Pine Forest Types Research Articles

Influence of Forest Conditions on the Spread of Scots Pine Blister Rust and Red Ring Rot in the Priangarye Pine Stands

Scots pine blister rust and red ring rot are common on Scots pine throughout its entire range. Specialists do not explain a significant variation in the prevalence of the diseases uniquely since it depends on complex ecological and silvicultural factors. The aim of this research is to study the influence of forest growth conditions on the incidence of Scots pine blister rust and red ring rot in pine stands of the Priangarye (territory located along the lower reaches of the Angara within the Krasnoyarsk Krai). The research methods included a detailed forest pathological examination of prevailing pine forest types, specific symptom-based macroscopic diagnosis of the diseases, data analysis using parametric and non-parametric statistical tests. Forest growth conditions indicators included type of forest, habitat conditions, and bonitet class of forest stands. The incidence of Scots pine blister rust and red ring rot in pine forests of the Priangarye reaches the extent of moderate and severe damage, respectively. The prevalence of Scots pine blister rust is significantly higher in low-bonitet lichen pine forests; the incidence rate increases along the gradient of decreasing fertility and soil moisture level. The incidence of red ring rot is significantly higher in herb-rich pine forests, in gradations of maximum soil fertility and medium soil moisture. The revealed patterns are explained by the bioecological characteristic features of pathogens (for red ring rot—additionally by factors of structural immunity in pine trees). The results of the research should be recognized in the organization of forestry practice.

Illuminance under canopy in different types of forest in the northern taiga

Abstract The illumination under the canopy in different types of pine and spruce forests is considered. The research was carried out in different points of the Northern taiga of the Arkhangelsk region. Illumination was measured using a luxmeter in different directions: at the level of the moss-lichen layer, at the level of the grass-shrub layer and at a height of 1.3 m; at different distances from the tree trunk; at different distances from the edge of the forest. Illumination in pine forests at the level of the moss-lichen layer is 2.3 times higher than in spruce forests. Under the canopy of spruce forests, it is 1–3%, and in the pine forests, 3–9% of the illumination in the open. Illumination from tree trunks to the edge increases in pine and spruce forests equally. The lowest illumination is observed at the level of the moss-lichen layer, then it increases to the grass-shrub layer, and then practically does not change. However, the difference between pine and spruce forests is consistently high 47%. The decrease in illumination in the tree stand as it moves away from the edge in blueberry pine forests is observed up to a distance of 10 m from the edge, and in blueberry spruce forests up to 6 m.

Forest typological features of herb species abundance distributions of pine forests in the Ural Mountains

The problem of preserving biodiversity in the face of human influence and climate change is one of the most pressing problems of modern ecology. The aim of the study is to identify the characteristics of herb SAD for various mountain pine forest types in the Middle Urals. Studies conducted in various types of pine forests have shown that the SAD method is an effective method for analysing the species structure and biodiversity of forest vegetation. The results presented in the form of graphs are clear, intuitive and easy to interpret. The use of approximations by several functions and comparison with theoretical distributions allows a deeper understanding of the features of forest species diversity

Classification of the Mediterranean lowland to submontane pine forest vegetation

AbstractAimVegetation types of Mediterranean thermophilous pine forests dominated by Pinus brutia, Pinus halepensis, Pinus pinaster and Pinus pinea were studied in various areas. However, a comprehensive formal vegetation classification of these forests based on a detailed data analysis has never been developed. Our aim is to provide the first broad‐scale classification of these pine forests based on a large data set of vegetation plots.LocationSouthern Europe, North Africa, Levant, Anatolia, Crimea and the Caucasus.MethodsWe prepared a data set of European and Mediterranean pine forest vegetation plots. We selected 7,277 plots dominated by the cold‐sensitive Mediterranean pine species Pinus brutia, Pinus halepensis, Pinus pinaster and Pinus pinea. We classified these plots using TWINSPAN, interpreted the ecologically and biogeographically homogeneous TWINSPAN clusters as alliances, and developed an expert system for automatic vegetation classification at the class, order and alliance levels.ResultsWe described Pinetea halepensis as a new class for the Mediterranean lowland to submontane pine forests, included in the existing Pinetalia halepensis order, and distinguished 12 alliances of native thermophilous pine forests, including four newly described and three informal groups merging supposedly native stands and old‐established plantations. The main gradients in species composition reflect elevational vegetation belts and the west–east, and partly north–south, biogeographical differences. Both temperature and precipitation seasonality co‐vary with these gradients.ConclusionsWe provide the first formal classification at the order and alliance levels for all the Mediterranean thermophilous pine forests based on vegetation‐plot data. This classification includes traditional syntaxa, which have been critically revised, and a new class and four new alliances. We also outline a methodological workflow that might be useful for other vegetation classification syntheses. The expert system, which is jointly based on pine dominance and species composition, is a tool for applying this classification in research and nature conservation survey, monitoring and management.

