Types Of Pronouns Research Articles

PRONOMINA DEMOSTRATIF BAHASA JAWA DALAM MAJALAH DJAKA LODANG

This study aims to describe (1) the types of Javanese language demonstrative pronouns in Djaka Lodang magazine, (2) references to the Javanese language demonstrative pronouns in Djaka Lodang magazine, and (3) syntactic function to the Javanese language demonstrative pronouns in Djaka Lodang magazine. This study included a type of qualitative descriptive research. The data in this study are in the form of sentences and paragraphs containing Javanese language demonstrative pronouns. The data source of this study is in the form of Djaka Lodang magazine from March to April 2018. The method of providing data, namely by referring to the method includes the technique of referring to skillful involvement and note-taking techniques. The method of data analysis is the agih method with the basic techniques for direct elements and advanced techniques, namely the sloping technique, expanded techniques, and sentence constituent analysis techniques. The method of presenting the results of data analysis is done by informal methods. The results of the research on the Javanese language demonstrative pronouncement in Djaka Lodang magazine are as follows. (1) The types of Javanese language demonstrative pronouns in Djaka Lodang magazine have five namely substantive demonstrative pronouns, locative demonstrative pronouns, descriptive demonstrative pronouns/modalities, temporal demonstrative pronouns, and demonstrative pronouns of directions. (2) There are two references to the Javanese language demonstrative pronoun in the Djaka Lodang magazine, namely the reference of endospores and references to exophora. (3) There are three syntactic functions of the Javanese demonstrative pronouncement in Djaka Lodang magazine, namely the subject function, the predicate function, and the information function.

THE SYNTACTIC PROPERTIES AND DISTRIBUTIONS OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS INSAMBORI LANGUAGE

This article aim s at describing the syntactic properties and distributions of Personal Pronouns in Sambori Language, a language spoken by the people who occup y Sambori Village and other s nearby villages in Lambitu, a montainous district of Bima Regency. Sambori Language is claimed to be a different language from Bima Language due to its characteristic of which sounds are different from th ose of Bima Language. This fact is used by the pe o ple of Sambori to legimate their existence by reffiring the language they speak as Inge Ndai. However, no research documentations have proved that Sambori Language belongs to a single language which is classified into a particular group or s ub group under the Austronesian Language group. This study deals with the documentation of the syntactic properties and distributions of Sambori Language which focuses on describ ing the personal pronoun system of the language , describ ing types of personal pronouns and their syntactic properties and distributions. The data of this study were taken from elicitation, interview, and decumentation. The result of the study shows that Sambori L anguage has a set of morphologically independent personal pronouns (full pronouns) and a set of clitic s . These two sets of personal pronouns show a different syntactic properties and distributions. Only full pronouns which can occur as independent clausal arguments of both intransitive and transitive constructions. In addtion to their distributions, clitic pronouns cannot occur with numerals, relatives, demonstarives, and NPs as the full pronouns can. This sytactical evidences show that Sambori language is different from Bima Language. Keywords: personal pronoun, clitics, synactic distribution, Sambori Language

Depression, negative emotionality, and self-referential language: A multi-lab, multi-measure, and multi-language-task research synthesis.

Depressive symptomatology is manifested in greater first-person singular pronoun use (i.e., I-talk), but when and for whom this effect is most apparent, and the extent to which it is specific to depression or part of a broader association between negative emotionality and I-talk, remains unclear. Using pooled data from N = 4,754 participants from 6 labs across 2 countries, we examined, in a preregistered analysis, how the depression-I-talk effect varied by (a) first-person singular pronoun type (i.e., subjective, objective, and possessive), (b) the communication context in which language was generated (i.e., personal, momentary thought, identity-related, and impersonal), and (c) gender. Overall, there was a small but reliable positive correlation between depression and I-talk (r = .10, 95% CI [.07, .13]). The effect was present for all first-person singular pronouns except the possessive type, in all communication contexts except the impersonal one, and for both females and males with little evidence of gender differences. Importantly, a similar pattern of results emerged for negative emotionality. Further, the depression-I-talk effect was substantially reduced when controlled for negative emotionality but this was not the case when the negative emotionality-I-talk effect was controlled for depression. These results suggest that the robust empirical link between depression and I-talk largely reflects a broader association between negative emotionality and I-talk. Self-referential language using first-person singular pronouns may therefore be better construed as a linguistic marker of general distress proneness or negative emotionality rather than as a specific marker of depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Rule Based Pattern Type of Verb Identification Algorithm for The Holy Qur’an

