Types Of Pronouns Research Articles

Complements and modifiers: Implications for typologies of pronouns

This paper argues for a distinction between two categorially distinct types of personal pronouns in natural language. It demonstrates that overt nominal content surfaces as (i) a complement or (ii) a modifier of a personal pronoun. The distinction in the way nominal content merges is reflected in two types of pronouns. Pronouns taking nominal complements are full-fledged determiners, while pronouns surfacing with nominal modifiers are pronouns proper, i.e., pronominal forms that do not exhibit the determiner syntax. Four novel diagnostics underlying the complement/modifier distinction are introduced: (i) binding, (ii) genericity requirement, (iii) availability of pro-drop, and (iv) size of the pronoun. The paper contributes to a longstanding debate on the representation of nominal content in pronouns and a close connection between pronominal forms and determiners.

In help-seekers' shoes: First-person pronouns entitled charitable fundraising campaigns and individual donating behavior in China

Both first-person and third-person pronouns are widely used in charitable fundraising campaigns, but which type of pronouns is more effective in soliciting donations is still to be explored. In this study, we conduct a field study and five experiment studies to examine the effect of personal pronouns (first-person vs. third-person) entitled charitable fundraising campaigns on viewers' donations and its underlying mechanisms. We find robust results to show that, compared to third-person pronouns, adopting first-person pronouns (both singular and plural) in the title of charitable fundraising campaigns significantly increases viewers' donating willingness and behavior. Viewers' perceived self-other overlap acts as an important mediating mechanism: using first-person pronouns in the title of charitable fundraising campaigns first increases viewers' sense of self-other overlap, which in turn promotes their donating behavior. In addition, viewers' thinking style seems to bend the relationships between the use of first-person pronouns and both perceived self-other overlap and donating behavior in such way that individuals with emotional-thinking style (vs. rational-thinking style) experience stronger self-other overlap and demonstrate higher level of donating willingness when a charitable campaign is named in first-person pronouns other than in third-person pronouns. These findings contribute to the literature on charity marketing, personal pronouns and metaphor representation, and have substantial practical implications.

People’s beliefs about pronouns reflect both the language they speak and their ideologies.

People’s beliefs about pronouns reflect both the language they speak and their ideologies.

Gender Competition in the Production of Nonbinary ‘They’

Two experiments test how college students use nonbinary they to refer to a single and specific person whose pronouns are they/them, e.g., “Alex played basketball on the neighborhood court. At one point they made a basket,” compared to matched stories about characters with binary (she/her or he/him) pronouns. Experiment 1 shows that for both types of pronouns, people use pronouns more in a one-person than a two-person context. In both experiments, people produce nonbinary they at least as frequently as binary pronouns, suggesting that any difficulty does not result in pronoun avoidance in spoken language, even though it does in written language (Arnold et al., 2022). Nevertheless, there is evidence that nonbinary they is somewhat difficult, in that people made gender errors on about 9% of trials, and they used a more acoustically prominent and disfluent-sounding pronunciation for nonbinary pronouns than binary pronouns. However, exposure  to  they  in  the  context  of  the  experiment  had  no  effect  on  frequency,  accuracy,  or  pronunciation of pronouns. This provides the first evidence of how nonbinary they is used in a naturalistic storytelling context and shows that while it poses some minor difficulties, it can be used successfully in a supportive context. 

Употребата на възвратните притежателни местоимения свой, си в устната форма на българския книжовен език

Current normative problems related to the use of the reflexive possessive pronouns svoy, si in the oral form of the Bulgarian literary language are considered. Attention is drawn to non-trivial cases of the use of reflexive possessives instead of possessive pro-nouns. Attention is paid to the competition between the two types of pronouns in certain types of syntactic constructions and the reasons for errors and hesitations are analyzed. Cases that present more complex semantic relations, encoded in the sentence as a linguistic unit, at the level of which the rule for the use of the reflexive possessive pronoun is manifested: sentences with an extended noun phrase, with nominalization by means of a verbal noun, impersonal sentences are examined and typologized.

