Types Of Presupposition Research Articles

Textual Presupposition: An Intertextual Account

Whereas there has been ample research on presupposition, and different taxonomies have been put forward on the various types of presupposition, presupposition triggers, on the difference between entailment and presupposition, and on the dichotomy semantic presupposition/pragmatic presupposition, the interrelationship between presupposition and intertextuality has not received due attention. In some philosophical and linguistic accounts, the presupposition is preserved as a meaning-based notion and thereby accounted for in non -intertextual way where only propositions that are accepted and taken for granted by speaker/ writer count. The present study argues for an intertextual account of presupposition, where the proposition is not the property of the speaker/writer per se; rather, the presupposed proposition is interpreted in terms of intertextual relations with previous texts. The aim of the present article was to find; changed to, what kind of knowledge text producers expect their audience to have to be able to process new texts; what kind of knowledge text producers presuppose in the creation of new texts; the conceptual status of presupposition when new information is conveyed; and how presuppositions obtain in the case of intertextuality. This has been accomplished by drawing on both notions: Presupposition and intertextuality to argue whereas the two notions have been kept separate in non-intertextual accounts on presupposed propositions, both notions work on the same level of drawing on the text, and therefore to argue for coining a new term textual presupposition.

An Analysis Of Presupposition Found In The Guardian News: Pragmatical Approach

This paper is qualitative descriptive research which investigates types of presupposition and the mostly used type of presupposition. The data source in this study is utterance in Guardian news. The method of collecting is by observation. The methods of analyzing data are by agih and padan method from Sudaryanto. Author uses theory of Yule which divides presupposition into 6 types these are existential presupposition, factive presupposition, lexical presupposition, structural presupposition, non-factive presupposition, and counterfactual presupposition. The researcher has 20 data here. There are 3 types of presupposition found in the Guardian news. The most used type used is existential presupposition.

PRESUPPOSITION AS A TYPE OF IMPLICIT MEANING CODIFIED IN LINGUISTIC UNITS

The present paper deals with one of the types of implicit meaning, the presupposition, one of the peculiarities of which is the property of implicating out of dialogue. It’s general and background knowledge which the speakers have or can imply about each other, other people and the environment. As an unintentional implicit meaning, presupposition helps us to avoid voicing unnecessary details. In case of intentional implicit meaning, presupposition is a means of emphasizing not explicit but important information. It depends on verbal intentions of a speaker to qualify presupposition as intentionally or unintentionally expressed implicitness. The paper also touches upon the types of presupposition.

PRAANGGAPAN DAN FUNGSI BAHASA PADA TUTURAN TOKOH DALAM FILM DZEEB KARYA NAJI ABU NOWAR

This study aims to determine the types of presuppositions and what language functions contained in the speech of characters in the film Dzeeb. Researchers used a descriptive analysis method using the method of referencing which has the basis of tapping techniques. Based on the results of research on the first Dzeeb film, the utterances of the characters have four presuppositions, namely existential, lexical, factive, and non-active presuppositions. Existential presuppositions become findings that dominate the utterances of the characters in the film. Counterfactual presuppositions and structural presuppositions are not found in the speech of the characters in the Dzeeb film. The second is the function of language in speech utterances there are language functions including fatigue, directive, metalinguistic, and imaginative, referential functions. The directive language function is the finding that dominates the utterances of the characters in the Dzeeb film.

The Use of Presuppositions in the Short Story of Zilkê Şixatê (Matchstick)

This study explores the use of presuppositions in the Kurdish short story, Zilkê Şixatê (The Matchstick), which is written in Northern Kurmanji dialect (hence, NK) by Isma’il Hajani. It attempts to determine which type of presupposition is the most recurring one in the short story and why it is so. The data in this study are analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. Yule’s (2006) classification which divides presupposition into six types has been employed: existential, factive, non-factive, lexical, structural, and counterfactual. The data of the research are sentences which contain presupposition triggers (i.e. linguistic forms to mark presuppositions). Applying the formula presented by Oktoma and Mardiyono (2013: 79), the results obtained throughout this paper show that different types of presuppositions have different percentages from the total number of presuppositions. They are (94) in number. It is noted that the most dominant type of presupposition used in the short story is the existential presupposition, manifesting definite descriptions of facts about real life, while the structural presuppositions have the lowest percentage. This shows that much of the story text is written to definitely describe the main theme, the characters and the events as they are. Finally, this study is particularly important because no other such studies have been conducted on the use of presuppositions in any literary work in NK. Therefore, this study occupies a crucial place in the research literature into pragmatic aspects of NK.

