Types Of Pronouns Research Articles

On the feature (in)deficiency of dedicated impersonal pronouns: the view from Jordanian Arabic

Research on dedicated impersonal pronouns in Germanic and Romance has shown a correlation between a pronoun’s reading and its case. In particular, impersonal pronouns that are exclusively generic (e.g. English one) can bear any case, whereas those that can be either generic or existential (e.g. Dutch men) can only bear nominative case. Moreover, there is a general consensus in the literature that both types of impersonal pronouns radically lack phi-feature specification, viz. the pronouns are underspecified for person, number, and gender features in the syntax. The purpose of this paper is twofold: first to discuss the impersonal use of the pronoun waaħad (one) in Jordanian Arabic (JA) and its implications for the crosslinguistic typology of impersonal pronouns, and second to argue that a radical feature deficiency approach to these pronouns is inaccurate. Regarding the first point, we show that waaħad behaves similarly to English-type pronouns in terms of its interpretation and syntactic distribution. JA waaħad can only have a generic inclusive reading and can appear in multiple syntactic positions. As for the second point, we show that waaħad is not completely phi-defective. The JA pronoun patterns with crosslinguistically recognized impersonal pronouns by being underspecified for person. However, independent empirical evidence from agreement shows that waaħad is always specified for singular number and also for gender in some contexts. This novel data from JA suggest a rethinking of the radical feature deficiency approach to impersonal pronouns. Additionally, we provide evidence for the presence of a DP projection above impersonal waaħad that is overtly instantiated via the definite article il- (the). Our findings show that impersonal pronouns are not radically devoid of phi-features. Whereas impersonal pronouns share the core property of being underspecified for person, some pronouns are specified for number and also for gender in the syntax.

Resumption in Igbo: Two types of resumptives, complex phi-mismatches, and dynamic deletion domains

This paper investigates the morphosyntax of resumption in Igbo (Benue-Congo). The first part addresses the syntax and argues that Igbo has two types of resumptive pronouns (RPs): (i) RPs that terminate base-generation Ā-dependencies, and (ii) RPs at the bottom of Ā-movement dependencies. While similar splits have been claimed to exist in a few other languages, established with a limited data set, Igbo provides pervasive evidence for the co-existence of both types within the same language: type-(ii) RPs occur in all Ā-movement dependencies, and there is comprehensive evidence from a variety of movement tests, including also cyclicity effects, parasitic gap licensing, and language-specific diagnostics. We pursue a spell-out approach to type-(ii) RPs à la Pesetsky (1998) and Landau (2006), and discuss potential reasons behind their restricted distribution: type-(ii) RPs only surface in PPs, DPs, and &Ps, which are thus not (absolute) islands in Igbo. The second part of the paper deals with the morphological side of resumption, viz., with phi- and (alleged) case mismatches between the RP and its antecedent. The phi-mismatch provides further evidence for two types of RPs in Igbo. Moreover, it is more complex than the mismatches reported so far in the literature since the loss of phi-information depends on the type of antecedent (pro/noun, coordination). This pattern poses a challenge for previous accounts of phi-mismatches with movement-derived RPs that are based on static deletion domains. We propose that the cross-linguistic variation in phi-mismatches can be captured in a partial copy deletion approach along the lines of van Urk (2018) if the amount of structure that is deleted is defined dynamically. This further supports the relevance of dynamic domains in morphosyntax, in particular in postsyntactic operations, as previously identified in other areas, e.g., in Moskal’s (2015b) work on contextual allomorphy. Finally, we show that the “case” mismatch is a consequence of the (supra)segmental nature of the relevant exponent and the relative timing of the operations involved.