Не какъв да е мелодичен контур: влияние на прозодията върху семантиката на неопределителните местоимения от типа който и да е

This study aims to address a debated question concerning the influence of emphatic stress on the semantics of koyto i da e indefinite pronouns (IPs). The meaning of this class of IPs is often analyzed in comparison to the meaning of the class of koy da e IPs. In contrastive context koyto i da e forms imply absolute randomness in the selection of an element from a given set, while koy da e forms imply selection from a subset of elements of low and medium value. It is assumed that such a contrast is created in negative sentences. Some authors argue that in this type of context IPs from both classes are not interchangeable, while others suggest that placing emphatic stress on koyto i da e aligns its semantics with koy da e. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a survey in which respondents were asked to determine the semantics of nine structurally identical sentences containing koyto i da e indefinite pronouns, differing only in their prosodic contour (emphatic or non-emphatic). The article begins with a review of approaches to modeling the semantics of both types of indefinite pronouns and the role of negation and emphasis. Attention is given to the difference in expressive strength between written and spoken language and its impact. Subsequently, we present the survey, along with the obtained results and their interpretation.

From Coherence Relations to the Grammar of Pronouns and Tense

Stojnić (2021) argues that the content of linguistic utterances is determined by the rules of natural language grammar more stringently than what is generally assumed. She proposes specifically that coherence relations are encoded by the linguistic structures and determine what individuals count as most prominent, thereby serving as the referents of free (“demonstrative”) pronouns. In this paper, I take a close look at the empirical evidence from English and Serbian that she offers in support of this position. Considering these data points in connection with additional linguistic data (also from German and Japanese), I argue that there is no compelling evidence for the assumption that coherence relations directly determine the resolution of pronouns. Instead, grammatical restrictions imposed by different types of pronouns and tenses have a larger impact on the meaning conventionally expressed by complex utterances than what is generally assumed in the literature on coherence relations.

Humanness, pronoun types, and orphan prepositions in French

Abstract This paper is about the distribution of null and strong pronouns in French prepositional phrases in relation to the humanness of the preposition’s complement. The existing literature suggests that the mapping between pronoun type and humanness is characterized by soft complementarity, linking human complements to strong pronouns, and non-human complements to null pronouns. In the empirical coverage of the phenomenon experimental studies are still underrepresented: so far, no data on pronoun choice is available, and regarding interpretation data, the only existing study does not include null pronouns. Two experiments were conducted with the goal to fill this research gap. The results show that soft complementarity only applies to pronoun choice: human complements are typically referred to by strong pronouns, and non-human complements by null pronouns. As related to interpretation, however, both strong and null pronouns are preferably interpreted as human. We account for this asymmetry based on the general preference of pronouns to be interpreted as human unless prevented by strong constraints (as in the case of Engl. it).

Специфика описания местоимений в испанских грамматиках Золотого века: традиция и инновации

The study is aimed at identifying those aspects of the grammatical tradition of the pronoun class in the Spanish tradition of the Golden Age that tended either to preserve the postulates of the canon or to introduce innovations into it. The study is novel in that it is the first to reveal the solutions related to the changes made in the canon as exemplified by the pronoun class in early Spanish grammars. Such issues as the place of this class of words in the system of parts of speech, its status and boundaries, the criteria for singling out pronouns, their types, the nomenclature of their accidents, as well as the peculiarities of exemplification reflected in the description of different pronoun types are under consideration. As a result of the study, it has been found that the canonical representation of pronouns as “substitutes for names” has received different interpretations concerning the possibility of “substituting” different classes of names. It is shown that the question of external and internal boundaries of the pronoun class is one of the most debatable within the Golden Age tradition. The divergences in the nomenclature and in the character of presenting the accidents of this part of speech as well as the differences concerning the principles of exemplification of different pronoun types are revealed.