This paper proposes an algorithm for identification of pattern type of verb in classical Arabic. This topic was proposed because of the problem on Arabic Al-Qur’an annotation is an important task. It is important for the processing of the Holy Qur’an data, and provides convenience for those who want to learn Arabic, especially understanding arabic on morphology aspect. Understanding verb is the first step to understand the arabic morphology. The effort is to recognize how the rules regarding the pattern type of verb with the rule based approach read the pattern with prefix, the diacritics and the suffix if the verb. Briefly entered verb (Arabic or transliteration) and its output is an attribute of verb which is pattern type of verb, pronouns and verb pattern with the main rule that is identifying pattern, getting verb attributes and determining verb pattern. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm obtained accuracy at 96.48% with soft calculation method and 89.46% with harsh method calculation method.

How impersonal does one get?

This paper focuses on overt impersonal pronouns such as English one and Dutch men in eight Germanic languages (English, Frisian, Icelandic, Danish, Dutch, German, Norwegian and Swedish). Cinque (Linguist Inq 19:521–581, 1988), Egerland (Work Pap Scand Syntax 71:75–102, 2003), a.o., argued that there are two types of impersonal pronouns: one type that can occur in multiple syntactic positions but can only have a generic reading and another type that can have generic and existential readings but can only occur as an external argument. I show, based on novel data from ECM constructions, passives and unaccusatives, that it is not the syntactic position which restricts the distribution of men-type pronouns, but that it is case. English-type pronouns can occur with multiple cases, but can only have a generic inclusive reading. All Dutch-type pronouns can only occur with nominative case and can have multiple impersonal readings. Moreover, I show that Dutch and Swedish allow an existential reading when the pronoun is a derived subject (contra Cinque 1988; Egerland 2003). I propose a direction for this correlation between the different readings and case by assuming different feature make-ups for the pronouns, following Egerland (2003), Hoekstra (J Comp Ger Linguist 13:31–59, 2010), Ackema and Neeleman (A grammar of person. Linguistic inquiry monographs, MIT Press, Cambridge, 2018): one has $$\phi $$ -features and, therefore, always needs to be obligatorily inclusive; men lacks this functional layer and, therefore, has no restriction on its readings. Furthermore, I propose that since men lacks a phi-layer, it is too deficient to project a KP, and thus can only occur with unmarked nominative case.

Expressing authorial self in research articles written by Polish and English native-speaker writers: A corpus-based study

This cross-linguistic and cross-cultural, corpus-based study explores the notion of writer identity expressed through self-reference. The study examines how writers from two cultural regions – Polish and Anglo-American – construct a credible representation of themselves in writing. That is, it investigates the differences and similarities in the frequency of use, and the role of first person pronouns and determiners, in the corpora of 40 research articles in the area of applied linguistics – 20 written by Polish authors in English, published in Polish institutions, and 20 by native English speakers, published in Anglophone journals. Additionally, the frequency of use and the role of nominal lexical items referring to the writers, such as the author(s) and the researcher(s), are explored. The location of pronouns, determiners and the lexical items in the IMRD structure (Introduction-Method-Results-Discussion) is also researched, as certain types of pronouns and determiners were expected to occur in the given sections, depending on their functions. The results clearly show that there is a striking difference between the use of pronouns and determiners in the texts written by the two groups of writers. The findings carry important implications for formulating clearer instructions and developing appropriate writing strategies by novices writing for publication in EFL.