Praanggapan dalam Tuturan Dialog Bahasa Persidangan di Pengadilan Negeri Kelas 1A Pekanbaru

Interpersonal verbal communication will run fluently, if there is a continuity of the propositions spoken. Well-connection is a manifestation of the understanding between speaker and listener; understanding of information from utterances. This study examined the types of presupposition that appear in the speech of prosecutor with a witness in the Domestic Court of IA class, Pekanbaru. The classification of types of presupposition refers Yule’s theory in 1996. This research was descriptive study. To answer the research questions, data was collected through all the speeches of the prosecutor and witnesses during submission of witnesses in criminal case session in the Domestic Court of IA class, Pekanbaru. The results showed that there are four types of presupposition found from prosecutors’ speeches regard to Yule’s theory. Further, two types of presupposition that do not appear in the prosecutors’ speeches. These two presuppositions are caused by all the prosecutors’ speeches are based on factual information. The most frequencies of the presupposition are structural presupposition and the rare frequencies are factual presupposition. Structural presupposition is dominant because almost of prosecutors’ speeches contain of interrogative utterances mode.

Nested presuppositions: A manipulative type of informative presupposition

This paper introduces the new pragmatic concept of Nested Presuppositions (NestPs) and develops a relevance- theoretic account that explains its cognitive dynamics and manipulative mechanisms. The first section lays necessary theoretical foundations, by defining pragmatic presupposition, compiling a taxonomy of the types of presupposition and their triggers, identifying and critiquing research gaps in eight of the most relevant studies and drawing the conclusion that none of the existing definitions or accounts of pragmatic presupposition can adequately capture the manipulative characteristics and mechanisms of the instances of informative presupposition at issue. In section two, I shall introduce the concept of NestPs as the filler of those gaps, grounding it in Textual Rhetoric and Relevance Theory and highlighting its defining characteristic of information structures, i.e. how the message is segmented and its degrees of prominence and suppression are assigned in order to achieve strategic goals. I further problematize the relationship between NestPs, on the one hand, and informativeness and manipulation, on the other, in light of Gricean and Relevance-Theoretic linguistics, establishing that NestPs are inherently manipulative. I finally expound the manipulative dynamics of NestPs, in terms of the information processing mechanisms they employ, by capitalizing on the concepts of Ostensive Stimulus, Cognitive Principle of Relevance, Principle of Optimal Relevance and Comprehension Procedure, and suggesting the two new mechanisms of Cognitive Underpassing and Structure-Content Cognitive Conflict.

Gossiping in Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter (1850)

This study deals with gossiping as a complex speech act carried out through multiple participants. It can include many speech acts and can fit into various speech act categories. Thus, this study aims at (1) investigating the most common speech acts used – in order to issue gossiping, (2) figuring out the most common types of presupposition of gossiping, and (3) identifying the functions of gossiping. To achieve these aims, it is hypothesized that: (1) stating and telling are the most common speech acts used in issuing gossiping, (2) factive presupposition is the most common type used in issuing gossiping, and (3) information, intimacy, and entertainment are the functions of gossiping. Then, to achieve the aims of the study and test its hypotheses, the following procedures are adopted: (1) presenting a theoretical background of gossiping, and (2) analyzing the data of the study according to a model developed by the study. The findings of such analysis come up with employing different kinds of speech acts in triggering the gossip, on the part of the gossiper, such as: telling (0.4%), stating (0.4%), and criticizing (0.2%). As for presupposition, it is the only strategy that is employed by the gossipers to trigger gossip in all of the ten excerpts. Depending on the analysis of the data of the study, the following conclusions are introduced: (1) Gossiping is an activity that is concerned with the affairs of a third party. (2) The speech acts of telling, stating, and criticizing are employed to trigger gossip. (3) Telling and stating, as pragmatic strategies, are connected with serving the function of conveying information.

