Types Of Phrases Research Articles

Is All Formulaic Language Created Equal? Unpacking the Processing Advantage for Different Types of Formulaic Sequences.

Research into recurrent, highly conventionalized "formulaic" sequences has shown a processing advantage compared to "novel" (non-formulaic) language. Studies of individual types of formulaic sequence often acknowledge the contribution of specific factors, but little work exists to compare the processing of different types of phrases with fundamentally different properties. We use eye-tracking to compare the processing of three types of formulaic phrases-idioms, binomials, and collocations-and consider whether overall frequency can explain the advantage for all three, relative to control phrases. Results show an advantage, as evidenced through shorter reading times, for all three types. While overall phrase frequency contributes much of the processing advantage, different types of phrase do show additional effects according to the specific properties that are relevant to each type: frequency, familiarity, and decomposability for idioms; predictability and semantic association for binomials; and mutual information for collocations. We discuss how the results contribute to our understanding of the representation and processing of multiword lexical units more broadly.

Song variation of the South Eastern Indian Ocean pygmy blue whale population in the Perth Canyon, Western Australia.

Sea noise collected over 2003 to 2017 from the Perth Canyon, Western Australia was analysed for variation in the South Eastern Indian Ocean pygmy blue whale song structure. The primary song-types were: P3, a three unit phrase (I, II and III) repeated with an inter-song interval (ISI) of 170–194 s; P2, a phrase consisting of only units II & III repeated every 84–96 s; and P1 with a phrase consisting of only unit II repeated every 45–49 s. The different ISI values were approximate multiples of each other within a season. When comparing data from each season, across seasons, the ISI value for each song increased significantly through time (all fits had p << 0.001), at 0.30 s/Year (95%CI 0.217–0.383), 0.8 s/Year (95%CI 0.655–1.025) and 1.73 s/Year (95%CI 1.264–2.196) for the P1, P2 and P3 songs respectively. The proportions of each song-type averaged at 21.5, 24.2 and 56% for P1, P2 and P3 occurrence respectively and these ratios could vary by up to ± 8% (95% CI) amongst years. On some occasions animals changed the P3 ISI to be significantly shorter (120–160 s) or longer (220–280 s). Hybrid song patterns occurred where animals combined multiple phrase types into a repeated song. In recent years whales introduced further complexity by splitting song units. This variability of song-type and proportions implies abundance measure for this whale sub population based on song detection needs to factor in trends in song variability to make data comparable between seasons. Further, such variability in song production by a sub population of pygmy blue whales raises questions as to the stability of the song types that are used to delineate populations. The high level of song variability may be driven by an increasing number of background whale callers creating ‘noise’ and so forcing animals to alter song in order to ‘stand out’ amongst the crowd.

Semantic constraint on preposition incorporation of postverbal locative PPs in Mandarin Chinese

AbstractOther than subcategorized argument locative PPs (e.g. 放在桌子上fàng zài zhuōzi-shàng‘put on the table’), the postverbal position in Modern Mandarin Chinese can only be filled by limited types of adjunct locative prepositional phrases (e.g. 跳在桌子上tiào zài zhuōzi-shàng‘jump onto the table’). Among these postverbal adjunct locative PPs, only a small set of PPs permits the incorporation of the preposition into the preceding verb to form a V-P compound (“preposition incorporation”), yielding their previous prepositional object to surface as the object of the compound verb V-P. Previous studies claim that adjunct phrases which quantize an event, such as event delimiters, may behave like arguments (“the delimiter hypothesis”). Yet, our observations find that adjunct locative PPs that are not event delimiters (e.g. directional 向xiàng/往wǎng‘toward’ PPs or non-directional 在zài‘at’ PPs) can also allow their prepositional object to appear as the verbal object. This thus calls for a modification of the widely-accepted delimiter hypothesis. We argue that the semantic characterization of the postverbal locative PPs permitting PI can be generalized as being associated with the denotation of a scalar result. Specifically, we understandresultfrom the perspective ofscale structureproposed in recent studies and argue that in addition to delimiting an event (that is, introducing a closed scale to the event from the scalar perspective), such PPs can also either add directional information (an open scale) to the event that they modify, or further specify scalar information for the event denoted by the VP. This work not only provides a unified analysis of most types of preposition incorporation that involve the postverbal locative PPs in Mandarin Chinese, but is also the first study that provides a comprehensive analysis of the scalar properties and functions of Chinese locative PPs. Our findings from the Chinese data will also contribute to the cross-linguistic semantic generalization of internal adjuncts and the domain of extended direct case assignment.

