Types Of Plot Research Articles

On Degree-Based Topological Indices of Carbon Nanocones.

Topological descriptors are numerical numbers that are assigned to molecular structures and can predict certain physicochemical properties. Because of their importance in nanotechnology and as developing materials with practical uses, the topological properties of nanocones have received a lot of attention. In this paper, we discuss the ev-degree- and ve-degree-based topological indices for the generalized carbon nanocones, CNC r [s]. Furthermore, we find numerical computations for certain types of nanocones and plot these numerical results using Matlab programming.

FREEDOM DOMINATION OF RABINDRANATH TAGORE’S FREEDOM POETRY: A POSTCOLONIAL APPROACH

War and Independence were made by all types of imperialism movement plot. A widely place which contained natural resources, and people as the tribe was victimised to create the movement. Postcolonialism tells the wealth as freed to the motherland. The motherland or kingdom of great nationalism was called and a major attend to the nationalism day to pay the national bitter history with prayer. Kingdom of human life is wealth because the years moment has been calling human to study about political relation, nationalism relation, nationalism knowledge. Case of war and how the wealth is always in upper domination are how the poetry as a literary work to reflect the soul of cultural hope and denotation in the poetry line. Wealthy is a most appropriate statue to know the social life. The nationalism knowledge is freed because the structure of greatness what human must to study is education to speak about wealth after wealthy. Descent aspect was ordered to the identity of nation, but no less to join the political descent to restart the freedom to some nation. The wisdom from any discipline to grow and refresh the freedom identity about nature and humanity. India has the nasionalism history as Indonesia when Rabindranath Tagore also talks about how the country speak about all the day long nationally wealth in his poetry to next their life. The research was a qualitative research to apply the Postcolonialism theory.

Fluid evolution and gold precipitation in the Muping gold deposit (Jiaodong, China): Insights from in-situ trace elements and sulfur isotope of sulfides

The Early Cretaceous Muping gold deposit is hosted in the Late Jurassic monzogranite. Crosscutting relations of ore veins implied a presence of multiple fluid pulses, and the mineralization process comprises four mineralization stages. Three generations/types of pyrite (Py1, Py2, and Py3) have been discriminated. Coarse-grained and euhedral Py1 pertains to pyrite-quartz veins. Coarse-fine grained and subhedral Py2 comes from quartz-pyrite veins. Fine-grained and anhedral Py3 is from quartz-polymetallic sulfides veins. Py3 further can be divided into three sub-types (Py3a, Py3b, and Py3c), in which Py3a did not have a core-rim texture, Py3b is the core and Py3c is the rim of pyrite with core-rim texture.Py1 and Py2 contain relatively higher Co (738 and 29 ppm on median) and Ni (30 and 7.6 ppm on median), but lower As (754 and 15 ppm on median) and Au (median < 0.1 ppm) content. However, Py3 has extremely low Co and Ni (medians below detection), but elevated As (from 16,290 to 206 ppm on median) and Au (from 36 to 0.4 ppm on median) content. Co and Ni contents of pyrite gradually decreased but As content increased from Py1 to Py3, implied that the temperature of ore-forming fluids progressively decreases. Extremely higher As content and high δ34S of Py3c could be associated with an incursion of As-rich and heavy δ34S meteoric water which has flowed through meta-sedimentary rocks. Sulfur isotopes revealed a gradual decrease from Py1 (+11.6‰) to Py3b (+7.5‰). As for the pyrite with core-rim texture, the sulfur isotope progressively increased from the core (Py3b, +6.0‰) and the rim (Py3c, +11.8‰). The high δ34S could be derived from the metasomatic and fertile lithospheric mantle, and the difference between Py1 and Py2 attributed to suffering from degassing processes with different condition. Rayleigh fractionation process caused a “reservoir effect” can explain the inside variations of Py2, while the increase of fO2 caused by phase separation is the main factor leading to δ34S decrease for Py3. It is the fluid mixture that resulted in the inter-crystalline sulfur isotope variation of pyrite with core-rim texture. Gold and As contents for all types of pyrite plot well below the solubility limit for gold in arsenian pyrite, indicating that invisible gold occurs as Au1+ in the pyrite lattice. The extent of invisible gold was incorporated into pyrite depending on the arsenic content, but visible gold mineralization mainly was controlled by vapor phase escape and fO2 increase which attributed to phase separation.