Presupposition Role in the Compound-Complex Sentence

The article analyzes the role of presupposition in the compound-complex sentence. The authors examine the types of presuppositions and minimal compound-complex sentence as a field of presuppositions action. The analysis of these types of sentences by the material of the English language shows that several kinds of presuppositions are realized in them – contact or distant, - developing in the retrospective and prospective plans. The whole complex of presuppositions performs a text-forming function.

The problem of Presupposition in George Orwell’s Novella Animal Farm

This research attempts to investigate the pragmatics presupposition in George Orwell’s Novella Animal Farm. Specifically, it tries to identify and classify the presupposition used in conversation in Orwell’s novella. The identification is based on the presupposition triggers and classification based on six type of presupposition. The research also attempts to analyze the function in the use of presupposition in conversation. The data in this research are in form of utterances containing presupposition. Based on the classification of six presupposition types according to Yule's theory (1996), 180 presuppositions are found: 69 (38,3%) existential triggered by definite description and possessive construction, 35 (19,4%) lexical triggered by change of state verb; implicative predicate; iterative, 53 (29,4%) structural triggered by WH-question, 4 (2,2%) factive triggered by factive verb/predicate aware glad and 19 (10,6%) non-factive triggered by the verb dream imagine. Based on the six language function by Jakobson (1960), there are 5 functions of presupposition in the novella which are, 57 (47, 9%) referential, 33(27,7%) emotive, 25(21,1%) conative, 3(2,5%) poetic and 1 (0,8%) phatic. In this research, the practice of referential function in applying presupposition is considered as the most frequent.Keywords: Presupposition, presupposition triggers, Novella, George Orwell

Gossiping in Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter (1850)

This study deals with gossiping as a complex speech act carried out through multiple participants. It can include many speech acts and can fit into various speech act categories. Thus, this study aims at (1) investigating the most common speech acts used – in order to issue gossiping, (2) figuring out the most common types of presupposition of gossiping, and (3) identifying the functions of gossiping. To achieve these aims, it is hypothesized that: (1) stating and telling are the most common speech acts used in issuing gossiping, (2) factive presupposition is the most common type used in issuing gossiping, and (3) information, intimacy, and entertainment are the functions of gossiping. Then, to achieve the aims of the study and test its hypotheses, the following procedures are adopted: (1) presenting a theoretical background of gossiping, and (2) analyzing the data of the study according to a model developed by the study. The findings of such analysis come up with employing different kinds of speech acts in triggering the gossip, on the part of the gossiper, such as: telling (0.4%), stating (0.4%), and criticizing (0.2%). As for presupposition, it is the only strategy that is employed by the gossipers to trigger gossip in all of the ten excerpts. Depending on the analysis of the data of the study, the following conclusions are introduced: (1) Gossiping is an activity that is concerned with the affairs of a third party. (2) The speech acts of telling, stating, and criticizing are employed to trigger gossip. (3) Telling and stating, as pragmatic strategies, are connected with serving the function of conveying information.

O uso argumentativo da pressuposição linguística em textos jornalísticos: um estudo sobre editoriais

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma análise do uso argumentativo da pressuposição em dois editoriais jornalísticos da Folha de S. Paulo online, buscando associar o uso desse tipo de implícito às suas contribuições para a construção de sentido do texto e da argumentação. A pressuposição é considerada aqui como um tipo de implícito com expressivo papel discursivo-argumentativo, e como um fenômeno cujo conhecimento é de extrema importância para o domínio da capacidade de compreensão dos possíveis sentidos de um discurso. A escolha do gênero textual editorial possibilitou mostrar o funcionamento da pressuposição em situações reais de uso e estabelecer comparações entre o que é colocado pelos teóricos da área e exemplos reais. A partir de nossas análises e reflexões, percebemos, especificamente nos editoriais, um grande número de ocorrências do fenômeno estudado, em relação aos demais tipos de acionadores de pressupostos, que pouco ocorrem. A ponderação que fazemos sobre esse uso é que, a fim de ampliar os recursos argumentativos e fortalecer os existentes, os autores lançam mão dos pressupostos.