Contrastando o português paulista e o português gaúcho: interpretação da formalidade dos pronomes sujeito de segunda pessoa do singular

Brazilian Portuguese, regarding its second person singular pronouns, is seen by some authors as a dyadic system: the pronoun "você" is the informal pronoun, while "o senhor" is used in situations that require more formality. Although the canonical informal pronoun “tu” still occurs, it is considered that “tu” and “você” are not in complementary distribution, their choice being mostly the result of diatopic variation, with a region where the use of “você” is dominant (e.g. the state of São Paulo), another one where the use of “tu” is dominant (e.g. the state of Rio Grande do Sul), and their more balanced coexistence in a third zone (the largest one in territory). Also, when “tu” occurs, it is generally followed by a verb with third person inflection morphology, although differences can be observed regarding this phenomenon as well. Pereira (2021), based on the specific scenario found in Rio Grande do Sul (predominance of “tu”, with low rates of canonical inflection), conducted a formality judgement test with native speakers of that dialect and found out they actually attributed different levels of formality regarding the type of pronoun used in the sentences, evincing what seems to be a triadic system, at least regarding the speakers’ representation, composed by, from the most informal to the most formal, “tu” (with third person inflection), “você” – paired with “tu” with the canonical inflection –, and “o senhor”. Thus, this study aimed to replicate Pereira’s (2021) study with participants who lived and had been raised in the state of São Paulo, since “você” is predominant there. The results showed a similar gradient of formality, although not identical averages, with different sociolinguistic factors (age, schooling, and gender) affecting the results. Moreover, “tu” with the canonical inflection was paired to “o senhor” at the formal extreme of the scale, which might be due to the fact it is a rarer form and speakers only have contact with it in situations regarded as formal (e.g., in Portuguese grammars or textbooks at school). Thus, the data and comparisons brought out in this study demonstrate the relevance of uniting different methodologies as to reach more robust conclusions regarding the different phenomena in variation in Brazilian Portuguese.

Коммуникативный аспект местоименной вербализации пространственного дейксиса в татарском и русском языках

Introduction. One of the important problems of contemporary linguistics is the incomplete correspondence between some linguistic categories and actual conditions of language use, which makes it difficult to apply scientific concepts in pragmatic terms. In this regard, some categories of classical linguistics require further clarification in the light of new scientific achievements. Goals. So, the article aims at analyzing deictic microsystems of languages different in origin and grammatical type through synergistic research approaches with due account of achievements of classical linguistics and data on the new communication theory. Materials and methods. The work employs comprehensive methodology: comparison of the Russian and Tatar deictic verbal means is accompanied by cross-situational/component analysis applicable in communication theory. The combination of new and traditional methods makes it possible, firstly, to optimize the traditional time-tested methods of comparing languages of different origins, and, secondly, to correct results of the comparative study in a communicative aspect. The study focuses on materials of the Tatar and Russian languages, since the latter coexist in one region and closely interact via Russian-Tatar bilingualism. Results. The use of comprehensive communicative/linguistic techniques yields a described universal action (deictic) category — implementing spatial coordination of participants and speech objects — for languages of different types. The study identifies spatial communicative indicators common to languages, features of action processes and means of their expression. Particular attention is paid to differences in the implementation of spatial deixis in the languages compared. Conclusions. Grammatically and communicatively, deixis is central to Russian and Tatar pronominal systems. Regular deictic means include key types of pronouns, such as personal, possessive, personal-demonstrative, and demonstrative ones. Functional qualities of all other pronouns and non-pronominal deictics are determined through relations with these central types.

Коммуникативный аспект местоименной вербализации пространственного дейксиса в татарском и русском языках

