВНЫХ И ОБЪЕМНО - ПЛАНИРОВОЧНЫХ РЕШЕНИЙ ОБЩЕСТВЕННЫХ ЗДАНИЙ

The issue of technical regulation in the development of constructive and space-planning decisions for public buildings is considered. The paper’s aim is to analyze the current system of technical regulation in the Russian Federation, to highlight it in the structure of regulatory documents relating to the development of project documentation "constructive and space-planning decisions" of public buildings. The need for such an analysis is determined by the absence of a unified information base of standards, the inconsistency of requirements in the documents of various departments and the lack of rapid updating of databases. Development of constructive and space-planning decisions of the designed public building is a fundamental component of the initial stage of an investment process. Therefore, the regulatory framework is necessary to provide the designer with operational information for the preparation of high-quality project documentation, reducing the number of expert comments to the adopted design decisions, the time frame for updating the design decisions and the investor's subsequent costs of operating the capital construction object. The analysis and evaluation of the effectiveness of the system present the authors’ point of view on its further improvement by creating a new model for organizing the structure of the regulatory framework for technical regulation documents of public building, which should include blocks of standards for each type of public buildings

Bruno Taut and the Changed Conception of Modernism on the Eve of World War II

Abstract Bruno Taut’s History, Language and Geography Faculty Building at Ankara University has received little attention in architectural history. As the work of an émigré architect, expelled from Germany in 1933, it is not only a product of Taut’s broader horizons through his experiences as an exile in Japan and Turkey, but also as a result of his confrontation with the modernization process under Atatürk’s new republic. Beyond this, Taut’s Faculty building issues a statement on the state of modern architecture in the late 1930s, where this type of public building was newly discussed in relation to different aspects of national representation, oscillating between dictatorship and democracy. This article explores the various facets that create this outstanding, unconventional and inventive building, as Taut’s major and enduring project during his later years, at the edge of classical modernism.

Key Criteria for Post-Reconstruction Hospital Building Performance

Quality continues to be such an issue in humanitarian projects and it is because the model of quality control in normal business is driven by its customers however, does not operate in the aid sector. Evaluation and monitoring in every building life cycle in reconstruction process is important to increase the quality of the aid project. Among all types of public buildings and facilities, hospital is considered as one of the most essential assets in disaster management. However, there is no list of criteria available yet to evaluate post-disaster hospital building performance. The objective of this study is to identify the key criteria for hospital building. A total of 116 respondents are collected from experts of built environment field and high level position staff in grade B hospital in the capital city of Aceh province, Banda Aceh. After conducting Cronbach’s alpha coefficient test and factor analysis, total twenty-six criteria were found reliable and valid. Subsequent with the relative importance indices (RII) analysis, this study has come out with the top-fifteen most important criteria for post-disaster reconstruction building performance as in order: safety, health, control of environment impact, easiness, accessibility, engineering, building quality, staff and patient environment, comfort, functionality, building form and material, operational maintenance guideline, local institution capacity, architecture, disaster resilience, and the last criterion is sustainability. It is recommended to use these criteria for hospital building performance evaluation especially in disaster prone area. Future study is need to find out that the same criteria is applicable for other type of buildings and locations.

Opportunities of energy saving in lighting systems for public buildings

The lighting system provides many options for cost-effective energy saving with low or no inconvenience. Lighting improvements are excellent investments in most public buildings, it is usually cost-effective to address because lighting improvements are often easier to make than many process upgrades. For public buildings, the easy no and low cost options to help save money and improve the energy performance are: Understand energy use. Identify options Prioritize actions Make the changes and measure the savings. Continue managing energy efficiency. The challenge is to retrofit traditional lamps with LED lamps of good quality. The benefits of LED light bulbs are long-lasting, durable, cool, mercury free, more efficient, and cost effective. The light Emitting Diode (LED) bulb uses a semiconductor as its light source, and is currently one of the most energy efficient and quickly developing types of bulbs for lighting. LEDs increasingly are being purchased to replace traditional bulbs. LEDs are relatively more expensive than other types of bulbs, but are very cost-effective because they use only a fraction of electricity of traditional lighting methods nd can last for longer. Benchmarking guides decision makers to policies aimed at the energy sector through better understanding of energy consumption trends nationwide, e.g.: energy price, moderating, peak demand, and encouraging sectors, low energy expansions. The “Improving Energy Efficiency Project of Lighting and Appliances” carried out energy audits and implemented opportunities of energy saving in lighting for different type of public buildings. To rationalize the use of energy by giving guidelines to consumers, the IEEL&A project prepared some brochures. This paper leads with the results of case studies as energy audits, opportunities in lighting systems, energy saving and CO2 reduction.