定语为述补短语的偏正短语的类型与功能研究

定语为述补短语的偏正短语的类型与功能研究

Endophoric definiteness: An analysis based on Romanian data

[full article and abstract in English]&#x0D; Definiteness as a grammatical or pragmatic category is usually explained via the act of reference. In this spirit, a definite noun phrase is said to ensure that the hearer can identify the entity to which the NP refers, thus establishing a successful act of communication. The well-known typology of definiteness types developed by Hawkins (1978) relies on this assumption. However, such an explanation fails to clarify all the definite noun phrases in discourse.This paper argues that the information provided in the complex nominal constituent can yield a definite interpretation of the nominal regardless of the hearer’s ability to identify the real-life referent to which the noun refers. Such types of definite noun phrases are subsumed in this article under the term “endophoric definiteness”. I will discuss two subtypes of endophoric definiteness. First, the relational definiteness, based on the notion of reference-point constructions will be discussed. Then I will turn to modificational definiteness where the use of modifiers contribute to the definite interpretation of the nominal. The article focuses on how the endophoric definiteness types function and what strategies can be used to mark them formally. To illustrate this point, I use the qualitative analysis of Romanian data. It shows that a language may have different grammatical patterns for the two subtypes of endophoric definiteness. This formal distinction in linguistic expression shows that relational and modificational definiteness types must be taken into account as contributing, in distinct ways, to the category of definiteness.

Phrase and Clause Usage in Michael Jackson’s Song Lyrics

This research aims to find out the usage of phrase and clause types that are found in Michael Jackson song-lyrics such as Billie Jean, Beat It, Black or White, Dirty Diana, Earth Song, Heal the World, Man in the Mirror, Smooth Criminal, They Don’t Really Care About Us, and Thriller. The phrase and clause types are based on Eastwood’s categories. The phrase is divided into five types: (1) verb phrase, (2) noun phrase, (3) adjective phrase, (4) adverb phrase and (5) prepositional phrase, while the clause is divided into two types, namely main clause and sub clause. There are also four types of sub clause: (1) adverbial clause, (2) conditional clause, (3) noun clause, (4) and relative clause. This categorization can find out the usage of grammatical pattern in the sentence. In the analysis, the findings of phrases and clauses show that the most dominant number are noun phrase (51.94%) and main clause (63.74%).

An Analysis of Translation Procedures of Noun Phrases in Carlo Collodi’s Novel Entitled “Pinocchio”

This research is conducted to identify the noun phrase and its types in Carlo Collodi’s novel entitled Pinoccio as well as procedures used to translate them in the translation version entitled Pinokio which was translated by Wiwin Indiarti.&#x0D; The data of this descriptive qualitative research are noun phrases found in the novel and their translation in Indonesian. Documentation is used to collect the data. Meanwhile, content analysis method is applied for analyzing data in relation to their contexts.&#x0D; The result of this research shows that there are 5.283 noun phrases in chapter 1 to chapter 36 of Pinochio novel. It is also found that there are 3 types of noun phrase. They are: 1) noun phrase type I which is identified as Modifier + Head (M+H) with 2.985 data, 2) noun phrase type II which is identified as Head + Modifier (M+H) with 425 data, and 3) noun phrase type III which is identified as Modifier + Head + Modifier (M+H) with 1.873 data.&#x0D; Furthermore, the translator used eleven translation procedures to translate noun phrases proposed by Newmark. Those procedures are 1) translation by Transference with frequency of 93 data (1.8%), 2) translation by Naturalization with frequancy of 102 data (2.1%), 3) translation by Cultural Equivalent with frequency of 308 data (6.2%), 4) translation by Functional Equivalent with frequancy of 97 data (1.9%) translation by Componential Analysis with frequancy of 773 data (14.7%), 6) translation by Synonymy with frequancy of 738 data (14.9%), 7) translation by Through-translation with frequancy of 1.205 data (24.3%), 8) translation by Shift or Transposition with frequancy of 792 data (17%), 9) translation by Compensation with frequancy of 438 data (8%). 10 translation by Couplets with frequency 173 (3.4%), and 11) translation by Modulation with frequency 43 (1%). &#x0D; It can be concluded that the translator often used Through translation procedure to translate noun phrases into Indonesian. It was used because she wants to deliver the message of the text as natural as possible