Pronoun use in preclinical and early stages of Alzheimer's dementia

The present study aims at improving the predictive power of the use of pronouns in computational modeling of the risk of Alzheimer's dementia (AD) by (i) further determining the onset of increased pronoun use in AD and (ii) providing insights into the linguistic contexts affected by the increase early on. Pronoun use was compared longitudinally between subjects who either stayed cognitively intact (CTR-group, n = 5) or who had developed AD upon follow-up after 10–12 years (AD-group, n = 5). Data were taken from semi-structured biographical interviews, which stem from the Interdisciplinary Longitudinal Study on Adult Development and Aging (ILSE). The first interview (baseline) was conducted when all participants were still cognitively healthy. Analyses concerned the proportional distribution of 12 pronoun types and linguistic contexts of increased use. Already at baseline, the AD-group produced a significantly higher proportion of D-pronouns (der, die, das, etc.) than the CTR-group. The increase in D-pronouns did not affect linguistic contexts favoring the use of personal pronouns. Instead, we found a significantly higher proportion of D-pronouns referring to family members and a significantly higher proportion of personal pronouns referring to non-family humans in the AD-group than in the CTR-group. Our results suggest that the predictive power of the use of pronouns can be significantly improved in computational modeling of the risk of AD by assessing language material that induces the use of pronouns in linguistic contexts affected by the increase.

Pinning down the interaction between animacy and syntactic function in the interpretation of German and Italian personal and demonstrative pronouns

ABSTRACT This article investigates how animacy in interaction with the syntactic function of a referent’s antecedent determines the interpretation of different types of pronouns and demonstratives in German and Italian. The results of a sentence continuation task conducted in both languages show that Italian null pronouns and German p-pronouns have a strong tendency to refer to a preceding subject, but only if its referent is animate. With inanimate subjects, both forms tend to refer to the animate referent in object position, showing that animacy enhances a referent’s accessibility more than the syntactic function of its previous mention. Demonstratives in German and Italian generally tend to refer to object antecedents, a tendency that is also influenced by the animacy of the referent, especially in German. The cross-linguistic comparison reveals that the effect of animacy is overall stronger in German than in Italian, suggesting that across languages, different forms may show a different sensitivity to syntactic function and animacy.

Effect of evaluative expressions on two types of demonstrative pronouns in German

We propose a unified prominence-based account of the two paradigms of demonstrative pronouns in German: the die- and diese-paradigm. The two types of demonstrative pronouns have been shown to have similar referential preferences — avoiding the most prominent referent — but different language register and modality preferences — diese pronouns prefer formal language whereas die pronouns prefer informal language and the spoken modality. They also reveal different strengths in terms of referential shift and last-mentioned antecedent preference. We propose that the perspectival prominence-based account initially proposed by Hinterwimmer & Bosch (2016; 2017) for die pronouns can be extended to incorporate both demonstrative pronouns. Our extended proposal suggests that the perspectivally prominent discourse referent is the highest ranked element on the prominence scale only for die pronouns but not for diese pronouns, and that perspectival prominence can be modulated by evaluative expressions. For diese pronouns, on the other hand, the aboutness topic is the highest ranked discourse referent on the prominence scale and they are not influenced by evaluative expressions. We report two experiments to test our account. The experimental results largely support the predictions of the new unified account. 

The Power of "We": Using Inclusive Pronouns in Norm-Based Messages to Promote PrEP-Related Information Seeking Among Men Who Have Sex With Men.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective medicine preventing HIV transmission. This study designs and tests normative messages that promote PrEP-related information seeking among men who have sex with men (MSM) (n = 410). Two factors were manipulated in normative messaging: type of norm (descriptive ["people do"] vs. injunctive ["people should"]) and type of pronoun (individual "you" vs. collective "we"). The results favored the use of descriptive normative appeal and collective pronouns in normative message design. For health campaigns that target MSM's PrEP-related behaviors, this study suggests that descriptive norms may increase behavioral changes whereas injunctive norms may appear intrusive and backfire. At the same time, using inclusive agency assignment (e.g., pronouns) may encourage HIV prevention through provoking solidarity considerations.