GOLDEN ERA OF LAGER BREWERIES IN THE SOUTHERN AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE

This paper reviews the context and continuity of beer production in the southern Austro-Hungarian Empire during the period of the dual monarchy or Dualism (1867–1914). Brewing, which in this region dates from the mid-18th century, was the first activity with characteristics of industrial production. The development of breweries is considered through four spatial levels: industrial building/complex; settlement (Pančevo, Vršac, Veliki Bečkerek, Bečej, Apatin); the province of Vojvodina (the southern part of Habsburg Monarchy, later the Austro-Hungarian Empire and now in Serbia); and Central Europe. The research concentrates on discovering the role of beer production in the industrialisation and urbanisation of Vojvodina during the period of Dualism and contains descriptions of representative examples in an urban context, a spatial concept, technological processes, and construction and architectural design.Different lager beer production sites have been analysed to define types of breweries according to the position of the basic functional units of the production process. The changes in the social system are discussed in relation to the determination of housing models and types of public buildings in industrial complexes. Focusing on the five oldest breweries in Vojvodina, this paper demonstrates not only the importance they had as generators of local development, but also that they were an echo of the technological and architectural codes of Central Europe.

Analysis of energy efficiency retrofit scheme for hotel buildings using eQuest software: A case study from Tianjin, China

Hotel buildings generally consume more energy than other types of public buildings, so measures should be adopted to reduce their energy demands. Energy retrofit measures (ERMs) were explored by eQuest software, using the example of an existing four-star hotel in Tianjin, China. The study investigates predictive accuracy for the major factors in the energy consumption of hotel buildings. The results indicate that the schedules of internal loads have the most significant impact on the accuracy of the model for hotel buildings, followed by occupancy rate and coefficient of performance (COP) of the chillers. A retrofit scheme was formulated and its energy-saving potential was evaluated by the calibrated model. Post-implementation monitoring was carried out, and the similarity between model predictions and the actual outcomes of the retrofits confirms that the calibrated model provides a highly accurate forecast of the energy-saving effects of the building energy efficiency retrofit (BEER) scheme.

Assessment of nicotine for second hand smoke exposure in some public places in Romania by UPLC-MS.

BackgroundAir nicotine monitoring is a well-known procedure for estimation of exposure to second hand smoke. Few research studies were realized in Romania to evaluate environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure of humans in different public places. The levels of airborne nicotine from environmental tobacco smoke and urinary cotinine and nicotine levels of some subjects were analyzed. In order to better implement/enforce the European legislation regarding the interdiction of smoking in the public places the national authorities need a rapid and reliable analytical method to quickly asses the state of the pollution with cigarette smoke of these populated areas.ResultsThe nicotine concentration in the air from different types of public buildings was determined. The median concentration of nicotine in the air from 32 pubs where the smoking was allowed was 590 ng · L-1, comparing with the pubs where the smoking was not permitted (22 locations) where the median concentration of nicotine was only 32 ng · L-1. Similarly, the median concentration of nicotine in restaurants where the smoking was allowed (23 locations) was 510 ng · L-1, in comparison with the restaurants where the smoking was prohibited (11 places) where the median value was 19 ng · L-1. The lowest concentrations of nicotine were found in high schools (8 locations, median concentration 7.4 ng · L-1), universities (5 locations, 23 ng · L-1) and hospitals (6 locations, 16 ng · L-1).ConclusionsThe method was validated and gave good linearity, precision, accuracy and limit of detection. The buildings included hospitals, high schools, universities, pubs and restaurants. The presence of air nicotine was recorded in all buildings studied. The highest median levels of air nicotine were found in pubs and restaurants. The presence of air nicotine in indoor public buildings indicates weak implementation of the smoke free law in Romania.