OLD ENGLISH ‘HWÆT’ REVISITED: A COGNITIVE APPROACH

The objective of our research is to study the interjection function of the OE unit hwæt in its functional paradigm and the context of actualization in the text structure of Beowulf. We consider that in the framework of various linguistic theories the authorі differentiate between (a) morphological functions – pronominal, adjectival and adverbial; (b) communicative functions – attention-getting, connative, interrogative (Walkden, 2013), interpersonal and (c) discourse functions – complementizing, cohesive, pragmatic (Bergs, 2012) that brought to a functional mix which needs a corpus analysis based on the numerous Old English data retrieved from the texts of various genres. In Contemporary English what is used as determiner,&nbsp;pronoun, and exclamation marker: in&nbsp;questions&nbsp;that shows surprise or shock or a strong emotion about something. Besides, we must also note that in fact, OE manuscripts never show punctuation between hwæt and a following clause. And the type of phrase or clause associated with exclamations is called exclamative. Regular renderings of&nbsp;hwæt,&nbsp;in the initial position are rendered into Modern English by what-interrogatives ah! now; why ‘lo;’, ‘hark;’, ‘behold;’, ‘attend.’ (Brington, 1996). We consider that in the framework of various linguistic theories the authors differentiate between (a) morphological functions – pronominal, adjectival and adverbial; (b) communicative functions – attention-getting, connative, interrogativе, interpersonal and (c) discourse functions – complementizing, cohesive and pragmatic.

Group genitive in Swedish – s-genitive as a phrase marker

Abstract In this paper I discuss the constructions with the group genitive and their use in today’s Swedish. The development of the s-genitive from a diachronic perspective, its degrammaticalization and the status of the s-genitive are discussed. The aim of the paper is to examine and analyse the use of the group genitive in the Swedish nominal phrases in three contexts, i. e. coordinated nominal phrases, nominal phrase with a prepositional phrase and nominal phrase with a relative clause. The group genitive’s domain is above all spoken, colloquial language. The analysed material consists of authentic examples of everyday use of language from the Swedish corpus Språkbanken and a questionnaire conducted among native speakers. The study shows that the group genitive is very productive with various types of nominal phrases in Swedish, even though it is still limited to colloquial and non-formal use of language.

Modeling adnominal possession in multilingual grammar engineering

In this paper we describe insights gained from building an extension to the LinGO Grammar Matrix customization system to cover adnominal possessive phrases. We show how the wide range of such constructions attested in the world's languages can be handled with the typical major phrase types used in HPSG and discuss the value of feature bundling in the multilingual grammar engineering context.

Harnessing Frequency and Language Features for Keyword Extraction on E-commerce Platforms

Automatic keyword extraction has become essential with the growing number of internet resources. This method aims to extract quality keywords that are relevant to products in e-commerce platforms. The problem with e-commerce products is that there are wide ranges of categories in which a product can be in it. We propose a technique to improve the extraction of keywords from products information for the e-commerce systems by applying both frequency-based and language-based features. For frequency-based features, we consider the fact that products in the same category may have popular keywords which are different from other frequency-based features. For language-based features, different types of noun phrases are extracted and ranked accordingly. In this work, the proposed category-based document frequency is combined with the traditional TFIDF and noun phrases ranking. The approach is evaluated using product descriptions from Amazon. The results show that our approach performs better than the traditional TFIDF and RAKE by at least 10 percent on various categories of e-commerce products.