Linguistic Indicators of Reflective Practice Among Music Education Majors

The purpose of this study was to examine linguistic indicators of reflective practice in preservice music teachers’ written reflections following peer-teaching experiences. In an instrumental rehearsal techniques course, eight preservice music educators completed four peer-teaching episodes and submitted a written reflection after each episode. Reflections were analyzed with Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count software to examine students’ usage of pronouns (first-person singular, first-person plural, third-person singular, and third-person plural), temporal focus words (past-, present-, and future-focused words), and affect words (positive- and negative-emotion words). Results indicated significantly more first-person singular words over all other types of pronouns, fewer future-focused words than past- or present-focused words, and more positive-emotion words than negative-emotion words. These linguistic results were observed across all episodes (i.e., they did not change across time). Results are interpreted in light of previous linguistic analysis literature, and implications for music teacher educators are discussed.

Sex Differences in the Effect of Pronoun Type on Self-Construal

Sex Differences in the Effect of Pronoun Type on Self-Construal

Efl English major’ understanding of relative clauses

Relative clauses play a crucial role in improving students’ writing and speaking performances. In this study, a 20-question survey was delivered to 100 EFL seniors at a university in Vietnam to find out the extent to which they understood different types of relative clauses and different relative pronouns. Also, the frequency at which these relative clauses and pronouns were used in their written and spoken communication was investigated. The findings showed the participants’ lack of understanding of these aspects. They also preferred using restrictive relative clause over non-restrictive clause, and certain rel- ative pronouns were used significantly more frequently than the others. Recommendations for teachers to raise students’ understanding of relative clauses and relative pronouns, as well as to improve students’ performance were also made for teachers’ conventional teaching practice.

Word order in German child language and child-directed speech: A corpus analysis on the ordering of double objects in the German middlefield

We report two corpus analyses to examine the impact of animacy, definiteness, givenness and type of referring expression on the ordering of double objects in the spontaneous speech of German-speaking two- to four-year-old children and the child-directed speech of their mothers. The first corpus analysis revealed that definiteness, givenness and type of referring expression influenced word order variation in child language and child-directed speech when the type of referring expression distinguished between pronouns and lexical noun phrases. These results correspond to previous child language studies in English (e.g., de Marneffe et al. 2012). Extending the scope of previous studies, our second corpus analysis examined the role of different pronoun types on word order. It revealed that word order in child language and child-directed speech was predictable from the types of pronouns used. Different types of pronouns were associated with different sentence positions but also showed a strong correlation to givenness and definiteness. Yet, the distinction between pronoun types diminished the effects of givenness so that givenness had an independent impact on word order only in child-directed speech but not in child language. Our results support a multi-factorial approach to word order in German. Moreover, they underline the strong impact of the type of referring expression on word order and suggest that it plays a crucial role in the acquisition of the factors influencing word order variation.

Effects of grammatical roles and topicality on Vietnamese referential form production

We conducted two studies on the use of null and overt pronouns and noun phrases in Vietnamese, with a focus on referents’ grammatical roles, grammatical parallelism and topicality. Vietnamese overt pronouns differ from English-type languages as they also function as kin terms. The first study investigated narratives and finds that referential form choice is influenced by the grammatical role and grammatical position of the antecedent: When the subject of the current clause refers to the subject of the preceding clause (subject parallelism), we find a high rate of (null and overt) pronouns. Lack of parallelism triggers mostly NPs. When the object of the current clause refers to the object of the preceding clause (object parallelism), we also find more pronouns than in non-parallel cases. Interestingly, null pronouns only occur in parallel cases. Crucially, we find no clear differences in the distribution of null vs. overt pronouns, suggesting that grammatical roles and parallelism have the same effects on both pronoun types. Using passivization to manipulate topicality, Experiment 2 further investigated the null vs. overt pronoun choice and found that pronouns are strongly preferred for topicalized subjects in passives and that null pronouns exhibit a stronger sensitivity to topicality than overt pronouns. To our knowledge, these experiments are the first experimental investigation of a kin-term-based pronoun system.