Land-Price Dynamics Surrounding Large-Scale Land Development of Technopolis Gedebage, Bandung, Indonesia

In spite of its potential value to governments, detailed information on how land prices vary spatially in a city is very lacking. Land price in the city, especially around the development activity, is not known. There are some considerable studies showing that investment in land development increases the land market price; however, only a few are found. One of them is about the impact of large-scale investment by Sumarecon in Gedebage Bandung, which is planning to develop “Technopolis”, as the second center of Bandung Municipality.This paper discusses the land-price dynamics around the Technopolis Gedebage Bandung, using information obtained from many sources including an interview with experienced brokers. Appraised prices were given for different types of residential plot distinguished by tenure, distance from the main road, and infrastructural provision. This research aims to explain the dynamics of the land price surrounding the large-scale land development. The dynamics of the land price are described by the median land price market growth using the Surfer DEM software. The data analysis in Technopolis Gedebage Bandung shows the relative importance of land location, infrastructural provision and tenure (land title) for dynamics of the land price. The examination of data makes it possible to test whether and where there has been a spiraling of land prices. This paper argues that the increasing recent price has been consistently greater in suburban plots than that in the inner city as a result of the massive demand of the large-scale land development project. The increasing price of land cannot be controlled; the market price is rising very quickly among other things due to the fact that Gedebage will become the technopolis area. This, however, can indirectly burden the lower-middle-class groups, such as they are displaced from their previous owned-land, and implicate on ever-decreasing income as the livelihood resources (such as farming and agriculture) are lost.

R-based Tool for a Pairwise Structure-activity Relationship Analysis.

The Structure-Activity Relationship analysis is a complex process that can be enhanced by computational techniques. This article describes a simple tool for SAR analysis that has a graphic user interface and a flexible approach towards the input of molecular data. The application allows calculating molecular similarity represented by Tanimoto index & Euclid distance, as well as, determining activity cliffs by means of Structure-Activity Landscape Index. The calculation is performed in a pairwise manner either for the reference compound and other compounds or for all possible pairs in the data set. The results of SAR analysis are visualized using two types of plot. The application capability is demonstrated by the analysis of a set of COX2 inhibitors with respect to Isoxicam. This tool is available online: it includes manual and input file examples.

Patterns of ecosystem carbon density in edge-affected fengshui forests

The distribution of ecosystem carbon density (including aboveground and belowground biomass, and soil carbon stocks) across edge-affected forest fragments remains poorly understood. The objectives of this study were to document patterns in ecosystem carbon pools of edge-affected fengshui forests in South China. Differences in ecosystem carbon density between forest edges and interiors were investigated, and how edge effects and plant community characteristics influence ecosystem carbon density explored. In forty-five 40×40m plots within five forest fragments, ecosystem carbon density was significantly higher in interior forest plots than in edge plots. Ecosystem carbon density increased sharply from forest edge to interior. Aboveground biomass and mineral soils were the two largest contributors to the total ecosystem carbon pool in all types of plot. The proportion of total carbon density accounted for by aboveground biomass decreased (35.9%–33.1%) from core to edge plots, while the proportion accounted for by soils increased (38.8% to 46.7%). Hence, edge effects strongly influenced ecosystem carbon density. Results from this study will enhance our ability to evaluate the role of fengshui forests in regional carbon pools and provide data for developing and validating carbon cycling models for subtropical forests.