Vaccinium myrtillus L. в Кировской области (южно-таежная подзона): фитоценотическая приуроченность, экологические предпочтения

Vaccinium myrtillus L. is an important component for forming phyto-environment in boreal forest ecosystems, in which it develops various consortium connections. Being a mycorrhizal species, V. myrtillus improves nutrition and stimulates the growth of plants of all layers, supporting inter- and intra-specific connections of different layers of forest communities. In order to estimate the environment-forming role of V. myrtillus in ecosystems it is essential to acquire data on quantitative presence of the species in plant communities composition and on ecological-phytocoenotic peculiarities within its range. The aim of the study is to define phytocoenotic parameters and ecological conditions of V. myrtillus habitats within the southern taiga part of its range (Kirov region). We collected the material during the growing seasons of 2009-2015 and made 110 geobotanical descriptions according to common geobotanical methods (Methods of studies…, 2002). Ecological conditions were estimated based on species compositions in communities using 10 ecological scales by Dmitry Tsyganov (1983). The ecological discomfort index was determined for each habitat (Klimenko, 2012). Common methods of soil analyses were used for different biotopes of the studied species (Arinushkina, 1962). Hemeroby was determined by the species composition in plant communities, in which every species has individual human impact tolerance spectre (Frank and Klotz, 1990). V. myrtillus acts as a dominant or codominant of the herbaceous-shrub synfolium of boreal coniferous and mixed forest communities with 30-70% cover. It is accompanied by the following species: Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., Rubus saxatilis L., Juncus filiformis L., Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth., Thelypteris palustris Schot, Melampyrum sylvaticum L., and Majanthemum bifolium (L.) F. Schmidt. The species is found on gley and gleyic podzolic soils, mostly sabulous, rarely-sandy; and on peatygley and sod-podzolic soils (See Table 1). Bilberry is common on high acidity soils with pH varying from 2.54 to 4.93. The concentration of organic carbon in bilberry forest litter varies from 5.71 to 69.2% (See Fig. 1). V. myrtillus is a mesobiont species whose average ecologic valency coefficient reaches 55%. In the investigated coenopopulations, the species achieves 8.15 to 50.10% of its potential capabilities regarding the studied factors. V. myrtillus is a hemieurybiont by climatic factors (0.58 points). It achieves its maximum on ombroclimatic scale (44.5%). According to climatic scales, ecological conditions of the studied habitats occupy the central position of all possible. The generalized spectrum of soil scales shows the species as a mesobiont (It–0.45). This allows widening V. myrtillus soil humidity scale 1.27 point left and soil moisture variability scale 0.80 points right. On other scales, the environmental position of the studied coenopopulations are within the data given by Dmitry Tsyganov for the species (See Table 2 and Fig. 2). The discomfort index is also given to estimate habitat ecological conditions. Based on phytoindication data and according to the discomfort index, we defined that the most favorable conditions of edapho- and climatopes for V. myrtillus are formed in sphagnum phytocoenoses. The least favorable conditions were noted in bilberry pine and bilberrypleurocarpous moss pine-spruce forest types. The study of hemeroby showed that oligo-mesohemerob species (highly sensitive to anthropogenic factors) prevail in all V. myrtillus coenopopulations, i.e. 41%. A-hemerob, a-euhemerob and polyhemerob species were not noted in any of the studied CPs (See Table 3 and Fig. 3). This proves that the species is of low resistance to anthropogenic influence and can survive moderate intensity human impact. The studied plant communities with V. myrtillus are low-hemerobic.