Mastering complex Swedish NPs: A comparison of non-immersion pupils and immersion L1 Finnish pupils

The aim of this article is to study the extent to which some of the most complex types of Swedish noun phrases (NPs) have been mastered in a grammaticality judgement test in L2 Swedish of Finnish-speaking 16-year-old non-immersion pupils (n = 44) compared with 15-year-old immersion pupils (n = 86). The study concentrates on double definiteness, NPs with both possessive/genitive and adjective attributes, and NPs with the synonymous demonstrative pronouns den har and denna (“this”). In previous studies, these NPs have been difficult for L2 learners irrespective of their L1, including immersion students. The studied NP types represent two types of complexity: formal complexity and complexity of the relationship between form and meaning. The research questions concern the order in which the studied forms are mastered, the hierarchy of difficulty for the different types of complexity, and the differences between non-immersion and immersion students. Analyses at the individual level show that formally complex NPs are used accurately more often than those with a complex relationship between form and meaning in both groups. This result is similar to the one achieved in a previous study with the same test with 12- and 15-year-old immersion students as informants. The differences between non-immersion and immersion students are small and usually statistically insignificant, i.e., the studied structures were difficult for the informants irrespective of the learning context.

An Error Analysis of Using Phrases in Writing Recount Text at Tenth Grade in SMA Parulian 2 Medan

This thesis is the study about an error analysis of using phrases in writing recount text at tenth grader in SMA Parulian 2 Medan. The objective of the study is to identify the types of common phrases’ error made by the students of tenth grader in SMA Parulian 2 Medan in writing recount text. This study used descriptive qualitative research. The subject of this study is the tenth grade students of SMA Parulian 2 Medan which consists of three classes. The object of this study is class of X-A. The instrument of collecting data used writing test, writing recount text. The data were analyzed by identifying the students’ phrases errors by underlining each error from students’ answer sheet, after that classifying the types of error based on five types of phrases. Finally, the research result showed that there are 145 phrases errors made by the students X-A in writing recount text. The types of phrases which indicate common error is on noun phrase. The number of noun phrase error are 83 with percentage 57,24%, followed by verb phrase has 28 with percentage 19,31%, the third is prepositional phrase which has 22 with percentage 15,17%, the fourth is adjective phrase which has 10 with percentage 6,90%, the last is adverb phrase has 2 with percentage 1,38%. It was caused the students constructed or arranged the words or sentences based on Indonesian meaning. English has different rules in constructing phrases. The students also were lack of knowledge about phrases. Therefore, English teachers are expected to focus on types of phrases in learning English.

Age-Related Differences in ERP Components Associated with Processing Homonyms Depending on the Context Type of Adnominal and Verb Phrases

Age-Related Differences in ERP Components Associated with Processing Homonyms Depending on the Context Type of Adnominal and Verb Phrases

PENGUNAAN BAHASA TERNATE DALAM SASTRA LISAN DAN ACARA RITUAL KEAGAMAAN

This paper describes types of phrases expressed in Ternate oral literature. As various types of Indonesian literature, it is also found that oral literature of Ternate consists of many different forms and type, this variety can be classified into different classification such as based on the period of before and after the establishment of Islamic teaching in this area. Ternate oral literature has a close relationship with the tradition of its society such as its ethics, social and economic life both internally and externally. Oral tradition in the sultanate of Ternate is a set of habits and behaviors of daily life inherited from generation to generation. Before the introduction of Islam which is known as the period ofmomoleperiod, this country already has a number of oral traditions that includes cultural values, customs, community systems and belief systems.In line with the development of Ternate language into lingua-france in North Maluku, Ternate literature then became the property of the community as North Maluku. Even it expands spreading alongside the development of the power of the Sultanate of Ternate from XV to XVII century. It is no wonder that if the oral literature is influenced by local languages as well as Malay, Arabic and Javanese languages.

ASPEK-ASPEK KEBAHASAAAN DALAM PROSEDUR PENERJEMAHAN

Abstract. Translating a source text into a target text requires a lot of insight. The greater the translator's insight, the better the translation will be. A translator requires not only the aspects of meaning and style in the source language and the target language, and translation technique/procedure, but s/he is also required to provide detailed explanation of information presented in the text. Particularly in interpreting, an interpreter should obey the rules or principles applicable in the source and the target language. One important norm is related to the phrase structure, either the noun phrase, the adjective phrase; adverbial phrase, or other types of phrases. In reality, however, frequent violations of the phrase rules occur in that the interpreter ignores the correct translation procedures in accordance with the standard language of the target text. In this paper the author will describe the compulsion imposed by the translators, especially those that occurred in the translation classes. Beginners in the field of translation often ignore standardized translation techniques.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: translation constraint; procedure; variation; factors

Composing lexical versus functional adjectives: Evidence for uniformity in the left temporal lobe.