Hydrodynamics and Morphologies of Droplet Coalescence

By the combination of high-speed imaging and numerical simulation, we explore the hydrodynamics and possible morphologies of the entire coalescence of a pendent droplet and sessile one. We identify three types of coalescence morphologies and plot a corresponding phase diagram to identify them depending on the Bond number and the size ratio between the two droplets. In addition to the well-known linear inertial growth of the liquid bridge at the initial contact of the two drops, we observe a new subsequent slower linear expansion of the liquid bridge and provide a linear scaling law with a measured prefactor to quantitatively represent it. This new growth is found to be due to the transition of the capillary force produced by a change in the azimuthal surface profile of the liquid bridge.

Trade-offs in interspecific comparisons in plant ecology and how plants overcome proposed constraints

Comparative studies on plant species have not distinguished between two inherently different applications of the idea of a trade-off. In the first case, the theoretical trade-off between two variables leads to a trend line, about which there is a degree of scatter. Any two species in the study are expected, in theory, to show a true trade-off, i.e. feature A must decrease for feature B to increase. This I call the ‘trend line’ type of plot. In the second case, the species are expected to fill a considerable part of the space defined by two axes and the theoretical trade-off leads to a boundary line which limits the extent of the cloud of points. In this case, many interspecific comparisons are not expected to show evidence of a trade-off, but those on the boundary line are expected to do so. This I call the ‘boundary line’ type of plot. In both types of plot, species within a given clade may show a true trade-off, while large numbers of unrelated species do not.First, I undertake to show, by means of examples, the reality of the distinction made above, and to demonstrate that statistically significant and ecologically important negative correlations between features A and B in the ‘trend line’ type of plot can be accompanied by huge variation from the trend line. Second, for plots of the ‘boundary line’ type, I undertake to show that authors have not always tested sufficiently rigorously the constraint lines concerning combinations of supposedly incompatible tolerances, and have not allowed for the absence of certain combinations of unfavourable conditions in the field and consequent lack of selection pressure for the evolution of species with a combination of extreme tolerances.I review two examples of each kind of constrained evolution. First, I take the worldwide leaf economics spectrum and the negative correlation between growth rate in high light and survival rate in deep shade. Second, I review the supposed incompatibilities between shade tolerance and drought tolerance, and between waterlogging tolerance and drought tolerance.I conclude that the term ‘trade-off’ is used too loosely. The common lack of true trade-offs has made possible the species richness of present-day vegetation. Also, small numbers of species have evolved combinations of tolerances that might seem improbable. Not enough research is being aimed at understanding the mechanistic basis of variation about trend lines, and the crossing of supposed boundary lines.

Geochemical variations in Japan Sea back‐arc basin basalts formed by high‐temperature adiabatic melting of mantle metasomatized by sediment subduction components

AbstractThe Yamato Basin in the Japan Sea is a back‐arc basin characterized by basaltic oceanic crust that is twice as thick as typical oceanic crust. Two types of ocean floor basalts, formed during the opening of the Japan Sea in the Middle Miocene, were recovered from the Yamato Basin during Ocean Drilling Program Legs 127/128. These can be considered as depleted (D‐type) and enriched (E‐type) basalts based on their incompatible trace element and Sr‐Nd‐Pb‐Hf isotopic compositions. Both types of basalts plot along a common mixing array drawn between depleted mantle and slab sediment represented by a sand‐rich turbidite on the Pacific Plate in the NE Japan fore arc. The depleted nature of the D‐type basalts suggests that the slab sediment component is nil to minor relative to the dominant mantle component, whereas the enrichment of all incompatible elements in the E‐type basalts was likely caused by a large contribution of bulk slab sediment in the source. The results of forward model calculations using adiabatic melting of a hydrous mantle with sediment flux indicate that the melting conditions of the source mantle for the D‐type basalts are deeper and hotter than those for the E‐type basalts, which appear to have formed under conditions hotter than those of normal mid‐oceanic ridge basalts (MORB). These results suggest that the thicker oceanic crust was formed by greater degrees of melting of a hydrous metasomatized mantle source at unusually high mantle potential temperature during the opening of the Japan Sea.