Possible existing seismic analysis errors of long span structures and bridges while utilizing multi-point earthquake calculation models

A long-span structure is a common type of public building, but its seismic characteristics are distinct from other types of buildings because of its long span. Calculation models considering multi-point excitation are required in the seismic analysis of long-span structures. However, correlative studies have already clearly shown that important but often overlooked errors exist in previously developed multi-point excitation calculation models. The process of establishing displacement and acceleration models for multi-point seismic analysis is reviewed. Error sources and criteria of the two models are explained using rigorous theoretical derivation. Error characteristics and distributions in multiple structural types, such as ordinary structures without dampers and damper-installed structures with concentrated damping, are also described. Modifications for multi-point excitation displacement and acceleration models, for time history and stochastic analysis, respectively, are proposed, and these modified models are used to assess errors in the conventional models. Numerical examples are solved using conventional displacement and acceleration models and two corresponding modified models. The properties, components and distribution of errors in the conventional models are demonstrated. The findings presented in this paper can provide a sound basis for the practical application of multi-point excitation calculation models in seismic analysis.

Influence of indoor design air parameters on energy consumption of heating and air conditioning

Indoor design air parameters regulated in current design standards are set on the basis of human thermal comfort without fully considering the building energy efficiency. This article analyzed the indoor design air parameters with investigation study and simulation study respectively from both views of thermal comfort and energy consumption. By conducting field testing in existing buildings and collecting design information from blueprints and description files, indoor air parameters of 140 public buildings in China were investigated. Typical public buildings (small office building, large office building and shopping mall) were selected for simulation study. Simulation models for three types of public buildings were established based on the investigation results in order to have assumptions better fit the actual situations. The relationship between PMV (predicted mean vote) and energy consumption of the simulation models was analyzed. From the analysis of the results of investigation and simulation, it could be seen that the design relative humidity in winter hardly influences the indoor thermal comfort and building energy consumption, while design relative humidity in summer, indoor air temperature and PMV values were all related to indoor thermal comfort level and building energy consumption. Recommend indoor design air parameters that contribute relatively low energy consumption and high comfortable level were also put forward to improve the current design standards.

Historical features of the development of the architecture of North-Eastern Kazakhstan in the XVIII-XIX centuries

This article reveals the patterns of architecture development on the territory of large cities of north-eastern Kazakhstan in the XVIII-XIX centuries: from the creation of fortifications to the formation of commercial and industrial cities; architectural, artistic, and functional planning features of certain types of public buildings and structures are considered.

Analysis of outdoor temperature ranges for the operation of different ventilating modes in commercial buildings of China

Heat gains in commercial buildings in China are rather large compared to those of other public buildings, for occupant densities are usually high in such buildings. To match the requirements for both indoor environment and building energy conservation, ventilation systems, either mechanical ventilation, i.e., ventilating cooling (VC) or air-conditioning cooling (AC) systems, play important roles in maintaining good indoor air quality and thermal comfort. As the time durations for cooling and heating of AC systems in such buildings are different from other types of public buildings, temperature ranges for the application of different ventilation strategies all year round were obtained by using the local meteorological records in the present study. The results show that the time period in a whole year can be divided into five ranges according to the four outdoor critical temperatures for the operation of VC and AC systems with a heat recovery ventilator (HRV). The critical temperatures are mainly influenced by local climatic characteristics, occupant density, and pressure drop of the ventilation system, etc. Furthermore, energy effectiveness by employing different ventilation modes in commercial buildings with large internal gains was discussed and compared for four cities located in four different climatic zones of China.

Energy Consumption and Management in Public Buildings in China: An Investigation of Chongqing

Around 30% of the national energy consumption in China can be attributed to buildings, of which one-fifth is consumed within public buildings. In recent time, public buildings have been reckoned as the dominant objects for conducting energy efficient management. In order to obtain valuable information for the assessment of energy consumption status, an investigation was conducted in Chongqing – the youngest, largest and most dynamic municipal in China. A number of public buildings, including 28 governmental office buildings, 15 emporiums and 5 hotels, were selected for the investigation from the aspect of energy cost. Based on the collected data of electricity, water and gas, the characteristics of the energy consumption in each type of the public buildings are discussed, and the energy management in each type of public buildings is compared.

Balconies for the Municipalities: Public Architecture and Visual Performance of Power in Early Modern Castile.

