Types Of Ports Research Articles

Container Loading Optimization in Rail–Truck Intermodal Terminals Considering Energy Consumption

Rail–truck intermodal terminals are an important type of dry port and play a vital role in inland freight transport. This paper addresses the container loading problem in rail–truck intermodal terminals considering energy consumption under the sustainability concept. We analyze the effect factors of energy efficiency for container loading operations and develop an optimization model to minimize the total handling time and container reshuffling. A genetic algorithm is designed to obtain the optimal container loading sequence. Computational experiments on a specific Chinese rail–truck intermodal terminal were conducted to evaluate the performance of our approach. Results show our approach has a good performance for different sizes, and the total handing time, reshuffling times and energy consumption of the handling task are prominently decreased.

Can Marina Qualify as a Place of Refuge?

This paper deals with marinas as potential places of refuge. A place of refuge is a port, a part of a port, a sheltered wharf or anchorage, or another sheltered area where temporary accommodation of vessels and marine facilities is possible in order to render assistance or avoid potential threats to humans, ships and the environment. Marinas, as the most important type of nautical port, are suitable for smaller vessels. In countries like the Republic of Croatia, where the development of nautical tourism is of great importance, the obligation of marinas to provide assistance or grant access to ships in distress needs to be established. Thereby, it is essential to take into account all marina characteristics and compare them with those of other types of ports. In Croatian legislation, places of refuge are regulated by the Ordinance on Places of Refuge compliant with IMO Guidelines A.949 (23) and A.950 (23) and European Directives (2002/59 / EC). The paper analyses the suitability of the marinas as places of refuge for vessels, primarily vessels for nautical tourism.

ТИПОЛОГИЯ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ФОРМ МОРСКИХ ПОРТОВЫХ АГЛОМЕРАЦИЙ

The article analyzes the spatial and economic forms of marine port agglomerations. The notion ‘port agglomeration’ and genesis of different sea port agglomerations have been reviewed. Theoretical basis of the analysis is presented by the works of V. N. Obraztsov, S. V. Zemblinov, I. Tyunen, S. Zamansky, M. Porter et al. Transport processes, arrangement of transport junctions, assessment of their influence on the performance of the regional economics have been stated to take importance in the research conducted by the scientists. The detailed economic characteristics of a transport hub, regional sea transport and logistic complexes, transport and logistics cluster and special economic zones of the port type has been given. The concept of cross-border sea transport and logistic clusters has been formulated; their typology according to economic grounds has been developed. As a result of the statistical analysis of cargo turnover in the Russian ports there came out two clusters with great cargo turnover. There have been given data about the large Russian ports: Novorossiysk, Ust’-Luga, Port Vostochny, Primorsk, Port St. Petersburg, Murmansk, Port-Caucasus, Vanino, Tuapse, Nakhodka. It has been inferred that the great number of ports function as port junctions and need investments and modernization of the main production assets. The Russian sea transport and logistic complex is a part of the global transport system, in which can be seen similar changes and lagging from the developed countries. Very few of the Russian ports develop dynamically and can be reorganized into the transport- logistic clusters.

The case of public and private ports with two actors: Capacity investment decisions under congestion and uncertainty

Since port capacity investments involve expensive large projects with high uncertainty and irreversibility, we use real options calculations to study the optimal size and timing of the investment decision in new port capacity. This paper focuses on container port cases where the managing port authority (PA) is responsible for the investment in infrastructure on the one hand. On the other hand, the terminal operating company (TOC) that obtained a concession from the PA to handle the containers, invests in the superstructure. Moreover, the PA is often partly or fully publicly owned, leading to the consideration of social welfare among its objectives. Examples of such container ports include Gioia Tauro in Italy when it was developed, and the port of Luanda in Angola. In the type of ports considered, the PA’s strategy could be to urge the TOC to invest in the PA’s individual optimum. When a share of the PA is owned publicly, social welfare is to be considered in the maximisation. In this light, the PA and the TOC could agree to invest at the service ports’ single actor optimum and redistribute the additional aggregate gains. Higher public involvement leads to a larger investment that is also made earlier, augmenting benefits generated by the port. This relationship between investment size and timing is exceptional in the real options literature. Moreover, the investment decision is complicated by the fact that port users are averse to congestion and the costs it involves. When this cost or uncertainty is higher, it is found that more capacity will be installed, but at a later moment.