Introduction. One of the important problems of contemporary linguistics is the incomplete correspondence between some linguistic categories and actual conditions of language use, which makes it difficult to apply scientific concepts in pragmatic terms. In this regard, some categories of classical linguistics require further clarification in the light of new scientific achievements. Goals. So, the article aims at analyzing deictic microsystems of languages different in origin and grammatical type through synergistic research approaches with due account of achievements of classical linguistics and data on the new communication theory. Materials and methods. The work employs comprehensive methodology: comparison of the Russian and Tatar deictic verbal means is accompanied by cross-situational/component analysis applicable in communication theory. The combination of new and traditional methods makes it possible, firstly, to optimize the traditional time-tested methods of comparing languages of different origins, and, secondly, to correct results of the comparative study in a communicative aspect. The study focuses on materials of the Tatar and Russian languages, since the latter coexist in one region and closely interact via Russian-Tatar bilingualism. Results. The use of comprehensive communicative/linguistic techniques yields a described universal action (deictic) category — implementing spatial coordination of participants and speech objects — for languages of different types. The study identifies spatial communicative indicators common to languages, features of action processes and means of their expression. Particular attention is paid to differences in the implementation of spatial deixis in the languages compared. Conclusions. Grammatically and communicatively, deixis is central to Russian and Tatar pronominal systems. Regular deictic means include key types of pronouns, such as personal, possessive, personal-demonstrative, and demonstrative ones. Functional qualities of all other pronouns and non-pronominal deictics are determined through relations with these central types.

DEIXIS IN ENGLISH AND KURDISHLANGUAGES

deixis is the use of general words and phrases to refer to a specific time, place, or person, e.g. the words (yesterday, there, and he) are deictic, as their denoted meaning varies and depends on time , place and person specified in the context. Deixis is a Universal feature of all languages.
 This study deals with the deixis in English and Kurdish languages, in order to show the similarities and differences between them from the grammatical and semantic aspects of points.
 The study is based on two hypotheses; the first is that the deixis as a Universal aspect, are similar in the two languages in terms of their types and the elements used to express them. The second hypothesis is that the two languages have similar and different grammatical and semantic aspects in terms of the type of personal pronouns, number, gender and case.

The role of grammatical role and thematic role predictability in reference form production in Mandarin Chinese.

Evidence suggests that English speakers use pronouns when referring to the grammatical subject and predictable thematic role. We tested how grammatical role and thematic role predictability affect different types of referential forms, namely, overt pronouns and null pronouns in Mandarin Chinese. We found that both overt and null pronouns were sensitive to grammatical role. However, we did not find any evidence that overt and null pronouns were sensitive to thematic role predictability. Although null pronouns were influenced by grammatical role, the rate of null pronouns for subject reference was very low compared to that of overt pronouns. Given the frequent occurrence of null pronouns in Mandarin, our results suggest that the use of null pronouns may not be explained by a simple grammatical role mechanism.

A thematic analysis of attitudes towards English nonbinary pronouns

Abstract The article provides a comprehensive overview of attitudes towards nonbinary pronouns, with the aim of better understanding why these pronouns are either accepted or rejected. Attitudes towards nonbinary they and the neopronouns ze and xe are explored with a thematic analysis of data derived from a larger online survey on pronouns (n = 1128). While the results demonstrate various polarized stances for both types of pronouns, the participants’ reactions highlight greater acceptance of and support for nonbinary they. In addition, the paper proposes that broader ideologies about gender are behind the participants’ overt reactions to nonbinary pronouns. Most notably, while some participants rejected the pronouns on the basis of a binary gender ideology, others viewed gender as a matter of self-identification, accepting any pronoun an individual chooses for themselves.

PERSONAL PRONOUN ERRORS IN TRANSLATING SIMPLE SENTENCES FROM BAHASA INDONESIA TO ENGLISH

The ultimate objectives of this research were to find out the kinds of English personal pronouns errors in translating simple sentences from Bahasa Indonesia to English and the most dominant errors made by the students in the tenth grade of SMKS Agro Maritim Muhammadiyah Bengkulu in using a personal pronoun. This study employs the descriptive-qualitative method. This research has conducted the students in the tenth grade of SMKS Agro Maritim Muhammadiyah Bengkulu in the academic year of 2021/2022, consisting of 13 students. The first result of this research displays that the students made errors in using four types of personal pronouns. They are personal pronouns as possessive adjectives, personal pronouns as an object, personal pronouns as subject, and personal pronouns as possessive pronouns. The second result showed that the most dominant error made by the students in using personal pronouns is possessive adjectives. The findings indicate that the students in the tenth grade of SMKS Agro Maritim Muhammadiyah Bengkulu face the problem of the personal pronoun.