PRONOMINA PERSONA DALAM ANTOLOGI CERPEN GONJONG 2: POTRET KELUARGA

The purpose of this study is (1) describes the types of pronouns, (2) describes the categorization of pronouns with nouns, and (3) describes the nature of the reconciliation of pronouns in the short story anthology Gonjong 2: Family Portrait. The data of this research are sentences in which there is pronoun. The type and method used in this research is qualitative research with descriptive method. The source of this research data is the written source of the short story anthology Gonjong 2: Family Portrait. The data in this study were collected through the following steps: (1) reading all the short stories that are the source of the data, (2) mark the sentences in which there is pronouns, and (3) records to the data inventory format. Based on data analysis found three research results. First, found three types of pronouns, that is (1) the first single pronoun me, me, my-, me, me and your second pronouns we, us, (2) second single pronouns you, you, lu, you, you and the pronouns of both plural, you and (3) single third pronouns he, he, his, her and pronomina third plural they. Second, found two types of pronoun categorization relationships with nouns, that is (1) pronoun takrif me, me, me, you, you, you, you, you, he, he, his, his, they and (2) pronoun taktakrif who, respectively, and own. Third, two pronominal reference properties are found, that is (1) intrathexual pronouns and (2) extratectual pronouns.Keywords: pronouns, defined, not defined, intratextual, extratextual

PERSONAL DEIXIS AS ADDRESSING SYSTEM TO EXPRESS SOLIDARITY AT CAMPUS COMMUNITY

This research investigates personal deixis that indicate solidarity in campus environment. Students and lecturers conversation transcription were collected and analyzed by the researcher to identify the types of personal pronoun that commonly used to pointer the participants. The result showed that there were three kinds of pronoun used commonly by the participants and those indicate close relationship among others such as first person singular, second person singular, and third person plural. The finding revealed that the second person singular of bro, sist, and jeng are common in pointing speakers’ audience. Eventhough, those become slang language in society. The implication of this research suggested for other types of pronoun to be exist in campus environment and indicate power.

<em>Sin</em>, <em>hendes</em> og KorpusDK

We will briefly present our analysis of the four reflexive/non-reflexive types of pronouns in Danish (jf. Vikner 1985 and Ehlers & Vikner 2017), which each have to comply with two conditions: One type of condition on elements with/without selv (i.e. sig/hende vs. sig selv/ hende selv), and another type of condition on elements with/without sig (i.e. sig/sig selv vs. hende/hende selv). We will then show how the difference between the reflexive possessive and the non-reflexive possessives (sin vs. hendes) fits into this system, and we will examine how compatible our predictions are with data from the Danish national corpus, KorpusDK. We assume that sin corresponds to both sig and sig selv, and we argue against the view that there is a difference between sin and sin egen which corresponds to the difference between sig and sig selv. Finally we will discuss the language change that seems to be taking place at the moment, from a situation where sin may only have a singular antecedent to the new situation where sin may also have a plural antecedent.

Pronoun Interpretation in the Second Language: Effects of Computational Complexity.

Children acquiring their native language (L1) have been reported to have greater difficulty in interpreting pronouns than reflexives. In addition, they are less accurate when pronouns refer to referential antecedents than to quantified antecedents, and when they hear full pronouns as opposed to reduced pronouns. We hypothesize that similar difficulties of interpretation will occur for (non-advanced) second language (L2) learners, due to an elevated computational burden, as argued for L1 acquisition by Reinhart (2006, 2011). We report on an experiment with adult learners of English (L1s French and Spanish), using a truth-value judgment task. Participants interpreted reduced and full pronouns bound by referential and quantified antecedents in aurally presented test sentences. The learners’ performance is affected by type of pronoun and antecedent. When a referential antecedent is combined with a full pronoun, learners’ accuracy is significantly lower. These results are in line with Reinhart’s analysis of reference set computation in processing pronouns.

The Stylistics of Pronouns in Ibrahim Naji's Collection of Poems "Behind the Clouds"

This work consists of an introduction and two parts. In the introduction, I have dealt with the research aims and goals, and the research methodology. Part one of this work deals with the relationship between stylistics and the language of poetry through the investigation of four problems: the notion of stylistics, the criteria of observing stylistic features, the relationship between stylistics and literary criticism, and the syntactic level in stylistics. Part two represents the practical aspect of the research through the study of the speaking side in the construction of the poem in Ibrahim Naji's collection of poems "Behind the Clouds". I have distinguished between three types of poems: the poem of the speaker, the poem of the addressee, and the poem of the absent, However, the focus has been on the contribution of the occurrence of a particular type of pronoun in the semantic construction of the poem. The conclusion highlights the most significant results of the present research.