Featural information (e.g., color or shape) allows interlocutors to focus their attention on the specific items under discussion from the vast set of possibilities in the environment. Intriguingly, when they are used to modify and restrict nouns, adjectives can either carry featural information themselves (e.g., green car) or retrieve featural information from the context (e.g., somebody points at a car and claims that she has the same car or a different car). Do the processing of same/different car and green car share neural correlates? For the composition of nouns with feature-carrying adjectives, prior work revealed early compositional effects (roughly 200 ms after noun onset) in the left anterior temporal lobe. However, although we know that such effects do not extend to cases of numeral quantification, which add no conceptual features to the noun (e.g., two boats), we do not know whether they extend to functional adjectives that themselves introduce no features, but instead reference features in the context. To address this question, we measured magnetoencephalography (MEG) during the processing of five types of noun phrases (NPs): same NPs (e.g., same star), different NPs (e.g., different star), color NPs (e.g., green star), comparative NPs (e.g., larger star), and another NPs (e.g., another star). Our main finding was that between 185 to 240 ms after noun onset, same and different NPs patterned with the color NPs in their elicited left temporal lobe activity, and same NPs even trended toward higher amplitudes than the color NPs. This shows that the mechanism driving combinatory effects in the left temporal cortex does not require the input words to directly name conceptual features, as long as the words reference featural information in the context, and that overlapping neural correlates underlie the composition of featural information from both linguistic and nonlinguistic sources.

Agreement With Conjoined NPs Reflects Language Experience.

An important question within psycholinguistic research is whether grammatical features, such as number values on nouns, are probabilistic or discrete. Similarly, researchers have debated whether grammatical specifications are only set for individual lexical items, or whether certain types of noun phrases (NPs) also obtain number valuations at the phrasal level. Through a corpus analysis and an oral production task, we show that conjoined NPs can take both singular and plural verb agreement and that notional number (i.e., the numerosity of the referent of the subject noun phrase) plays an important role in agreement with conjoined NPs. In two written production tasks, we show that participants who are exposed to plural (versus singular or unmarked) agreement with conjoined NPs in a biasing story are more likely to produce plural agreement with conjoined NPs on a subsequent production task. This suggests that, in addition to their sensitivity to notional information, conjoined NPs have probabilistic grammatical specifications that reflect their distributional properties in language. These results provide important evidence that grammatical number reflects language experience, and that this language experience impacts agreement at the phrasal level, and not just the lexical level.

BENTUK DAN PERILAKU FRASA VERBA NOMINA DALAM BAHASA ARAB

&lt;p&gt;Verbal noun phrase (VNP) is a component of the construct phrase or idhāfah. This study aims to describe VNP’s structure and behavior in arabic grammar and show the unique characteristics of VNP among other types of construct phrase. The methodology used in this study is qualitative descriptive. The data containing VNP is collected from several sources i.e The Quran, Prophetic tradition, and online newspaper. The analysis of data is occurred by distributional methode in which bases its performance on analysing each linguistic particular related to other units. The results state that VNP has distinctive form: the first term mudhāf is a verbal noun which has neither the definite article nor nunation, and second term is definite or indefinite noun with no prepositional insertion. In order to syntac relation built by VNP the second term is the agent or doer of the action conveid by verbal noun, or the object of an action.&lt;/p&gt;

Root and Phrasal Diminutive Markers in Gan Chinese

AbstractPrevious analyses of diminutives made a dichotomy between derivational and inflectional diminutives, and we found that such a distinction does not cover all the possibilities that diminutives may be in world languages. This article presents a case study of two diminutive markers, namely, ‐li and ‐tsiʔ, in Yichun Gan, a Sinitic language. The diminutive marker ‐tsiʔ is typologically significant in being cross‐categorial at the phrasal level. It can be attached to different types of phrases, ranging from noun phrases, classifier phrases, adjective phrases and verb phrases. These two diminutive markers are characterized with distinct distributions and semantic interpretations, based on which, we propose that the diminutive ‐li works at the root level and functions as a root nominalizer, and ‐tsiʔ operates at the phrasal level and is a phrasal diminutive modifier.