Assessment of the impact of the urbanized territory of Yekaterinburg city on the formation of undergrowth in the forest park zone

The parameters of the undergrowth in the forbs and berry groups of pine forest types in 9 parks in Yekaterinburg and areas of natural forest have been investigated. Data on the species composition, density, and distribution by groups of heights of plants that make up the undergrowth collected. It has been established that the transformation of the undergrowth by an urbanized environment neutralizes the influence of the growing conditions of the considered forest types on it. In the forest-park zone, an increase in the density of the undergrowth is observed in comparison with the natural forest. The specificity of the forest park undergrowth is the floristic contamination with adventive species, the number of which is close to 50% of the total number of undergrowth species. The coefficient of floristic similarity of the undergrowth, according to the Sorensen coefficient between forest parks and a site of natural forest, was 0.26-0.46. In quantitative terms, the self-seeding of adventive species in the undergrowth is less than that of native plants. The invasive activity of ash-leaved maple in city parks and its dynamics over a 10-year period are considered, using the example of one of the parks.

Комплексная оценка качества древесины сосны в лесных культурах разных условий местопроизрастания

Комплексная оценка качества древесины сосны в лесных культурах разных условий местопроизрастания

Distribution of lichen thalli Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf along Pinus sylvestris trunk in different types of pine forests with different relief positions

The research of the Pseudevernia furfuracea population was carried out in the Mari El Republic on the territory of the Mari Chodra National Park. The lichen-mossy and cowberry pine forests were studied with different relief positions: uplands and lowlands. The paper discusses the use of two indicators of population density: D₁ is a number of thalli on the tree; D₂ is a number of thalli in the substrate area. The distribution of thalli along the trunk of Pinus sylvestris depends on the characteristics of the stand, characteristics of the tree and the position of the trees in the relief. In a well-lightened lichen-mossy pine forest the distribution of the number of thallus is equal at different exposures, but it is different due to the heights of the trunk. The maximum number of thalli is typical for a height of 0,51 m. The most number of thallus grows at the southern and western expositions in less lightened cowberry pine forests. There is a shift in the height of the number of thallus to a height of 11,5 m. There is a dependence of the upper boundary of the thallus distribution along the trunk on the height of the lamellar bark. The highest upper limit of thallus growth (a height of 4,8 m) is typical for the lowering of the lichen-mossy pine forest, where the lamellar bark rises to a height of 7,2 m. The lower boundary of the thallus settlement depends on microclimatic factors. Among them the decisive factor is light. The smallest lower boundary of a thallus settlement (a height of 0,2 m) is typical for an elevation in a lichen-mossy pine forest. This habitat has the highest population density of P. furfuracea.

Evaluation of Biomass and Carbon Stocks in Three Pine Forest Types in Karst Area of Southwestern China

ABSTRACT Afforestation has been considered as a possible solution to mitigate climate change because forests sequestrate atmospheric CO2 and convert it into their woody biomass and soils. In the present study, stand biomass and carbon (C) stock were investigated in three pine forest types: Masson pine natural forests (MPNF), Masson pine plantation forests (MPPF), and Slash pine plantation forests (SPPF) in the karst area of southwestern China. The results showed the total forest ecosystem C, total stand C, and total overstory C storage was significantly higher in SPPF stands than in MPNF and MPPF stands. The overall total C stocks in SPPF stands (165.14 Mg C ha−1) was higher than that of MPNF (115.54 Mg C ha−1) and MPPF (141.77 Mg C ha−1). The majority of C storage was in soil pool of three types of forest stands, accounting for 54.2%, 49.6% and 46.7% in MPNF, MPPF, and SPPF stands, respectively. The variation in C stock in the different forest types was due to differences in tree species feature and stand densities. The results suggest the plantation forests had higher C stocks than native forests at the early growth stage in this specific karst area of northwestern China.