Management of apple orchards to conserve generalist phytoseiid mites suppresses two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)

To improve the success of integrated pest management (IPM) in apple orchards, we investigated whether generalist phytoseiid mites have suppressed the occurrence of Tetranychus urticae. In Akita Prefecture, northern Japan, in 2012 and 2013, two types of experimental plot were compared. Conservation plots had been managed for the conservation of generalist phytoseiid mites by selective chemical spraying without mowing since 2009. Conventional plots were managed by non-selective chemical spraying with regular mowing. The conservation plots had significantly fewer T. urticae adult females per tree in both years. Two species of generalist phytoseiid mites-Typhlodromus vulgaris and Amblyseius tsugawai-were continuously present in the conservation plots, with only a few T. urticae. The conservation plots had significantly more A. tsugawai adult females in the undergrowth in both years, and significantly more T. vulgaris adult females on apple leaves in 2012. Typhlodromus vulgaris was continuously present in the conservation plots but was scarce from late May to early August in the conventional plots. In the presence of T. vulgaris, low numbers of T. urticae did not increase on apple leaves. These results indicate that the generalist phytoseiid mites serve as important biological control agents in IPM in apple orchards.

26Al‐26Mg isotope systematics of the first solids in the early solar system

AbstractHigh‐precision bulk aluminum‐magnesium isotope measurements of calcium‐aluminum‐rich inclusions (CAIs) from CV carbonaceous chondrites in several laboratories define a bulk 26Al‐26Mg isochron with an inferred initial 26Al/27Al ratio of approximately 5.25 × 10−5, named the canonical ratio. Nonigneous CV CAIs yield well‐defined internal 26Al‐26Mg isochrons consistent with the canonical value. These observations indicate that the canonical 26Al/27Al ratio records initial Al/Mg fractionation by evaporation and condensation in the CV CAI‐forming region. The internal isochrons of igneous CV CAIs show a range of inferred initial 26Al/27Al ratios, (4.2–5.2) × 10−5, indicating that CAI melting continued for at least 0.2 Ma after formation of their precursors. A similar range of initial 26Al/27Al ratios is also obtained from the internal isochrons of many CAIs (igneous and nonigneous) in other groups of carbonaceous chondrites. Some CAIs and refractory grains (corundum and hibonite) from unmetamorphosed or weakly metamorphosed chondrites, including CVs, are significantly depleted in 26Al. At least some of these refractory objects may have formed prior to injection of 26Al into the protosolar molecular cloud and its subsequent homogenization in the protoplanetary disk. Bulk aluminum and magnesium‐isotope measurements of various types of chondrites plot along the bulk CV CAI isochron, suggesting homogeneous distribution of 26Al and magnesium isotopes in the protoplanetary disk after an epoch of CAI formation. The inferred initial 26Al/27Al ratios of chondrules indicate that most chondrules formed 1–3 Ma after CAIs with the canonical 26Al/27Al ratio.

Illustrating field emission theory by using Lauritsen plots of transmission probability and barrier strength

This technical note relates to the theory of cold field electron emission (CFE). It starts by suggesting that, to emphasize common properties in relation to CFE theory, the term 'Lauritsen plot' could be used to describe all graphical plots made with the reciprocal of barrier field (or the reciprocal of a quantity proportional to barrier field) on the horizontal axis. It then argues that Lauritsen plots related to barrier strength (G) and transmission probability (D) could play a useful role in discussion of CFE theory. Such plots would supplement conventional Fowler-Nordheim (FN) plots. All these plots would be regarded as particular types of Lauritsen plot. The Lauritsen plots of -G and lnD can be used to illustrate how basic aspects of FN tunnelling theory are influenced by the mathematical form of the tunnelling barrier. These, in turn, influence local emission current density and emission current. Illustrative applications used in this note relate to the well-known exact triangular and Schottky-Nordheim barriers, and to the Coulomb barrier (i.e., the electrostatic component of the electron potential energy barrier outside a model spherical emitter). For the Coulomb barrier, a good analytical series approximation has been found for the barrier-form correction factor; this can be used to predict the existence (and to some extent the properties) of related curvature in FN plots.