Th roughout the sixteenth century, in accordance with theirstatus as rulers of the city, the members of the Castilian municipalitiessought to establish their own buildings and balconies in the new urbancenters, from where they could show themselves with the appropiatedecorum on the occasion of public events and celebrations. In additionto the city halls and other civic architecture, adapted in their façadesfor this role as mirador or overlook, a new type of public buildings, thebalconies of the city and casas de miradores, also appeared by then toaccommodate the municipal governments and to visually emphasizetheir power.

New, Old, Indifferent: The United Kingdom’s Preferences Regarding the Architecture and Design of Public Libraries

Objective – Analysis and discussion of attitudes of U.K. citizens toward the architecture and design of the country’s public libraries.
 
 Design – Content analysis of essays submitted to the U.K. Mass Observation Archive (MOA).
 
 Setting – Citizens of the United Kingdom.
 
 Subjects – 180 respondents from a panel of 500 Mass Observation Archive (MOA) volunteers. 
 
 Methods – The MOA originated in the 1930s as a way to gather qualitative evidence regarding everyday life of the British public. Most of the data gathered takes the form of variable length essays written by a panel of 500 anonymous volunteers. The volunteers respond to specific directives, and in this article, Black summarized responses to a directive he originally posed to the 500 volunteers in 2005: ‘Public Library Buildings’. Black issued this particular directive to the panel of volunteers in the autumn of 2005 and results were made available to the public by mid-2006.The MOA received a total of 180 responses, of which 121 were from women and 59 were from men. Both users of libraries and non-users were included in the sample. The respondents were not a representative sample of the British public because men, ethnic minorities, lower socio-economic groups, and those living outside of the South of England were underrepresented. 
 
 The author analyzed the content of the 180 submitted essays to gain insight on attitudes regarding public library design and architecture. Respondents were asked about public library location, environmental fit, architectural style, sensory aspects of the building, and whether or not the building resembled other types of public buildings. Although he posed several questions, Black focused on answers to three questions: what do you think about the design of modern library buildings? Do you prefer them to older style buildings? Have you seen older libraries renovated into more modern libraries, and what do you think of them? Black then analyzed the responses and grouped them into four major attitudes toward the architecture and design of public libraries. The author chose not to code any of the responses and instead chose to analyze the ‘discourse’ in and not necessarily the ‘content’ of the essays. After analyzing the discourse, Black contextualized the evidence he discovered. He then discussed political and cultural issues with relation to the four major attitudes and how these issues affected the current landscape of libraries. 
 
 Main Results – The four major categories derived from the essays that Black analyzed included: preference for the new; preference for the old; preference for a mixing of the old and the new; architectural indifference, the library as ‘place’ and the concept of ‘libraryness.’ Those with a preference for the new preferred the newer, more modern building because it fit better within the world of information technology. These respondents also felt that the older buildings were too intimidating and cold. Those who preferred the older architecture and design felt that the buildings allowed them to access a piece of the past, and they thought an older library to be more impressive, historic, and generally have more elaborate and interesting architecture. These respondents pointed out the fewer places to hide in new libraries, and indicated that new architecture is boring and stolid. The third group of respondents preferred an older exterior, but an up-to-date interior with a more modern infrastructure. They enjoyed the large impressive buildings but liked the interior to contain comfortable, modern furniture, good lighting, as well as updated technological tools. Finally, the remaining group of respondents did not place importance on the physical space of a library, but more so the services and collections within the physical space. 
 
 Conclusion – The discourse derived from the MOA and analyzed in Black’s article summarizes the attitudes and preferences that citizens of the UK have regarding public library architecture. Among the 180 responses to the ‘Public Library Buildings’ directive, there is a clear tension in these attitudes and preferences. The information gathered in the MOA directive on public libraries could also provide political and cultural leaders with evidence of a need for renewal or rethinking of the country’s public libraries.

Analysis of the Disaster Prevention Marking System for Urban Public Building

The denseness of urban public buildings and the complication of the underground space spur the enhancement of disaster prevention and mitigation planning. As a result, for the urban public buildings around the densely populated area, the establishment of public buildings disaster prevention system in urban and the study on some related questions lay the basis of disaster prevention and mitigation. Since the concept of public building have the different definitions in the national standards and different types of buildings require different signs on disaster prevention, the category of public buildings has been redefined according to international normative standards. Furthermore, the research on the types, colors, sizes and position of disaster prevention signs has been done according to the internal, external of building and evacuation routes aspects. Finally, the basic functions of disaster prevention sign system in and around the buildings and the settings of the disaster prevention sign system of different types of public buildings are proposed.