Зональность лесных горючих материалов и их пирогенная трансформация в сосняках Средней Сибири

Fires in the forests of Siberia occur annually and cause enormous damage to natural resources. Therefore, studies of the natural forest fire hazard, one of the components of which are forest fuels, are relevant. The research carried out on 53 sites in the pine forests growing along the Yenisei meridian transect revealed that surface fuel loads in pine stands of different zones of Central Siberia are defined by geographical latitude and increase from the forest-steppe zone to the northern taiga subzone. The largest forest fuel loads are concentrated in the pine stands of the northern and middle taiga. Their composition is dominated by loads of duff, the fraction of which in surface fuel loads increases from the forest-steppe zone (57.4 %) to the northern taiga zone (71.3 %). The obtained dynamic equations of the reserves of grass-shrub understory over the season may be applicable to grassy types of pine forests. Combustion of surface forest fuels in pine forests during surface fires of differentintensity varies from 10.8 to 31.4 t/ha, which is from 26.1 to 74.1 % of their loads before the fire. The intensity of fires determines not only the number of burned forest fuels, but also their post-pyrogenic accumulation regardless of zonal and environmental conditions. The variation of fuel loads in forest areas is related to pyrogenic effects and the recovery period after the last fire, as well as to the mosaic distribution of living ground vegetation. Equations of accumulation of surface forest fuels after fires of different intensity that can be applied to pine forests of Central Siberia are developed. A change of dominants in the ground cover and a decrease in the productivity of the grass-shrub understory occurs in a long-term absence offires in pine forests. The development of moss cover contributes to the decrease in litter reserves. The data obtained on the loads of surface forest fuels and their transformation during a fire provide the basis for understanding and simulation fire behavior, estimating emissions and impacts of fires on fuel loads, and can be used for improvement the existing global and regional models. For citation: Ivanova G.A., Ivanov V.A. Zonality of Forest Fuels and Their Pyrogenic Transformation in Pine Forests of Central Siberia. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2020, no. 4, pp. 9–26. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2020-4-9-26Funding: The research was supported by the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant projects No. 07-04-00562 and 19-58-80002 BRICS-t).

Forest typological and phytosozological assessment of forest vegetation of Slobozhansky National Park

Forest typological and phytososological biodiversity of forest vegetation of Slobozhansky National Park is shown. The park covers 5244 hectares and includes the main parts of the run off valleys of the left-bank Merla River tributary, which belongs to the Vorskla River basin in the Kharkiv region. The main forest-forming species of the Slobozhansky National Nature Park are Pinus sylvestris L. (2779.3 hectares, 59.84%), Quercus robur L. (1451.8 hectares, 31.26%). Minor areas are occupied by Betula pendula Roth (138.3 hectares, 2.98%), Alnus glutinosa (L.) P. Gaertn. (122.5 hectares, 2.64%), Populus tremula L. (45.0 hectares, 0.97%) and other species. Areas covered with forest vegetation are represented by 16 edatopes: all trophotope and almost all hygrotopes, except very dry. Among the trophotopes subors (2015.2 hectares, 43.39%), oak wood (1504.4 hectares, 32.39%) and sugruds (1042.2 hectares, 22.44%) predominate, and the part of pine forest is insignificant (82.5 hectares, 1.78%). Among hygrotopes, the majority are with fresh conditions (4060.6 hectares, 87.43%), much smaller areas are dry (268.4 hectares, 5.78%), damp (184.3 hectares, 3.97%), moist (124.4 hectares, 2.68%) and wet (6.6 hectares, 0.14%) conditions. There are 17 types of forests in the Slobozhansky National Park areas covered with forest vegetation. Fresh oak-pine forest (1780.6 hectares, 38.35%), fresh maple-linden forest (1453.6 hectares, 31.30%), fresh linden-oak-pine sugrud (756.8 hectares, 16.30%) are dominated. Pinus sylvestris plantations grow in 10 forest types. The most common types of pine forests are fresh oak-pine and fresh linden-oak-pine sugrud. Quercus robur growth in 7 forest types, the most common of which is fresh maple-linden oak wood. The distribution of forest typological differences on the territory of the park of vascular plants rare species populations, which have different sozological status is analyzed. Annex I to Resolution 6 of the Berne Convention includes the following species: Dracocephalum ruyschiana L., Jurinea cyanoides (L.) Rchb., Iris pineticola Klokov. A number of species have the appropriate conservation status in Ukraine (Diphasiastrum complanatum (L.) Holub, Lycopodium annotinum L., Dracocephalum ruyschiana, Pulsatilla pratensis (L.) Mill. Sl, Allium ursinum L., Iris furcata M. Bieb., Iris pineticola, Fritillaria meleagris L., F. ruthenica Wikstr., Tulipa quercetorum Klokov & Zoz, Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz, Listera ovata (L.) R. Br., Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich., Platanthera bifolia (L.) Rich., Stipa borysthenica Klokov ex Prokudin) and 22 species at the regional range.