Presupposisi Tokoh Beik Dalam Novel Himar Hakim

Abstract: Novel Himar Hakim by Taufiq Hakim tells about the friendship that exists between a writer named Beik with a pet donkey, which sometimes Beik equates his habit with the donkey. The novel is very philosophical and full of psychic experiences from the main characters described. The main character of the novel is the Taufiq Hakim, in terms of the background in Egypt, and the professor, a writer who in the novel is portrayed by a film dialog writer. The form of the conversation in the novel Himar Hakim by Taufik Hakim is inseparable from the act of speech or the intent to be conveyed by the author to the reader. In Himar Hakim's novel, there are speeches of Beik figures with various forms and objectives of the act of speech and the type of preoccupation. The problems discussed in this research are: how the act of indirect illustration of Beik in the novel of Judge Himar Hakim by Taufik Hakim, and how the presupposition of Beik speech acts in the novel Himar Hakim by Taufik Hakim. The purpose of this research is to know the act of indirect illusions of Beik in the novel of Himar Hakim by Taufik Hakim, and to know the type of presupposition of Beik's speech acts in the novel Himar Hakim by Taufik Hakim. To achieve these objectives, this research uses descriptive analytic method. Then in the data collection techniques using the method refer, then the data were analyzed by using the method of extralingual padan and grouping Beik's speech by using pragmatic approach of speech acting theory and pre-response. Based on the analysis of the novel Himar Hakim by Taufik Hakim, it can be concluded that in the novel there are speeches that contain representative, directive, expressive, commodative and declarative illustrations, with various purposes, including: affirming, stating, asking , ordering, suggesting, commanding, blaming, denouncing, apologizing, insinuating, complaining, refusing, declaring ability, swearing, offering, promising, expecting, praying, and decisive. Expressive speech acts with the purpose of mocking into the findings that dominate Beik's speech. The types of presuppositions contained in the speech are such as existential prejudice, factual presupposition, lexical presuppositions, non-factual presuppositions, structural presuppositions and counterfactual presuppositions. Factual acceptability became the findings that dominated Beik's speech.

PRESUPPOSITION STRATEGIES IN DATA INTERPRETATION: CORPUS DATA ANALYSIS

<p>This study aims to describe the proses of data interpretation using presupposition strategy. Generally, presupposition refers to what the speaker assumes to be the case before making an utterance (Yule, 1996: 42). This study applies the types of presupposition proposed by Levinson (1983). Levinson had underlined nine presupposition types, which are Existential Presupposition, Factive Presupposition, Lexical Presupposition, Nonfactive Presupposition, Structural Presupposition, Counter Factual Presupposition, Iterative Presupposition, Implicative Presupposition and Temporal Presupposition. In order to emphasize the presupposition types in Malay, this research used a data corpus developed by <em>Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP)</em>. The results indicated that the nine presupposition types proposed by Levinson (1983) are being used in Malay sentences and speeches. Eventually, this research emphasized that the presuppositions used in communication are able to give a certain understanding to the reader or receiver especially when they get to comprehend the strategies underlined. </p>

PRESUPPOSITION IN THE JAKARTA POST�S POLITICAL ARTICLES: A PRAGMATICS APPROACH

This study is aimed to investigate presupposition in The Jakarta Post daily newspaper�s articles in political column. It covers two problems: types of presupposition and triggers of presupposition. Those problems were identified by applying presupposition theory. The data were interpreted by using descriptive qualitative method since it intended to describe a large number of sentences, clauses and phrases rather than numbers. The result of the study showed that the most frequent was existential presupposition with 202 occurences (78.59%), followed by factive presupposition with 2 occurences (0.79%), lexical presupposition with 36 occurences (14%), structural presupposition with 11 occurences (4.28%), non-factive presupposition with 2 occurences (0.79%) and counterfactual presupposition with 4 occurrences (1.56%). Besides, the study also showed the existence of 691 presupposition triggers which consisted of 631 definite descriptions (90.92%), 2 factive items (0.28%) which was similar to the existence of change of state verbs, 6 implicative verbs (0.86%), 6 itteratives (0.86%), 21 temporal (3.02%), 13 comparisons and contrast (1.87%), 8 questions (1.15%) and 3 counterfactual conditionals (0.43%). Finally, the findings showed that both types and triggers of presuppositions were related each other.Keywords: presupposition, types of presupposition, triggers of presupposition, political column, The Jakarta Post.

