Types Of Pharmacy Services Research Articles

Impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on clinical pharmaceutical services: A scoping review.

Digital technologies are becoming increasingly sophisticated and integrated, but the scope of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) is wider: technologies and innovations are diffusing faster and more widely. Despite the extensive use of telepharmacy technology by patients and pharmacists, there is an absence of research that examines the use of telepharmacy. To investigate the current evidence concerning the impact of the 4IR on the provision of pharmaceutical services. A scoping review based on the PCC (Population, Concept, and Context) mnemonic was conducted in Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science. Population included pharmacist/clinical pharmaceutical services, the concept referred to the 4IR and the context was open. Electronic searches retrieved 8,694 articles that were screened by titles and abstracts. The search yielded 59 studies that were analyzed in terms of country of focus, publication year, type of publication, main technologies, types of pharmacy services, and the role of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Most of the included studies were conducted in the United States and were published between 2005 and 2021, with the highest number of publications in the year of 2021. The majority of included articles were observational studies. Technologies addressed in the studies were those within the scope of telepharmacy, and most of the articles discussed more than one pharmaceutical service, with medication therapy management as the most frequent. The Covid-19 pandemic accelerated the use of technologies, identifying promising niches for pharmacists in the field of Pharmaceutical Care. This should encourage pharmacists to fortify their capacity to adopt new technologies in the provision of pharmaceutical services. The frequent use of various technologies has been demonstrated, which indicates the exigency for further health education actions by the pharmacist.

Projection of future pharmacy service fees using the dispensing claims in hospital and clinic outpatient pharmacies: national health insurance database between 2006 and 2012

BackgroundPredicting pharmacy service fees is crucial to sustain the health insurance budget and maintain pharmacy management. However, there is no evidence on how to predict pharmacy service fees at the population level. This study compares the status of pharmacy services and constructs regression model to project annual pharmacy service fees in Korea.MethodsWe conducted a time-series analysis by using sample data from the national health insurance database from 2006 and 2012. To reflect the latest trend, we categorized pharmacies into general hospital, special hospital, and clinic outpatient pharmacies based on the major source of service fees, using a 1% sample of the 2012 data. We estimated the daily number of prescriptions, pharmacy service fees, and drugs costs according to these three types of pharmacy services. To forecast pharmacy service fees, a regression model was constructed to estimate annual fees in the following year (2013). The dependent variable was pharmacy service fees and the independent variables were the number of prescriptions and service fees per pharmacy, ratio of patients (≥ 65 years), conversion factor, change of policy, and types of pharmacy services.ResultsAmong the 21,283 pharmacies identified, 5.0% (1064), 4.6% (974), and 77.5% (16,340) were general hospital, special hospital, and clinic outpatient pharmacies, respectively, in 2012. General hospital pharmacies showed a higher daily number of prescriptions (111.9), higher pharmacy service fees ($25,546,342), and higher annual drugs costs ($215,728,000) per pharmacy than any other pharmacy (p < 0.05). The regression model to project found the ratio of patients aged 65 years and older and the conversion factor to be associated with an increase in pharmacy service fees. It also estimated the future rate of increase in pharmacy service fees to be between 3.1% and 7.8%.ConclusionsGeneral hospital outpatient pharmacies spent more on annual pharmacy service fees than any other type of pharmacy. The forecast of annual pharmacy service fees in Korea was similar to that of Australia, but not that of the United Kingdom.

Influences on the frequency and type of community pharmacy services

ObjectivesTo describe services provided by community pharmacies and to identify factors associated with services being provided in community pharmacies. DesignCross-sectional national mail survey. Setting and participantsPharmacists actively practicing in community pharmacies (independent, chain, mass merchandisers, and supermarkets). Outcome measuresFrequency and type of pharmacy services available in a community pharmacy, including medication therapy management, immunization, adjusting medication therapy, medication reconciliation, disease state management, health screening or coaching, complex nonsterile compounding, and point-of-care testing. ResultsWith a 48.4% response rate, the survey showed that community pharmacies offered on average 3 of the 8 services studied. Pharmacy chains and supermarket pharmacies reported providing significantly more services than did mass merchandise pharmacies. The number of pharmacy services provided was positively associated with involvement in an interprofessional care team, innovativeness, and perceived workload. The number of pharmacy services was negatively correlated with having 3.5 or more pharmacy technicians on duty. ConclusionPharmacy chains and supermarkets are providing the most pharmacy services among community pharmacy settings. The number of services provided was associated with innovativeness, technician staffing, and perceived workload. Also, involvement with an interprofessional care team supported greater service delivery. Community pharmacies vary in their provision of services beyond dispensing.