Plotting the lyric: forms of narration in poetry

This article is based on the assumption that lyric poems generally share the fundamental constituents of story and discourse as well as the narrative act with narrative fiction in that they likewise feature a sequence of incidents (usually of a mental kind), mediate and shape it from a specific perspective and present it from a particular point of time vis-à-vis the sequence of incidents. A general outline of the narratological categories which may be applied to poetry analysis is given using William Wordsworth’s “I wandered lonely as a cloud” as an illustrative example. The aim of the article is heuristic: the intention is not to blur the distinction between fiction and poetry and treat poems indiscriminately as narrative texts, but rather identify and highlight the specifically poetic forms and functions which instances of narrating adopt in poems. The main section of the article will then focus on the first of the three aspects mentioned, the modelling of poetic sequentiality, i.e. the specification of types of plot, plotting and presentation of plot in poetry and the analysis of their functions.

A Software for Some New Color Schemes in Mosaic Display

In social sciences, to analyse if any dependence exists between two categorical variables the data are generally tabulated in a 2 way contingency table and then a test is commonly used. Some graphical techniques for testing the independence in a two way contingency table are are also available. Most generally data in a 2 way contingency table are represented by mosaic display developed by Hartigan and Kleiner and later extended by Friendly. The plot along with the representation of the table gives an idea about the independence between the categorical variables. This paper brings forward two new color schemes for mosaic display. One of which can be used to study the significance of cell frequencies at 5% and 1% level of significance and the other is a dynamic color scheme which enables the user to understand the extent of Peasonian residual in each cell of a contingency table. A software is also developed using Visual Basic 6.0, that can be used for drawing all the four types of mosaic plot and is compatible with other word processors.

UNIFORM HAZARD SPECTRA BASED ON PARK-ANG DAMAGE INDEX

The primary emphases in the performance-based seismic design (PBSD) philosophy are in the accounting for uncertainties in seismic demand/capacity and in the better quantification of seismic damage using suitable inelastic damage parameters. Uniform hazard spectra (UHS) provide probabilistic information regarding a seismic demand on a single degree oscillator for a specific site. UHS are very good tools for probabilistic hazard estimation as intended in PBSD. In the present work, UHS are generated for Park-Ang damage index of an elastic-perfectly plastic oscillator. Park-Ang damage index takes into account the effects of both displacement ductility demand and hysteretic energy demand in low-cycle-fatigue, and therefore is a demand parameter suitable for PBSD. The UHS are generated for a specific site using artificially generated ground motions. Two types of UHS plot are illustrated. A correlation between the probability of exceedance (of certain target damage index) and stated level of structural capacity is also established. Information provided by the UHS are proposed to be used, with the aid of equivalent systems, in the development of a reliability-based seismic design framework considering Park-Ang damage index as the seismic demand parameter.