Comprehension of presuppositions in school-age Cantonese-speaking children with and without autism spectrum disorders

ABSTRACTWhile an enormous amount of research has been done on the deficient conversation skills in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), little is known about their performance on presuppositions, a domain of knowledge that is crucial for successful communication. This study investigated the comprehension of four types of presupposition, namely existential, factive, lexical and structural presuppositions, in school-age Cantonese-speaking children with and without ASD. A group of children with ASD (n = 21), mean age 8.8, was compared with a group of typically developing children (n = 106). Knowledge of presuppositions was evaluated based on children’s ability to judge whether a given utterance was a correct presupposition of a preceding utterance. Children with ASD were found to show a deficit in the comprehension of presuppositions, even after controlling for differences in general language ability and non-verbal intelligence. The relative difficulty of the four types of presupposition did not differ between the two groups of children. The present findings provide new empirical evidence that children with ASD have a deficit in the comprehension of presuppositions. Future research should explore whether the deficit in the comprehension of presuppositions is related to the development of theory of mind skills in children with ASD.

PRESUPPOSITION ANALYSIS IN SOME SELECTED CONSUMER ADVERTISEMENT SLOGANS OF THE JAKARTA POST

This research investigates the presupposition in the slogans of consumer advertisement of the Jakarta Post newspaper on March 2016 edition. This research aimed at finding the types of presupposition and describing the functions of presupposition in advertisement found in consumer advertisement slogans of the Jakarta post newspaper. Yule’s theory and descriptive qualitative research method applied in this research. 20 slogans of consumer advertisement of the Jakarta Post newspaper on March 2016 edition selected to this research. The result of this research showed that the writer found 20 presuppositions. 11 existential presupposition or 55%, 4 factive presupposition or 20%, 3 lexical presupposition or 15%, and 2 non-factual presupposition or 10%. Regarding the function of presupposition in advertisement, the writer found 17 slogans advertisement contains implicit competition, and 11 slogans advertisement contains making the advertisement short and memorable. In conclusion, not all type of presupposition and function of presupposition in advertisement are found, it is influenced by various types and functions in advertisement causing different assumption and presupposition. The writer hopes that further researchers who are interested in observing presupposition to explore more about presupposition in other types of advertisement.Keywords: presupposition, consumer, advertisement, slogan

Presupposition: What went wrong?

When the first generation of generative linguists discovered presuppositions in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the initial set of examples was quite small. Aspectual verbs like stop were discussed already by Greek philosophers, proper names, Kepler, and definite descriptions, the present king of France, go back to Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell by the turn of the century. Just in the span of a few years my generation of semanticists assembled a veritable zoo of ‘presupposition triggers’ under the assumption that they were all of the same species. Generations of students have learned about presuppositions from Stephen Levinson’s 1983 book on Pragmatics that contains a list of 13 types of presupposition triggers, an excerpt of an even longer unpublished list attributed to a certain Lauri Karttunen. My task in this presentation is to come clean and show why the items on Levinson’s list should not have been lumped together. In retrospect it is strange that the early writings about presupposition by linguists and even by philosophers like Robert Stalnaker or Scott Soames do not make any reference to the rich palette of semantic relations they could have learned from Frege and later from Paul Grice. If we had known Frege’s concepts of Andeutung – Grice’s conventional implicature – and Nebengedanke, it would have been easy to see that there are types of author commitment that are neither entailments nor presuppositions.

Text (Context) Comprehension and Structuring via Different Types of Presuppositions

The current article highlights the mechanisms of text (context) perception, coherence and construction with the help of various types of presuppositions. The author distinguishes between different presuppositions, such as egotistical, functional, communicative and linguistic, and discusses the contribution of each to the perception, coherence and construction of the text.

Die vakfilosofie (Deel II): Die aard van die vakfilosofie

Subject Philosophy is limited to the presuppositions of a discipline. The objective of this article is to discuss the concept "presupposition". The following aspects are covered: the nature of a presupposition; types of presuppositions; the similarities and differences among the types of presuppositions; and the relationship among the types of presuppositions. The Implications of the above discussion for the Subject Philosophy are indicated, amongst others, for the relationship between Philosophy and Subject Philosophy.