Types Of Performance Measures Research Articles

Effect of board characteristics on firm value: evidence from India

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship of board characteristics and firm performance for Indian companies.Design/methodology/approachCorporate governance structures of 391 Indian companies out of CNX 500 companies listed on National Stock Exchange have been studied for their impact on performance of companies. Structural equation modeling methodology has been employed on data for five financial years from 2010 to 2014 for selected companies. Market-based measure (Tobin’s Q) and accounting-based measure (return on asset) have been employed for measuring firm performance.FindingsEmpirical findings indicate that there is significant positive association between board size and firm performance. Board independence is found significantly related to firm performance. Number of board meetings is found to be sending positive signal to the market creating firm value. Separation of CEO and chairman of the board is found to be value creating and overburdened directors affect firm performance adversely. Findings also suggest that the governance-performance relationship is also dependent upon the type of performance measures used in the study.Research limitations/implicationsLimitations of this study are in terms of data methodology and possible omission of some variables. It is understood that the qualitative dynamics happening inside board meetings impact corporate performance. The strategic decisions-making process adopted by the boards to fight competition or to increase market share is not available in public domain easily. The decision-making processes and monitoring for implementation of these decisions could impact corporate governance-performance relationship. These parameters and their impact on corporate performance are not covered under the scope of the present study. However, the same could have thrown more light on governance-performance relationship.Originality/valueThe paper adds to the emerging body of literature on corporate governance-performance relationship in the Indian context using a reasonably wider and newer data set.

Assessment of knowledge and skills in information literacy instruction for rehabilitation sciences students: a scoping review.

ObjectiveThis scoping review investigates how knowledge and skills are assessed in the information literacy (IL) instruction for students in physical therapy, occupational therapy, or speech-language pathology, regardless of whether the instruction was given by a librarian. The objectives were to discover what assessment measures were used, determine whether these assessment methods were tested for reliability and validity, and provide librarians with guidance on assessment methods to use in their instruction in evidence-based practice contexts.MethodsA scoping review methodology was used. A systematic search strategy was run in Ovid MEDLINE and adapted for CINAHL; EMBASE; Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) (EBSCO); Library and Information Science s (LISA); Library, Information Science & Technology s (LISTA); and Proquest Theses and Dissertations from 1990 to January 16, 2017. Forty articles were included for data extraction.ResultsThree major themes emerged: types of measures used, type and context of librarian involvement, and skills and outcomes described. Thirty-four measures of attitude and thirty-seven measures of performance were identified. Course products were the most commonly used type of performance measure. Librarians were involved in almost half the studies, most frequently as instructor, but also as author or assessor. Information literacy skills such as question formulation and database searching were described in studies that did not involve a librarian.ConclusionLibrarians involved in instructional assessment can use rubrics such as the Valid Assessment of Learning in Undergraduate Education (VALUE) when grading assignments to improve the measurement of knowledge and skills in course-integrated IL instruction. The Adapted Fresno Test could be modified to better suit the real-life application of IL knowledge and skills.

Refinement of Performance Measures based on High-Resolution Signal and Detection Data

Abstract: Most previous evaluation studies of various signal control strategies, both in the field and through microsimulation, used common traffic performance measures (PMs) related to travel times, number of stops, control delay, etc.. Recent advancements in detection and controller data-logging capabilities have brought forth new types of signal PMs. Two such measures known as Arrivals on Green (AOG) and Approach Delay (AD) have been recently used in a number of projects by other universities and state departments of transportation. A study that evaluated InSync through these high-resolution PMs showed that AOG, as a single PM, cannot be fully trusted when comparing traffic signal alternatives, as it does not reflect the efficiency of the allocated green time used by an arriving platoon of vehicles. The findings also suggested that currently used methodologies underestimate AD, as they simplify their computation. This study proposes development of a new high-resolution PM – Average Arrivals on Green Ratio (AAOGR) that takes into account variability of cycle length and green time, on a cycle-by-cycle basis (thus applicable for dynamic control) and provides information on the ratio of vehicles that passed through the intersection per a second of green time. Moreover, a discharge rate-based model for computing AD, which takes into consideration the possible queue build-up during red and provides better estimation of true AD per vehicle if measured in front of the advanced detectors, is proposed as well.