Introduction of floating gardening in the north-eastern wetlands of Bangladesh for nutritional security and sustainable livelihood

AbstractFloating gardening is a form of hydroponics or soil-less culture. It is an age-old practice of crop cultivation in the floodplains of southern Bangladesh, where aquatic plants such as water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) are used to construct floating platforms on which seedlings are raised and vegetables and other crops cultivated in the rainy season. The platform residue is used in the preparation of beds for winter vegetable gardening. Floating gardening was introduced in 2006 on a pilot-scale in the north-east wetlands of the country, as a contribution to food security and as a supplementary income for the marginalized community. The overall experience of floating cultivation in three selected villages was encouraging. Local people became aware of this new farming system and their level of knowledge improved. Communities were mobilized into groups to make floating platforms, and platform residues were later used to establish winter gardens. Cultivation was successful on both types of plot, and vegetables were both consumed by the producers and sold in the market. The input–output analysis revealed floating gardening to be a feasible alternative livelihood option for the wetland dwellers. The method provided targeted landless people with parcels of land in the monsoon, enabling them to grow vegetables. Floating gardening and associated winter gardening appear to have the potential for introduction to other parts of the world where aquatic weed management is a major problem.

Yellow impact glass from the K/T boundary at Beloc (Haiti): XANES determination of the Fe oxidation state and implications for formation conditions

Abstract— We determined the iron oxidation state and coordination number in five samples of yellow impact glass from the Cretaceous‐Tertiary (K/T) boundary section at Beloc, Haiti, which formed as the result of impact melting during the Chicxulub impact event. The samples were analyzed by Fe K‐edge XANES spectroscopy and the results were compared with published data on eight black impact glasses and one high Si‐K impact spherule from the same impact layer. The pre‐edge peak of our high‐resolution XANES spectra displays evident variations indicative of significant changes in the Fe oxidation state, spanning a wide range from about 75 to 100 mole% Fe3+. Yellow K/T glasses have significantly higher Fe3+/(Fe2+ + Fe3+) ratios compared to black K/T impact glasses (from 20 to 75 mole% Fe3+) and high Si‐K glass (20 mole% Fe3+). In particular, all the pre‐edge peak data on these three types of impact glasses plot between two mixing lines joining a point calculated as the mean of a group of tektites studied so far (consisting of [4]Fe2+ and [5]Fe2+) to [4]Fe3+ and [5]Fe3+, respectively. Thus, the XANES spectra of the yellow K/T glasses can be interpreted as a mixture of [4]Fe2+, [5]Fe2+, [4]Fe3+, and [5]Fe3+.Our observations can be explained by a very large range of oxygen fugacity conditions during melt formation. Furthermore, there is a clear positive relationship between the Fe3+/(Fe2+ + Fe3+) ratio and the Ca content of these glasses, suggesting that the Fe oxidation state was influenced by the relative contribution of Ca‐sulfate‐ and Ca‐carbonate‐bearing sedimentary rocks at the impact site.

Impact of irrigation water quality on soil nitrifying and total bacterial communities

Disturbance induced by two contrasting irrigation regimes (groundwater versus urban wastewater) was evaluated on a sandy agricultural soil through chemical and microbial analyses. Contrary to wastewater, groundwater displayed very high nitrate contents but small amounts of ammonium and organic matter. Despite these strong compositional shifts, soil organic carbon and nitrogen, nitrate and ammonium contents were not significantly different in both types of irrigated plot. Moreover, neither microbial biomass nor its activity, determined as fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis activity, was influenced by irrigation regimes. Bacterial community structure, assessed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S ribosomal DNA fragments, was also weakly impacted as molecular fingerprints shared an overall similarity of 85%. Ammonia-oxidizing bacterial community (AOB) was monitored by DGGE of the functional molecular marker amoA gene (alpha subunit of the ammonia monooxygenase). Surprisingly, no amoA signals were obtained from plots irrigated with groundwater, whereas signal intensities were high in all plots under wastewater. Among the last, compositional shifts of the AOB community were weak. Overall, impact of irrigation water quality on soil chemistry could not be evidenced, whereas effects were low on the total bacterial compartment but marked on the AOB community.