CONSERVATION LAW IN RELATIVE CLAUSES

The purpose of this present paper is to present a cognitive framework, coined as “Conservation Law,” which may shed new light on insightful understanding of the structures of sentences involving relative pronouns. Given that there are roughly four types of relative pronouns; namely, general, compound, relative adverbial, and quasi-relative, a conservation law in both structures and semantics exists. We start by combining two simple sentences into a resulting sentence with relative pronouns, and, through careful observation and calculation, we found the equivalence in word counts between original and resulting sentences. The conservation law mainly refers to the structure equivalence on either words or meanings among these four types of relative pronouns, or relative clauses. With the help of conservation law, the understanding of relative clauses can be much easier, because they are, among others, the most difficult and complex structures in English syntax, especially for EFL learners. Hopefully, this cognitive framework may be of great contribution to EFL English instruction. Article visualizations:

Revisiting Pronominal Typology

The overarching goal of this article is to shed new light on the debate over whether pronouns ( she/ he/ it) generally have the syntax and semantics of definite descriptions ( the woman/ the man/ the thing) or that of individual variables. As a case study, we investigate the differences between personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns in German. We argue that the two types of pronouns have the same core makeup (both contain a null NP and a definite determiner), but demonstrative pronouns have additional functional structure that personal pronouns lack. This analysis is shown to derive both their commonalities and their differences, and it derives the distribution of demonstrative vs. personal pronouns by means of structural economy constraints.

Grammatical and lexical pronoun dissociation in French speakers with agrammatic aphasia: A usage-based account and REF-based hypothesis

Abstract Background Pronouns have been shown to be impaired in agrammatic production but not all types of pronouns are equally affected. For instance, clitic pronouns are more impaired than non-clitic ones. A usage-based theory of grammatical status suggests a reclassification of pronouns into grammatical and lexical and predicts that grammatical pronouns are more impaired in agrammatic production. Besides, the reorganization of elementary functions (REF) model, which describes the underlying neurocognitive processes of post-injury recovery, explores the variability across individuals with agrammatism. Aims The current study hypothesizes that those pronouns that by the usage-based theory of grammatical status are grammatical are more affected than the lexical ones in agrammatic speech. In addition to this, the REF-model predicts that individuals with agrammatism will either build up unique strategies to cope with the deficit or they will rely more on fixed expressions. Method & Procedures : Spontaneous speech data collected from six French speaking individuals with agrammatism and nine non-injured controls in three different contexts (autobiography, narrative speech and descriptive speech) was used to test the hypothesis. We categorized 137 French pronouns into lexical and grammatical and calculated a grammatical pronoun index (GPI) for the groups and the individual speakers with agrammatism. We also conducted a qualitative analysis to look for adaptive strategies. Results Four individuals with agrammatism out of six produced significantly fewer grammatical pronouns than the non-injured group in the autobiography task. The two individuals with agrammatism who did not significantly differ from the control group were more fluent than the other four. The exclusion of pronouns containing fixed expressions did not result in drastic changes. The pronoun-verb analysis showed that there is no consistent connection between subject pronoun production and verb finiteness. Conclusions Grammatical pronoun production is indeed more severely impaired in agrammatic production. Moreover, the impairment pattern varies across individuals with agrammatism. Variability is observed both across participants with agrammatism and across tasks, which may indicate the use of unique adaptive strategies, as predicted by the REF-model.

The emergence of the pronouns Dutch er and French en in child L1 and the role of complexity

The purpose of this research is to explore the emergence of several types of ER pronouns (Dutch) and EN pronouns (French) in L1 acquisition from both a language-internal and cross-linguistic perspective, and to identify the role of syntactic complexity (based on Jakubowicz' Derivational Complexity Metric) in this acquisition process. The analysis of spontaneous speech data reveals substantial temporal differences in the emergences of pronominal constructions, both language-internally and cross-linguistically. This study shows that the emergence patterns can be properly accounted for by applying the Derivational Complexity Metric to the spontaneous child data we collected.