Arkansas Listings in the National Register of Historic Places

The Courthouses of Architect Clyde A. Ferrell ARKANSAS HAS BEEN BLESSED with more than its fair share of gifted architects. A. O. Clarke, E. Fay Jones, and Charles Thompson are just a few of the more widely known. But other less celebrated, yet extremely talented, architects have also had a great impact on Arkansas's built environment. Clyde A. Ferrell is of them. Ferrell was bom March 10, 1879, in Augusta, As a child he moved to Little Rock, where he entered the public school system and graduated from Peabody High School in June 1897. In his application to the Arkansas State Board of Architects, Ferrell left the higher education section blank, indicating that he never received formal training as an architect. However, his work experience provided him with more than sufficient instruction. Before opening his own practice, Ferrell worked for thirteen years as a draftsman for prominent Little Rock architect Frank Gibb. Gibb designed ten of Arkansas's county courthouses and a multitude of other buildings, including the Joseph Taylor Robinson House in Little Rock. Working for Gibb certainly allowed Ferrell to participate in projects far exceeding the scope of anything in which he would have been involved as a student. The largest body of Ferrell's documented work consists of various types of public buildings. Ferrell seems to have specialized in the design of school buildings. Seven of them have been documented by the Arkansas Historic Preservation Program, and three were subsequently listed on the National Register of Historic Places, including the Arkansas City High School (listed October 10, 1984), Portia School (listed December 13, 1978), and Washington High School (listed June 20, 1972). While Ferrell's buildings are some of the most attractive historic school facilities in the state and are exemplary models of school design, they typically follow a standardized plan. Most Ferrell schools are easily distinguished by a projecting central bay topped with a classically inspired pediment. Other common features include brick quoins at the building's corners and diamond-shaped limestone inlays dividing the first-story and second-story windows. Unquestionably, though, the most significant structures Ferrell designed are three county courthouses, each of which is unique in the state. In 1911, Cleburne County chose plans prepared by Ferrell for the design of its new courthouse in Heber Springs. Construction was not yet underway when the quorum court reversed itself and halted the project. Construction remained on hold until late 1913, when the court levied a special one-mill tax to pay for the building. The county moved the existing wood-frame courthouse to a nearby lot in order to build the new on the already established square and, in 1914, hired Ferrell to supervise construction. Completed in 1915, the courthouse cost nearly $65,000. Ferrell had produced a beautiful example of the Colonial Revival style that was and remains the architectural gem of the county. The brick-constructed building is covered with a flat roof featuring an octagonal dome that is the courthouse's most distinguishing feature. The building's symmetrical facade is dominated by a two-story portico that extends from a recessed center bay and is supported by four massive Doric columns. The rear of the building is identical in design to the front, with the building's side elevations being much more restrained. Ferrell did an excellent job with his first courthouse commission. The building continues to serve as Cleburne County's courthouse and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 12, 1976, with the nomination calling it one of the more architecturally significant courthouses in Arkansas. In 1922, Ferrell received his next commission to build a courthouse, this time in Mountain View. Ferrell chose the Craftsman style for the Stone County Courthouse. Although Craftsman was probably the most commonly used style for residential buildings designed during the 1920s, the Stone County Courthouse holds the distinction of being the only of Arkansas's more than seventy historic courthouses to feature the popular style. …

Taverns and Drinking in Early America

American colonists knew just two types of public buildings,churches and taverns - and drinking houses far outnumbered places of worship. At a time when drinking water supposedly endangered one's health, colonists of every rank, age, race and gender drank often and in quantity. Sharon V. Salinger offers a study of public houses and drinking throughout the mainland British colonies. Salinger explores the obvious and obscure ends that alcohol met in colonial society. Tavern patrons might engage in a heated argument about the price of wheat, debate the inspirational quality of the minister's sermon, plot political action, exchange news, offer countless toasts, or share a convivial pint with friends. Salinger also looks at the similarities and differences in the roles of drinking and tavern sociability in New England, the mid-Atlantic, the Chesapeake and the South; in small towns, cities, and the countryside; and in Anglican, Quaker and Puritan communities. Her findings challenge the prevailing view that taverns tended to break down class and gender differences. Instead, she argues they did not signal social change so much as buttress custom and encourage exclusion.