Respectfulness-processing revisited: An ERP study of Chinese sentence reading.

In Mandarin Chinese, an important manifestation of respectfulness is the use of different forms of second-person pronouns. Jiang et al. (2013) examined the event-related potential (ERP) correlates of processing respectful and plain pronouns in Chinese. However, this study suffered from a few methodological limitations, which restricted both the reliability and functional interpretations of the study's findings. In the present study, we resolved these limitations and further investigated the neurocognitive mechanisms of processing the respectfulness of pronouns. In the present study, participants read 160 critical Chinese sentences with a second-person pronoun (ni or nin) that was either consistent or inconsistent with its prior sentence context in terms of respectfulness, as well as 240 filler sentences. Unlike the previous study that reported a 300-500 ms negative response (N400) for both types of inconsistent pronouns, a sustained positive response for Nin inconsistent and a sustained negativity response for Ni inconsistent in the late time window, the present study found an N400 response and late sustained negativity for Nin inconsistent, but not for Ni inconsistent. Furthermore, the cluster-based permutation showed a significant negative cluster for Nin inconsistent, extending from 432-622 ms. We related this negative response for Nin inconsistent with recent accounts of the N400 and late negativity. Finally, the absence of the ERP effect for the Ni condition was linked to the role of the pragmatic property of Ni.

Anaphora, Cataphora, and Exophora Found in The Jakarta Post Published in March 2021

Pronouns are words that are used to refer to another word in a text, particularly in newspapers. It can become an issue if students do not grasp how to use a pronoun to refer to a single item in a text since most students focus solely on the meaning of each pronoun that they are familiar with, ignoring the meaning of context from the text. As a result, this research examines the types of pronouns and references that are commonly employed in newspapers. This study employed descriptive quantitative because it analyzes, describes, and counts the three types of references: Anaphora, Cataphora, and Exophora, according to the Jakarta Post's business news from March 2021. There were 31 news sources in this analysis. Anaphora is the most commonly used in this publication, according to the results of the analysis. Cataphora is the second series, and Exophora is the last. As a result, this research can help people better understand the context of a text when pronouns are used as a reference.

Anaphoric Pronouns and the Computation of Prominence Profiles

Previous research has investigated anaphoric resolution at the anaphor. Using a self-paced reading study we show that prominence profiles, i.e. the ranking of the referential candidates for anaphoric resolution, are dynamically established as discourse unfolds. We compared four types of context sentences introducing two referents and found that the cost of the computation of the prominence profile depends on the alignment of prominence-lending features, namely ‘left edge’, ‘agent’, ‘subject’. Cost occurs as referents become available. Further downstream, we contrasted two types of pronouns in German, personal pronoun vs. demonstrative pronoun. By the time the pronoun is encountered, profile computation is already complete, as indicated by the lack of interaction between context and pronoun type. An effect of pronoun reveals that resolution is driven by the form-dependent strength with which an interpretation is obtained (demonstrative pronouns being more stable than personal pronouns). The results also indicate that two prominence-lending features – subjecthood and agentivity – compete with each other.

Las oraciones de relativo predicativas en español: pronombres reasuntivos y variación dialectal

AbstractPredicative or pronominal relative clauses in Spanish take a pronominal category as their head. These configurations show some grammatical traits and a geographical variation which have not yet been inquiried into. These structures, as it is argued in this paper, may host two different types of resumptive pronouns: what will be called asymmetric resumption, triggered by subject-object asymmetries; and resumption as a case-matching mechanism, available in non-matching semi-free relative clauses. As for the head of the construction, dialects of Peninsular Spanish are grouped into those which resort to the explicit pronoun and those which show a propensity to use the implicit pronominal category. The variant headed by the implicit pronoun is similar in some respects to relative clause extraposition, but some new data are brought to the fore that distinguish one construction from the other.