Стан, структура і продуктивність соснових лісів ДП «Лиманське ЛГ»

Розглянуто особливості структури, продуктивності та стану соснових лісів ДП «Лиманське ЛГ» на типологічній основі. За результатами аналізу бази даних «Лісовий фонд» встановлено, що в лісовому фонді домінують чисті соснові деревостани у свіжих і сухих борах та свіжих суборах, що визначається кліматичними умовами та співвідношенням типів рельєфу. Соснові деревостани є середньопродуктивними: середній клас бонітету становить І,7, середня повнота – 0,76. Найбільші частки за площею займають деревостани VI–VIІІ класів віку.З використанням польової ГІС Field-Map на дослідних ділянках проведено оцінювання основних компонентів лісових екосистем, визначено санітарний стан соснових деревостанів. За станом соснові ліси характеризуються як ослаблені та сильно ослаблені. Індекс стану без урахування сухостою становить від І,53 до ІІ,70. Найгірший стан визначено на ділянках, пошкоджених пожежами (ІІ,49–ІІ,70). Встановлено основні чинники, що негативно впливають на стан лісів (зміна рівня ґрунтових вод, ураження хворобами, пошкодження пожежами).

Structure and Dynamics of Deadwood in Pine and Oak Stands and their Role in CO2 Sequestration in Lowland Forests of Central Italy

There are many data values describing deadwood in primary forests, however, there is much less information concerning managed forests, particularly in the Mediterranean area. Whole non-living woody biomass (deadwood) is the main component of forest types that plays a vital role in improving and maintaining biodiversity. The dynamics of deadwood and CO2 sequestration by deadwood were examined in three Mediterranean lowland forests: pine forest Pinus pinea L.), evergreen oak forest (Quercus ilex and Quercus suber L.), and deciduous oak forest (Quercus cerris L.). The aim of this study was to carry out a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the deadwood to gather useful information for the Mediterranean forest management, and to provide some useful data that can be integrated into the methods of estimation for carbon stored in dead components of Mediterranean forest types. The investigations focused on the characterization of the deadwood, to determine which traits are dominant and their potentially functionality within the forest type. Results indicated the deciduous oak type had the highest amount of stand volume (379 m3/ha), deadwood volume (161.8 m3/ha), and C storage (31.43 t/ha). The major component of dead wood was the standing dead trees or snags. There was a higher volume of deadwood in the deciduous oak forest than in the pine and evergreen oak forests. In addition, the deciduous oak forest had a higher snag creation index, a higher fallen log creation index, and a higher past management index compared to pine and evergreen oak forest types. Deadwood volume increased as the decay class in the deciduous oak forest increased, while this trend decreased in the evergreen oak and pine forests. The amount of deadwood was affected by the forest type and forest management regime. Dynamic and past management of deadwood indices indicated that their structure was still in the initial phase of creation and decay in the pine and evergreen oak forests. A comparison with other studies on similar forest types brought out that the variation range of the main parameters for the management of deadwood fell within the variation of the parameters studied. However, the values of these parameters cover a broad range. The population of each forest type is extremely sensitive to the different evolutionary periods of the forest dynamics.

The current state assessment of pine forests in the central part of the Kola Peninsula

The problem of restoring disturbed pine forests in the European part of Russia is one of the main directions not only in the forestry sector, but also in the study and development of various segments of environmental management. This paper presents modern data on the vitality structure of the stand of various types of pine forests in the central part of the Kola Peninsula, which are at a different stage after catastrophic violations of natural and anthropogenic origin (cutting, fire).

LONG-TERM FIRE MONITORING IN THE POLISSIA NATURE RESERVE AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES

The results of long-term monitoring of fires in the territory of the Polissia Nature Reserve, which took place at different time periods, are presented. The natural ecosystems of the reserve, mainly dry pine forest types and high oligotrophic bogs, are very vulnerable to fire. The article highlights the causes of fires, their dynamics over a long period of 1988–2020, and also describes the ratio of different types of fires before 2000 and after. A more detailed description of three large fires that took place in the protected area after 2000 is given.