Exploring the role of pharmacists in outpatient dialysis centers: a qualitative study of nephrologist views

Implementation of pharmacy services in dialysis centers seems to be limited and requires acceptance from nephrologists. The aim of this study was to explore the opinions of Australian and Portuguese nephrologists toward a potential future provision of clinical pharmacy services in outpatient dialysis centers. A qualitative study using semistructured interviews was conducted with a purposeful sample of 7 Australian and 14 Portuguese nephrologists. The audiotaped interviews were transcribed verbatim and thematically analyzed. Three themes emerged from the analysis: 'attitudes of nephrologists towards pharmacist involvement', 'types of pharmacy services' and 'consequences of implementation of pharmacy services'. Australian nephrologists showed positive attitudes and reported several pharmacy services that could be performed by pharmacists in dialysis centers, whereas Portuguese nephrologist views restricted pharmacists to administrative duties. In addition, Portuguese nephrologists showed concerns with professional boundaries and demonstrated lack of awareness and knowledge of pharmacist skills. Pharmacy services suggested by Australian nephrologists included medication review, medication reconciliation, medication history update, patient and staff education, patient compliance improvement and development and implementation of anemia protocols. Nephrologists expected economic benefits from the services implementation by minimizing the inappropriate use of drugs, avoiding medication errors, and reducing drug wastage due to noncompliance. Australian and Portuguese nephrologists hold different views regarding the future provision of pharmacy services in outpatient dialysis centers. Acceptability seems to be related to a previous acquaintance with pharmacists and pharmacy services. Different health policies in the two countries that promote collaborative practice between physicians and pharmacists may also account for the differences.

Comparison of Community Pharmacy Services in Urban and Suburban Areas, with Emphasis on Those for Older People

Objective: To document and compare the availability and type of pharmacy services provided by community pharmacies to the elderly in an urban area (central city) and a suburban area of a large metropolitan area, as well as the use of pharmacy services by elderly people living in the study areas. Design: Questionnaire. Setting: Metropolitan Detroit, MI. Subjects: Pharmacies, pharmacists, and elderly people. Data Collection: Data were collected from the 1990 census and surveys of pharmacies, pharmacists, and elderly patients in the study areas. Results: There were fewer pharmacists, pharmacies, and pharmacy business hours available for the elderly living in the central city compared with the suburban area. Overall, the elderly generally felt satisfied with their pharmacists. Pharmacists indicated that less than half of their elderly patients with new prescriptions receive verbal/written information and few do little in the area of follow-up monitoring for elderly patients. The elderly in the central city are concerned with neighborhood crime, use mass transportation, have significantly lower incomes, and live alone more often than the suburban area elderly. Conclusions: Overall there was no significant difference in access to available pharmacy services. Urban and suburban area respondents did have some differences that may affect their ability to access pharmacies.

Preceptors' views of community pharmacy clerkships: a national survey.

A survey was administered to a random sample of community pharmacy practitioners who participate as preceptors in clerkship programs for colleges of pharmacy throughout the country. The purpose of this survey was to determine (1) in what ways, if any, students have affected the preceptors' practices; (20 whether the students served as a sources of continuing education to the preceptors; (3) whether the preceptors identified areas of students' strengths/deficiencies; and (4) roles of colleges of pharmacy and pharmacy associations in providing continuing education programs for pharmacists. Results of this survey are discussed. Data are cross-tabulated for types of pharmacy services provided, years in practice, length of clerkship rotations, and other essential demographic information needed for evaluation. Based on responses, recommendations are made that will provide guidance to colleges of pharmacy, pharmaceutical associations, and practitioners currently involved or those who are considering involvement in clerkship programs.