The Sociolingustics Analysis of Address Terms in English and Enrekang Durinese

This research is a sociolinguistics study which explore the relationship between language and society. The aims of the research is to identify the kind of address terms used in English and Enrekang Durinese based on daily conversation. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The Enrekang Durinese data is obtained by Recording and interviewing which is done by Massenrempulu people in Duri, Alla’ Sub-district, Enrekang District. The English data is obtained from English Movie and Series which contain utterance of address terms.The result of the research shows the kind of address terms used in English and Enrekang Durinese in daily conversations. They are: 1) Pronoun (Second Person Pronoun) 2) Kinship Terms and 3) Non-Kinship Terms. The difference from the both languages appeared in Pronoun, Enrekang Durinese has two type of Pronoun, Polite and Polite while In English, there is only one second person pronoun; you. Another difference found in kinship and non-kinship terms. Enrekang Durinese people usually use mockery to address family and relative while using mockery to address family and relative is not found in English Data. Another result found in this research is there are aspects that influence the use of the address terms in English and Enrekang Durinese, they are 1) Sex and Age 2) Situation 3) Social Rank/ Social status.

Changes in Pronoun Use a Decade before Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Dementia-Linguistic Contexts Suggest Problems in Perspective-Taking.

The use of pronouns has been shown to change pathologically in the early phases of Alzheimer’s Dementia (AD). So far, the findings have been of a quantitative nature. Little is known, however, about the developmental path of the change, its onset, the domains in which it initially occurs, and if and how it spreads to other linguistic domains. The present study investigates pronoun use in six speakers of German a decade before they were clinically diagnosed with AD (LAD) and six biographically matched healthy controls (CTR). The data originate from monologic spoken language elicited by semi-spontaneous biographical interviews. Investigation of nine pronoun types revealed group differences in the use of three pronoun types: D-pronouns—a specific pronoun type of German for reference to persons and objects; the impersonal pronoun man ‘one’, and the propositional pronoun das ‘this/that’. Investigation of the linguistic contexts in which these three pronoun types were used revealed a correlation with declines in elaborative and evaluative information; that is, information the hearer would benefit from in creating an informed model of the discourse. We, therefore, hypothesize that the early changes in language use due to AD point to problems in perspective-taking, specifically in taking the hearer’s perspective.

RENDERING ENGLISH FICTION INDEFINITE PRONOUNS INTO UKRAINIAN: A CORPUS APPROACH

The paper deals with an investigation into the usage of English indefinite nominal pronouns in modern fictional discourse and the specificity of their rendering into Ukrainian with employment of corpus approach. The pronouns under study have been selected by the entire sampling method from the complete register compiled on the basis of the novel by J.K. Rowling “Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban” and its Ukrainian version translated by V. Morozov. There have been determined the semantic structures of nine English indefinite pronouns based on their formal characteristics and the dictionary entries’ analysis. The units under analysis have been divided into three structural-semantic types according to their form and meaning, wherein two semantic subtypes have been distinguished. The lexemes of each of type have been distributed in decreasing sequence on a zero-ten frequency scale. There have been calculated the expected frequencies per 1,000 words for each of the types to suggest the probability of their usage in a text. The most frequent and the least frequent indefinite pronouns and pronoun types have been revealed, as well as the lexemes possessing medium frequencies. It has been identified that pronouns with 'some' are of highest frequency when pronouns with 'ever’ – the lowest, and pronouns with 'any’ are in between. The most frequent is the pronoun ‘something’, the least frequent is the pronoun ‘whoever’. Pronouns ‘anyone’ and ‘someone’ have demonstrated the average frequency in the microcorpus under analysis. With the use of the immediate constituents’ analysis and contextual analysis there have been revealed the peculiarities of the pronouns’ usage in the source text. Based on the transformational analysis there have been specified the translation methods and types of translation shifts employed for adequate rendering of the pronouns into Ukrainian. The most common methods of the analysed pronouns’ translation have been proved to be equivalent translation, omission, addition, lexical and lexico-grammatical replacements, with additions and grammatical shifts.