Learning the statistics of pronoun reference: By word or by category?

Evidence shows that readers tend to follow recently-encountered patterns for interpreting ambiguous pronouns. If recent exposure includes frequent pronouns with prepositional object antecedents (e.g., “Matt went to the library with Ana. She took out a book”), people adapt and are more likely to assign ambiguous pronouns to prepositional antecedents than if they were exposed to pronouns with subject antecedents (Johnson & Arnold, 2022). However, it is unclear how people categorize different referential structures and how broadly they make generalizations. Johnson and Arnold (2022) found that people can learn a referential relationship specific to third-person pronouns and an antecedent's syntactic or thematic properties. The current study uses this paradigm to test how broadly people generalize categories of different types of pronouns and antecedents. Do people adapt to the behavior of categorizing “he” and “she” as individual words, or as a general class? (Experiment 1). Do people learn about likely antecedents for pronouns separately for different verb constructions (transfer vs. joint-action) and thematic roles, or broadly by grammatical function? (Experiments 2 & 3). Participants were repeatedly exposed to a referential structure of a particular type of pronouns or antecedents, and then were tested on ambiguous pronouns. All experiments showed that pronoun adaptation generalizes to new instances from the broad categorization of pronouns and antecedents.

Reconstruction and A'-Movement in Relative Clauses and Wh-Interrogatives in Standard Arabic

Objectives: This study investigates reconstruction in wh-interrogative and relative clause dependencies in Standard Arabic (SA).
 Methods: Two experiments were conducted to assess the acceptability of reconstructed interpretations with respect to three variables: type of islands, dependency-resolving strategy, and binding principles. The experiments were conducted on sixty individuals who willingly volunteered to take part in the study, with the stipulation that their identities would be kept confidential. All participants were experts in Standard Arabic syntax and semantics, holding Ph.D. degrees from Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt.
 Results: The results indicate that the presence and type of islands, as well as the type of binding principles, play a significant role in the availability of reconstruction in SA. However, the presence or type of resumptive pronouns has no effect.
 Conclusions: These findings hold true for both wh-interrogative and relative clause dependencies. Therefore, the main theoretical implication of this study is that relative clauses in SA are CPs derived via A'-movement.

Analysis of Pronoun in “Cinderella” Story by Disney

This research aims to analyze pronouns used in a story with title “Cinderella” by Disney. Researchers chose descriptive qualitative method to analyze the data in order to show pronouns that appeared in the story of Cinderella. There were several steps that researchers conducted to collect data, including read the story, then identified the pronouns, and finally analyzed each pronoun from the story descriptively. This research found that there were 15 pronouns used in the story of Cinderella with six types of pronoun. These pronouns include 5 personal pronouns as subject (They, She, It, He, and I), 2 personal pronouns as object (her and them), 3 possessive adjectives (her, his, and their), 2 relative pronouns (whose and who), 2 demonstrative pronouns (this and that), and 1 indefinite pronoun (everyone). In addition, the pronoun that appeared the most was “her” as much as 22.92%, and conversely, pronoun that appeared the least were “their, this, whose, I, everyone, and who”, which each of them only appeared 1 time in the story (2.08% for each pronoun).