Models of cruise ports governance

ABSTRACTThis study examines the forms of cruise ports governance, the structures, and strategies that are applied with the aim of matching the needs of a changing cruise industry. Introducing the conceptual ‘matching framework’ approach of port governance, we study the configurations of cruise ports strategies and structures in the case of the second biggest market of the world, the Mediterranean and its adjoining seas. A database detailing the features observed in cruise ports in 18 different countries forms the backbone of the empirical analysis. Performing a Categorical Principal Components Analysis (CATPCA), that seeks correlations between four categories of variables (port type, port location, port structure, and port strategy) and cases, enables to detect whether there are distinctive patterns of governance regimes applied in different groups of cruise ports. The results identify four models, i.e. configurations of the environment-structure-strategy-contextual environment relationship triangle, marked, inter alia, by different roles of the managing entities – active leader, investor, marketer, and passive, respectively—and associated with the different roles of port authorities.

Noise Assessment of Small Vessels for Action Planning in Canal Cities

After the European Environmental Noise Directive prescribed noise maps and action plans, wide scientific literature and a consistent number of mitigation strategies emerged for road, railway, airport, and industrial noise. Unfortunately, very little attention has been paid to the noise produced by ports in their surroundings, even though there could be many areas affected by it. At present, more attention seems to be paid to noise produced underwater, mostly for military and security reasons and for its interference with wildlife, rather than airborne noise and its influence on human health. In the framework of a project aiming to shed more light on a topic so far under-investigated, this paper presents an acoustical characterization of different small vessels at various speeds that move around on a daily basis in every type of port, produced by means of short- and long-term measurements. The new information acquired was used to produce a map of noise generated by vessels moving in Livorno’s canals, which branch off in a densely inhabited area. The simulations were validated using long-term measurement. The number of citizens exposed was also estimated and used to calculate the number of highly annoyed people according to the recent curve for road traffic noise proposed by Guski et al. In order to prevent citizen exposure to noise and possible complaints about small boats, different scenarios and possible future situations such as various vessel speeds, limited flow, restricted areas for some categories, or new residential areas were studied.

Use of Disposable Punch Biopsy Device to Add Foley Catheter Fenestration to Improve Drainage of Post Radical Prostatectomy Anastomotic Leak

CONTEXTRadical prostatectomy (RP) is a major oncologic urological surgery that can have high morbidity if complications arise. Bladder-urethral urine anastomotic leaks (AL) are one of the most common complications and can greatly increase morbidity. To date, there are few resources to manage AL. One management technique is using a Foley catheter with an additional auxiliary drainage port, also known as a fenestrated catheter. This type of auxiliary drainage port allows a low-pressure drainage source that is located near the anastomosis to increase urine drainage from catheter rather than from the AL site. The optimal size and location of this additional drainage port is currently unknown. This experiment evaluated the optimal auxiliary drainage port size and an inexpensive technique to easily construct such a catheter.METHODSUtilizing different size punch biopsies, auxiliary drainage ports were placed in different size Foley catheters and drainage rates and the structural integrity of the catheter was assessed.RESULTSA 3.0 mm punch biopsy located 1.0 cm proximal to the Foley balloon in an 18 French (Fr) catheter was determined to be the optimal size. A 2.0 mm punch biopsy provided significantly less drainage. The 4.0 mm punch biopsy compromised the structural integrity of the catheter.CONCLUSIONSBased on these experimental results, we recommend using a 3.0 mm punch biopsy in an 18 Fr catheter 1.0 cm. proximal to the balloon for an auxiliary drain site in Foley catheter when the anastomosis is not watertight or the surgeon has reason to believe the patient is at higher risk for an AL Factors such as history of pelvic radiation, abnormal anatomy, large prostate, post-surgical hematoma formation, obesity, previous prostatic surgery, difficult anastomosis, blood loss and postoperative urinary tract infection may make use of this type of device more attractive.