Geochemical patterns of the Akdagmadeni (Yozgat, Central Turkey) fluorite deposits and implications

Fluorite and fluorite-bearing Pb–Zn–Ag (Cu) deposits are quite common in granitoids and associated skarn formations that are products of Late Cretaceous–Early Paleocene magmatic intrusions into Paleozoic metamorphic rocks of the so called Central Anatolian massif. This study investigates the geochemical features, mainly REE distributions, of fluorites from the Akdagmadeni fluorite and fluorite bearing Pb–Zn–Ag (Cu) deposits. These include the vein type Tad Dere, epidote-skarn hosted Büyükçal Tepe and the skarn and granite hosted Akçakisla deposits. The REE contents of these deposits are 20.6–48.5 ( x=36.0), 61.3–149.3 ( x=113.0) and 279.2–4222.4 ( x=1280.0) ppm for the Tad D., Büyükçal T. and Akçakisla, respectively. In general, the REE contents are intermediate to high and decrease in abundance with increasing distance from the granitic bodies. The LREE contents are dominantly higher than HREE contents and REE normalized patterns indicate decreasing abundances with increasing atomic number. These indicate that all the fluorites are early stage mineralizations. However, Tb/Ca–Tb/La ratios show distinct differences in the nature of the mineralizing fluids. The high ratios of Akçakisla fluorites are evidence of mineralizing fluids rich in late-stage differentiates from a felsic magma, while intermediate to high ratios of the Büyükçal T. fluorites are products of late-stage differentiates from hydrothermal fluids. Tad D. fluorites were mineralized under hydrothermal conditions. Decreasing ΣREE contents in the order of Akçakisla, Büyükçal T., and Tad D., and Sc/Eu vs Sr distribution (Sr increases with increasing distance from the magmatic rocks) also supports this order of formation. Each of the three types of fluorite deposits plot in well-defined areas in the Sc/Eu vs Sr diagram. Eu and Ce anomalies give a mixed pattern; the Tad D. fluorites have strong negative Eu anomalies indicating low T and low fo 2 mineralizing fluids. Strong positive Eu anomalies for the Akçakisla fluorites are probably due to high fo 2. The Ce anomalies are strongly negative for the Akçakisla, negative for the Büyükçal T. and weakly negative for the Tad D. fluorites. These indicate high fo 2 conditions for the Akçakisla, intermediate for the Büyükçal T. and low for the Tad D. fluorites. Because of distinguishable differences in REE patterns, the fluorite deposits plot in well-defined areas in Sc/Eu vs Sr, (La/Yb) n –(Eu/Eu ∗) n , Sr–(Eu/Eu ∗) n , Sc–ΣREE, (Tb/Yb) n –(La/Yb) n , Tb/Ca–Tb/La diagrams, and indicate different origins and depositional histories. The homogenization temperatures ( T H) range from 156 to 185 °C with the corresponding salinities between 12 and 23 wt% NaCl for the Tad Dere ores, 390 to 430 °C with the corresponding salinities 8 and 12 wt% NaCl for the Akçakisla and Büyükçal Tere ores. Consequently, the field, fluid inclusion data and REE geochemistry indicate that the composition of mineralizing fluids, the locations of ore formations relative to the plutons, the mineralizing mechanisms and the prevailing physicochemical conditions of the depositional environments for the fluorite deposits of Akdagmadeni, were different.

Principal Components plots for exploratory investigation of reactions using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy: application to the formation of benzophenone phenylhydrazone

The use of Principal Components plots in the exploratory investigation of reactions monitored by UV-Vis spectroscopy is described. The effects of different types of pre-processing (raw, mean-centred, and standardised) are illustrated. Four types of plot (scores versus time, loadings versus wavelength, scores versus scores, and loadings versus loadings) are considered. The approach is used to investigate the reaction between phenylhydrazine and benzophenone to give a hydrazone. Observable deviations from ideal behaviour indicate differential crystallisation of the product, and the presence of small quantities of an intermediate during the reaction. Additional information about the reaction is gained by comparing selected components from several batches. PCA is easily performed at- or on-line, and the information gained can be used to help decide upon a suitable harder model for further analysis.