Preventing Key Performance Indicators Violations Based on Proactive Runtime Adaptation in Service Oriented Environment

Key Performance Indicator (KPI) is a type of performance measurement that evaluates the success of an organization or a partial activity in which it engages. If during the running process instance the monitoring results show that the KPIs do not reach their target values, then the influential factors should be identified, and the appropriate adaptation strategies should be performed to prevent KPIs violations. In this paper, we propose an integrated monitoring, analysis, prediction and adaptation approach to prevent KPIs violations. We have considered more than one KPI for a specific process and have tried to reach their target values simultaneously by proactive runtime adaptation before the end of the running process. In order to identify the dependency between KPIs and lower-level influential factors, an analysis is done on the data collected from historical process executions. For this purpose, Data Mining techniques have been used. The result is used to predict the KPIs values of the running instance. If KPIs violations are detected, adaptation requirements and adaptation strategies are identified. Since it is possible to define several KPIs for one process, and each has its own importance, so in this paper we tried to satisfy several KPIs target values.

Managing strategic uncertainty

Purpose Strategic uncertainty from emerging threats and opportunities in the business environment can significantly impact managers’ abilities to successfully implement their business strategy. A key strategic control and governance mechanism designed to enable managers to respond to strategic uncertainty is a strategic performance measurement system, such as the balanced scorecard (BSC). This study aims to investigate whether strategic uncertainty is associated with the diversity and types of performance measures in a BSC, which are used by managers for various strategic control and governance purposes. Design/methodology/approach A survey of senior-level managers within strategic business units of Australian Stock Exchange listed organizations was conducted. Findings This study finds that the extent to which managers face strategic uncertainty is positively associated with performance measurement diversity. Further, managers faced with greater strategic uncertainty use performance measures relatively more to evaluate subordinates’ performance, communicate business strategy, track performance against targets, identify problem areas and guide future directions. Outcome measures are used to a greater extent for all five purposes, whereas leading measures are used more only for future-oriented purposes. Practical implications Strategic performance measurement systems, such as the BSC, can and are being used to provide managers with the information and control mechanisms necessary to meet the challenges associated with strategic uncertainty. Originality/value This study provides the first evidence on the relations between strategic uncertainty, performance measurement diversity and managers’ use of performance measures for five key purposes. Understanding these relations is important, as managers need to formulate appropriate responses to strategic uncertainty, to protect and create value by exploiting emerging opportunities and managing associated threats.

General-purpose ranking and selection for computer simulation

ABSTRACTMany indifference-zone Ranking-and-Selection (R&S) procedures have been invented for choosing the best simulated system. To obtain the desired Probability of Correct Selection (PCS), existing procedures exploit knowledge about the particular combination of system performance measure (e.g., mean, probability, variance, quantile) and assumed output distribution (e.g., normal, exponential, Poisson). In this article, we take a step toward general-purpose R&S procedures that work for many types of performance measures and output distributions, including situations where different simulated alternatives have entirely different output distribution families. There are only two versions of our procedure: with and without the use of common random numbers. To obtain the required PCS we exploit intense computation via bootstrapping, and to mitigate the computational effort we create an adaptive sample-allocation scheme that guides the procedure to quickly reach the necessary sample size. We establish the asymptotic PCS of these procedures under very mild conditions and provide a finite-sample empirical evaluation of them as well.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of carbohydrate benefits associated with randomized controlled competition-based performance trials.