CE Article: Venous Doppler Ultrasound Findings 3 Months after Arm Port Implantation: Thrombosis by Port Type within a Randomized, Controlled Trial

Highlights Larger, arm port polyurethane catheters have more potential for: ○ Venous thrombosis ○ Multivessel venous thrombosis ○ Access vein occlusive thrombosis Arm port venous thrombosis is more frequent than suspected and is asymptomatic

A Grid-Connected Smart Extendable Structure for Hybrid Integration of Distributed Generations

In this paper, a novel grid-connected smart and plug-and-play type extendable structure named unified multiport power electronic converter (UMPEC) for hybrid integration of distributed generation (DG) systems is presented. The proposed structure contains two types of connector ports. The first one is a set of AC connectors, which can be easily used to connect different types and numbers of AC-based DGs along with grid and loads. The second one is a set of DC connectors, which can interface DC-based DGs and storage units. Compared with the conventional and recently invented multi-stage power electronic topologies, the proposed structure enjoys less number of power electronic components, compactness, and plug-and-play capability of integrating AC and DC-based DGs. Considering shared components between different ports and their imposed boundaries on the operation of the UMPEC, a modified sequential space vector modulation is addressed, which makes it possible to control different ports independently, without compromising with maximum power harnessing from individual sources, which is another salient feature of this work. The proposed structure operation and performance is verified using a three DC and two AC connectors version, where wind and photovoltaic systems are independently interfaced to the grid.

Is It Safe for Trainees to Perform Single-Incision Pediatric Endosurgery Splenectomy?

Few centers worldwide have advanced single-incision pediatric endosurgery (SIPES) splenectomy. The safety and feasibility of SIPES performed by trainees were not assessed before. SIPES splenectomy is a demanding technique that needs high level of skills. This is the largest series of 39 SIPES splenectomies performed by 14 trainees in one single center. To assess the safety, feasibility, and technical challenges of SIPES splenectomy performed by trainees and to compare it with other published series. Retrospective study of all patients operated with SIPES splenectomy for 7 years. SIPES port was inserted through 1.5 cm umbilical incision. One type of port and straight regular instruments were used in all cases. Forty-nine patients underwent SIPES splenectomy. Eighty percent was done by our trainees. Six cholecystectomies were done simultaneously. Forty-five patients with sickle cell disease, two with thalassemia, one spherocytosis, and one Fanconi's anemia. Mean operative time (MOT) for splenectomy was 182 minutes (130-190) and 251 minutes for splenectomy with cholecystectomy (230-270) depending on severity of adhesions and size of the spleen; P value <.001. Two conversions have to be opened due to bleeding. There is neither wound infection nor incisional hernia up to date. SIPES splenectomy is safe and feasible when performed by surgical trainees without adding any morbidity to the patient. Learning curve can quickly improve with more exposure of trainee to different SIPES procedures and hands-on workshops. More than one procedure could be done at the same time. It has excellent cosmesis and almost invisible scar.

Combustion performance of domestic gas cookers with swirling strip-port and normal round-port on various natural gas compositions

This document aims to assess the different performance of swirling strip-port and normal round-port domestic gas cookers with gas property fluctuation and propose suitable structure design parameter for both port types. Comparing with normal round-port gas cookers, swirling strip-port samples are not advantage on aspects of thermal efficiency and CO emission, but in term of NOx emission it performs very well which can effectively control NOx emission in a suitable range and improve gas cooker′s adaptive capacity, when natural gas is interchanged. It is easier to qualify CO emission with low NOx emission for swirling strip-port gas cookers, though it will sacrifice a part of thermal efficiency, while normal round-port gas cookers are easier to qualify CO emission with high thermal efficiency. The burner head design structure parameters of normal round-port gas cookers which can well adapt natural gas interchange are port thermal intensity in 7.2–8.4 W/mm2 and structure factor ε in 30–40, as well as swirling strip-port gas cookers are port thermal intensity in 8.0–11.5 W/mm2 with structure factor ε in 35–45.