Chemotypic structure of Pinus sylvestris population in Usmansky and Khrenovskoy pine forests

The main target of the paper is to study structure of main pine forest types in Usmansky and Khrenovskoy pine forests, their chemical composition of essential oil (EO) monoterpene fraction. This paper is on problems of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) breeding and seed-growing in the forest-steppe European part. It is done for forest culture improvement, based on genetics and breeding. The characteristic of main components of pine-needles essential oil in free and controlled cross-breeding was investigated. The established peculiarities of monoterpene biosynthesis in pine-needless essential oil are genetically motivated. The long-term opportunity for essential oil composition usage as characteristics of Pinus sylvestris breeding on resistibility to diseases and pests was defined. The structures of main forest types in Usmansky and Khrenovskoy pine forests according to basic monometric and biochemical indices were studied. The data on composition, changeability and inheritance regularity of monoterpenes may be used for recommendations on creating of Pinus sylvestris seed base on genetic and breeding bases.

Interaction between mountain pine beetle-caused tree mortality and fire behavior in subalpine whitebark pine forests, eastern Sierra Nevada, CA; Retrospective observations

The 1351 ha Walker Fire burned in late August 2015 on the eastern Sierra Nevada, California escarpment from sagebrush steppe and pinyon pine woodlands (2150 m) through mid-elevation forests into subalpine whitebark pine (WBP; 3310 m). Fuels were particularly dry due not only to the season but as a result of a record multi-year drought (2012–2015). The fire burned into stands heavily impacted by a mountain pine beetle outbreak (MPB) during a prior drought (2007–2010). Using plot data, we report 100% mortality due to fire of understory vegetation and trees in pinyon pine, aspen, white fir, and lodgepole pine forest types. Fire-caused tree mortality was lower in Jeffrey pine forests (80%), although 100% of the understory was killed by the fire. For WBP plots in areas that had not been affected by MPB, 100% of understory and tree layers also burned. Where the fire burned through plots within the former MPB-outbreak area, 2 of 15 plots had 100% understory vegetation and trees burned by the fire, while the remaining 13 had varying levels of survivorship. In those plots, pines dead from prior beetle-kill as well as live trees remained unburned, as did understory vegetation. Whereas such “gray-stage” stands have been found to reduce fire severity in other regions and forest types, the observed reduction of surface fire was unexpected. In that fires in the subalpine WBP zone and bark beetle-fire interactions have not been studied in California, these preliminary observations suggest that subalpine forests are vulnerable to fire where continuous fuels exist below them. However, in xeric, Mediterranean landscapes, MPB outbreaks in WBP may reduce subsequent burn severity in unexpected ways. These findings may be important given current concerns for WBP’s rangewide vulnerability.

Competition and climate influence growth of black spruce in western boreal forests

The effects of competition and climate on the growth of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP.) were examined using long term measurement data collected across the western Canadian boreal forest. Non-linear mixed effect models were developed and used to examine tree growth responses to competition and climate across the range of upland forest types where black spruce is found in this region including: spruce/fir, deciduous and pine forest types. Basal area of competitor trees larger than the subject tree, and at least one of the following climate variables: frost free period, mean annual precipitation and mean annual temperature, were selected as predictors of diameter and height growth. Spruce/fir competition had a stronger negative effect on the growth of black spruce than pine competition. However, deciduous competition had a positive effect on diameter and height growth of black spruce. Growth was generally sensitive to changes in climate across the three forest types. Increases in temperature (except in pine forest stand) and reductions in precipitation (except in deciduous forest stand) lead to increases in diameter and height growth; however, our model also predicted that increasing temperature when pine stand densities are high will lead to a reduction in growth. These results indicated that forest types and competition will determine the impact of climate on the growth of black spruce trees. Climate sensitive growth functions developed for black spruce in this study will be useful in modeling and managing pure and mixed stands of black spruce across the western boreal forest.

Возрастная динамика некоторых типов сосновых насаждений Московского региона

Возрастная динамика некоторых типов сосновых насаждений Московского региона

Возрастная динамика некоторых типов сосновых насаждений Московского региона

Возрастная динамика некоторых типов сосновых насаждений Московского региона