现代汉语与印尼语人称代词对比研究

摘要 本文研究的对象是现汉印尼语的人称代词的三类，包括第一人称代词、第二人称代词和第三人称代词。本文对现汉印尼语人称代词的研究方法运用语言对比分析理论、语义和语用分析理论来进行分析。本文对比研究的结果指出不仅从词语方面也从使用功能方面现代汉语和印尼语人称代词都有异同点。现汉印尼语人称代词的相同点：有排除式和包括式，有人称代词单复数转换形式，没有男女性别的区别，有敬称式。而现汉印尼语人称代词的不同点：复数形式，感情色彩，语法上功能，定语语序。 关键词: 现代汉语、印尼语、人称代词、对比分析. ABSTRACT The object of this paper is the three types of personal pronouns in modern Chinese Indonesian, including first-person pronouns, second-person pronouns and third-person pronouns. This paper analyzes the research methods of personal pronouns in Chinese and Indonesian by using the theory of linguistic contrastive analysis, semantic and pragmatic analysis. The results of the comparative study in this paper point out that there are similarities and differences between modern Chinese and Indonesian personal pronouns not only in terms of words but also in terms of usage functions. The similarities between Chinese and Indonesian personal pronouns: there are exclusionary and inclusive forms, personal pronouns can be converted into plural and singular, there is no distinction between male and female, and there are respectful forms. However, the differences between personal pronouns in Chinese and Indonesian languages are: plural form, emotional color, grammatical function, attributive word order. Key words: modern Chinese, Indonesian language, Personal pronouns, Contrastive analysis

Students’ Ability in Identifying Referential Relation in Reading Text

The purpose of this study is to describe students' ability to identify referential relationships in reading text.This research is quantitative research in percentage form. This research is conducted at SMP Negeri 1 Ratahan. The sample for this research is the third grade students of SMP Negeri 1 Ratahan, which consists of 32 students. The information is gathered using a multiple-choice objective-type test. The findings of this study indicate that the students involved in this study are very good at identifying referential relationships of personal type. This is very good in terms of the students' ability to identify referential relations of the personal pronoun type. Students perform poorly when it comes to identifying referential relations of the substitutional type. Students perform poorly when it comes to identifying elliptic type relations.

Pronomina Bahasa Minangkabau dalam Interaksi Jual Beli di Pasar Ibuh Kota Payakumbuh

This research was conducted to describe (1) the types of pronouns, and (2) the categorization of pronouns used by the community in buying and selling interactions at Ibuh Market, Payakumbuh City. This type of research is qualitative research using descriptive methods. The subject of this study is a word that is a pronoun in the interaction of buying and selling at the Ibuh market in Payakumbuh City. The following steps were used to analyze the data collected in this study:(1) transcribing existing data from various sources into written language, namely field observation data, (2) classifying forms of swearing based on function and type, (3) analyzing data according to research objectives, and (4) formulating research findings. Based on data analysis, there are three research findings. First, based on the results of this study, a total of 58 data were found that were pronouns in the interaction of buying and selling at the Ibuh market in Payakumbuh City, with the following details. Second, two types of Minangkabau language pronouns were found in buying and selling interactions at the Ibuh market in Payakumbuh City: (1) inactive pronouns, which consist of first personal pronouns such as crew, ambo, denai.... etc., second charm pronouns such as Ibuk, Apak, Uni, Uda.. etc., and third charm pronouns such as liau, nyo, and (2) inactive pronouns, consisting of si au, sia, surang-surang. Third, two categories of Minangkabau language pronouns were found in buying and selling interactions at the Ibuh market in Payakumbuh City: (1) intratextual pronouns, which consist of anaphoric (the antecedent positioned before the pronoun) and cataphoric in nature, namely the antecedent positioned after the pronoun; and (2) extratextual pronouns, which are antecedents outside the text.

PRONOUNS ARE THE MOST ORIGINAL WORDS IN THE LANGUAGE

Pronouns are closely related to demonstrative pronouns. It is recognized that the root of interrogative pronouns are indicative particles, which have the meaning of adverb, particle, and pronoun, and especially, indicative pronouns - personal. English pronouns can be counted among other types of pronouns of this language, because when they are used in a sentence, they have not only a question meaning, but also a different lexical and syntactic meaning. In this article researcher has considered about the process of borrowings in parts of speech and he also mentioned that, during long history pronouns did not borrow from a language to another language.