Wideband Diplexer Design and Optimization Based on Back-to-Back Structured Common Port

A “back-to-back” structured common port is proposed with high isolation obtained between the two channels. This port has the advantage of being able to easily achieve a low external quality factor ( $Q_{e}$ ). By introducing this type of port, a “back-to-back” structured diplexer with wide bandwidth is designed and fabricated. The bandwidths of each passband are 9.5% and 13.6%. Each channel filter is optimized by using the Cauchy method. Guided by a real-time Cauchy extracting system, the diplexer is tuned. The measured reflection coefficient in the passbands is below −23 dB, and the average insertion losses are 0.7 and 0.55 dB. The measured isolation between the two passbands is higher than 34 dB. An agreement is found between measured and simulated results.

JigCell Model Connector: building large molecular network models from components.

The growing size and complexity of molecular network models makes them increasingly difficult to construct and understand. Modifying a model that consists of tens of reactions is no easy task. Attempting the same on a model containing hundreds of reactions can seem nearly impossible. We present the JigCell Model Connector, a software tool that supports large-scale molecular network modeling. Our approach to developing large models is to combine smaller models, making the result easier to comprehend. At the base, the smaller models (called modules) are defined by small collections of reactions. Modules connect together to form larger modules through clearly defined interfaces, called ports. In this work, we enhance the port concept by defining three types of ports. An output port is linked to an internal component that will send a value. An input port is linked to an internal component that will receive a value. An equivalence port is linked to an internal component that will both receive and send values. Not all modules connect together in the same way; therefore, multiple connection options need to exist.

Development of 5–Port Type Low–Cost Servo Valve Using Buckled Tubes

Development of 5–Port Type Low–Cost Servo Valve Using Buckled Tubes

Container ports competition in light of contemporary liner shipping market dynamics

Since the development of containers and Intermodalism in the late 1960’s, containerization is constantly growing and penetrating almost all seaborne trade sectors, as by 2016 nearly1.7 billion tons were transported by container [8]. Moreover, Container ports play an important role as nodes in the supply chain and focal points for containerized cargo as they complement and add value to the shipping lines and shippers’ objectives. Moreover, competition among container ports is taking place at all levels regionally, nationally and internally. In the same context, shipping lines are competing vigorously and increasing their fleets in both size and number of vessels, resulting in excess market supply. Recently, shipping lines are consolidating rapidly by means of vertical and horizontal integration through mergers, acquisitions and forming alliances to cool down competition and backup each other as well as escape bankruptcy. This policy increased the market concentration and shipping lines bargaining power and exposed container ports to more competitive environment as well. The key point put forward in this paper is that the competitive battle among container ports will increasingly be fought with the presence of recent shipping lines market concentration. This paper illustrates the contemporary dynamics in the container shipping market. In that respect, the paper is divided into three main sections. The first one presents the port competition conceptual definition, types and landscapes. The second one outlines the analyses of the existing carriers’ contemporary market dynamics. Finally, discusses the possible outcomes of different development policies of shipping companies, and how they affect ports’ effectiveness and competitiveness.