Sociolinguistics Analysis of Address Terms in English and Enrekang-Durinese

This research is a sociolinguistics study that explores the relationship between language and society. The research aims to identify the address terms used in English and Enrekang-Durinese based on daily conversation. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The Enrekang-Durinese data is obtained by Recording and interviewing, which is done by Massenrempulu people in Duri, Alla’ Sub-district, Enrekang District. The English data is obtained from English Movie and Series, which contain utterances of address terms. The research result shows the kind of address terms used in English and Enrekang-Durinese in daily conversations. They are 1) Pronoun (Second Person Pronoun), 2) Kinship Terms, and 3) Non-Kinship Terms. The difference between both languages appeared in Pronoun, Enrekang-Durinese has two types of Pronoun, Polite and Polite, while In English, there is only one-second person pronoun; you. Another difference is found in kinship and non-kinship terms. Enrekang-Durinese people usually use mockery to address family and relatives, while using mockery to address family and relatives is not found in English Data. Another result found in this research is that some aspects influence the use of the address terms in English and Enrekang-Durinese, they are Sex and Age, Situation, and Social Rank/ Social status.

Corpus Linguistic Research: Analyze The Use of Possessive Pronoun in P.S I Still Love You Novel By Jenny Han

In this article, the researchers talk about the possessive pronoun found in a novel by Jenny Han entitled "P.S I Still Love You". The possessive pronoun is a type of pronoun that shows something that belongs to someone. There are 2 types of a possessive pronoun, which are possessive pronoun (absolute possessive pronoun) and possessive adjective (weak possessive pronoun). The possessive pronoun includes my, mine, your, yours, our, ours, his, her, hers, its, their, and theirs. This research using the descriptive qualitative method to help this analyses. In this research, the researcher showed the possessive pronoun that appeared in the P.S I Still Love You, a novel by Jenny Han. The researcher also divided it into its type.

Two Types of Resumptive Pronouns in Swahili

In this article, I demonstrate that Swahili distinguishes two types of resumptive pronouns: (a) lower Ā-movement copies and (b) base-generated bound pronouns. These two types of resumptive pronouns are morphologically distinct: the presence of (local) person features reflects a base-generated derivation, and the absence of person features reflects Ā-movement. Crucial evidence comes from local person pronominal clefts derived from islands (bound pronoun context) and parasitic gaps (movement copy context). Inspired by Van Urk 2018, I analyze this pattern using Landau’s (2006) theory of chain reduction in which only movement copies create chains and are then subject to an algorithm that deletes person features.

Representations underlying pronoun choice in Italian and English.

Research has shown that speakers use fewer pronouns when the referential candidates are more similar and hence compete more strongly. Here we examined the locus of such an effect, investigating (1) whether pronoun use is affected by the referents’ competition at a non-linguistic level only (non-linguistic competition account) or whether it is also affected by competition arising from the antecedents’ similarities (linguistic competition account) and (2) the extent to which this depends on the type of pronoun. Speakers used Italian null pronouns and English pronouns less often (relative to full nouns) when the referential candidates compete more strongly situationally, while the antecedents’ semantic, grammatical or phonological similarity did not affect the rates of either pronouns, providing support for the non-linguistic competition account. However, unlike English pronouns, Italian null pronouns were unaffected by gender congruence between human referents, running counter to the gender effect for the use of non-gendered overt pronouns reported earlier. Hence, while both null and overt pronouns are sensitive to non-linguistic competition, what similarity affects non-linguistic competition partly depends on the type of pronouns.