Free ports: towards a network of trade gateways

Free ports are a form of territorial exceptionalism that has existed for centuries and become an important paradigm of globalization. In the contemporary setting, they act as transportation, logistics and trade platforms, using their territorial exceptionalism as a competitive advantage. Free ports such as Hong Kong, Singapore and Dubai are among the world’s leading commercial gateways, offering a form of leverage to transactions, transportation and the transformation of material goods. The historical evolution of free ports underlines a growing complexification and specialization that has led to a multitude of models, each fitting a specific regulatory and operational framework.This paper aims rationalizing the complexity of free ports. It is based on a wide array of empirical observations and an analysis of structure, function and evolution of free ports. Collected free ports data enabled the identification of three constitutive factors of evolution: an external factor (the jurisdiction), an internal factor (the services provided) and a linking factor (the orientation of flows). Based on these three factors a model of free ports was designed with a typology of thirteen types of free ports, an explanation of their evolution, and their future prospects.

Investigation of MRI Contrast Release from Vascular Access Ports after Priming

Radiologists are now the most common physician specialist to implant vascular access ports. Many radiologists may not be fully acquainted with how imaging is affected by implantable devices such as vascular access ports, let alone contrast now being considered for use with them. Outside of the clinic, researchers have been attempting to investigate some of these nuances. Although conventional totally implantable venous access ports are not approved for power contrast injections, in laboratory experiments one group examined temperature as a key parameter for the efficiency of specific port types to rid contrast after injection.

Economic Contribution of Regional Feeder Ports to The Local Economy In Indonesia

Indonesia regional feeder ports’ main function is to serve marine transport activities between regency/city in a province in limited quantities. The intention of the government to make marine transportation as the backbone of national logistic transportation system puts these ports to an important position, as suppliers for the main and/or collector ports and as goods distribution centers for the region from the bigger ports. Not only as a provider of accessibility between regions, regional feeder ports should be seen as an investation to boost regional economy. This study aims to explain the influences of regional feeder ports on regency/city economy, based on the port types: (1) cargo ports, and (2) cargo &amp; passengers ports. Results showed that both types of ports have positive influences on the regency/city economy, although it is not related to region’s economic base sector. Cargo ports which are mainly located on west area of Indonesia, supports the region’s economy more than cargo &amp; passenger ports which are mainly located on the east.

Consensus statement on definitions and nomenclature for robotic thoracic surgery

ObjectivesRobotic thoracic operations are increasing, and new robotic systems are imminent. A definition of what constitutes a robotic thoracic operation and a nomenclature to detail the technique used is needed to accurately compare outcomes. MethodsThe American Association of Thoracic Surgeons Guideline Committee appointed an expert consensus writing committee to construct definitions and nomenclature for robotic thoracic surgery. A PubMed search was generated and after vetting and review of the literature a consensus statement was reached. ResultsThe proposed definition is: “A robotic thoracic operation is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that does not spread, lift or remove any part of the chest or abdominal wall and is characterized by: the surgeon and the assistant's vision of the operative field is via a monitor only and the patient's tissue is manipulated by robotic instruments that follow a slave like mimic of human hands or thoughts via a computerized system.” In addition, a flexible nomenclature is proposed that should be applicable to current and future robotic systems that details the number of robotic arms used, the types of ports and/or incisions made, the use of insufflation, and the operation performed. ConclusionsThe American Association of Thoracic Surgeons writing committee proposes a definition and nomenclature for robotic thoracic surgery. Definitions are needed to ensure that future studies accurately compare results and outcomes and nomenclatures allow surgeons and scientists from diverse countries and cultures to use the same language to allow accurate communication.

Creating and utilizing section-level Web service tags in service replaceability

Web Services are used as reusable components in different types of applications. The correct discovery, combination and sequential use are main problems in Web service-based applications. In order to solve these issues, service matchmaking, classification and clustering techniques are usually proposed including Web service tagging. However, more specific problems of service matchmaking, such as service replaceability, require annotation techniques at finer levels of granularity in order to draw more detailed conclusions on the service use. In this work, a technique for service annotation on Web service description sections is proposed that focuses on port type, operation and message sections. Different classification algorithms are employed in section-level tagging. The use of this technique in the service matchmaking problem of service replaceability is demonstrated. Both techniques have been evaluated on datasets of real Web Services demonstrating the usefulness of the automated process for section-level service annotation and of the suggested matches for service replaceability.