BackgroundCarbohydrate supplements are widely used by athletes as an ergogenic aid before and during sports events. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at synthesizing all available data from randomized controlled trials performed under real-life conditions.MethodsMEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched systematically up to February 2015. Study groups were categorized according to test mode and type of performance measurement. Subgroup analyses were done with reference to exercise duration and range of carbohydrate concentration. Random effects and fixed effect meta-analyses were performed using the Software package by the Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager 5.3.ResultsTwenty-four randomized controlled trials met the objectives and were included in the present systematic review, 16 of which provided data for meta-analyses. Carbohydrate supplementations were associated with a significantly shorter exercise time in groups performing submaximal exercise followed by a time trial [mean difference −0.9 min (95 % confidence interval −1.7, −0.2), p = 0.02] as compared to controls. Subgroup analysis showed that improvements were specific for studies administering a concentration of carbohydrates between 6 and 8 % [mean difference −1.0 min (95 % confidence interval −1.9, −0.0), p = 0.04]. Concerning groups with submaximal exercise followed by a time trial measuring power accomplished within a fixed time or distance, mean power output was significantly higher following carbohydrate load (mean difference 20.2 W (95 % confidence interval 9.0, 31.5), p = 0.0004]. Likewise, mean power output was significantly increased following carbohydrate intervention in groups with time trial measuring power within a fixed time or distance (mean difference 8.1 W (95 % confidence interval 0.5, 15.7) p = 0.04].ConclusionDue to the limitations of this systematic review, results can only be applied to a subset of athletes (trained male cyclists). For those, we could observe a potential ergogenic benefit of carbohydrate supplementation especially in a concentration range between 6 and 8 % when exercising longer than 90 min.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12970-016-0139-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Measuring Efficiency of Islamic and Conventional Banks in MENA Region

This study aims to measure the performance and efficiency of Islamic and conventional banks in the MENA region and its determinants. The authors use for this purpose the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method and the analysis of the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) method for calculating the technical efficiency scores. The results reveal similar trends for both types of performance measurement. The banks category analysis revealed that conventional banks are more efficient than Islamic banks. Despite technological changes experienced by the banking system in the MENA region, the efficiency analysis shows that the technical inefficiency results from the pure technical inefficiency. Finally, the effectiveness of banks in the MENA region is sensitive to variables such as the crisis, deposits, capitalization and including especially variables related to business lines.

Applying Group Decision Making and Multiple Attribute Decision Making Methods in Business Processes

The aim of this applied research is to focus on real-life application of multiple attribute decision making (MADM) methods and their adaptation in a way which can be acceptable for business practice. The study will apply the group decision making methods on a Balanced Scorecard (BSC) as a type of performance measurement and strategic decision making. The study is mainly concerned with multiple criteria decomposition method of analytic network process (ANP) method, WINGS technique and entropy. This group of methods had been already applied in several business domains. However, majority of the implementation was only presented as an example how it could work in practice, but they were not investigated from the perspective of how much information they could provide to the management. In this paper, proposed methods will be used to determine which criteria are most important for the company within the Balanced Scorecard and results of all methods will be compared. The aim of this study is, by utilizing group MADM approach, to discover the areas of the BSC which must be improved so that a total performance increases.

Measuring the Performance of Born-Global Firms Throughout Their Development Process: The Roles of Initial Market Selection and Internationalisation Speed

Recent efforts have been made to operationalise the performance of born-global (BG) firms in ways that acknowledge their unique characteristics and strategies. This paper explores the BG development process and assesses the relevance of various types of performance measures. Two questions are addressed: first, which types of performance measures are most relevant to BGs in the various phases of their development? Second, how do initial market selection and internationalisation speed influence BG development, and therefore the relevance of performance measures? Drawing on international entrepreneurship theory, this study undertook a progressive focussing, theory development/refinement (abduction) approach. Utilising a multiple case study design, data were collected primarily through in-depth, face-to-face interviews with senior managers from Australian BGs and with industry experts and analysed using open, axial and selective coding. Data were collected from BGs across each of the three phases of BG development: pre-start-up/venture creation; early international entry/development; and international growth/consolidation. Building on recent conceptualisations of the BG development process, we found that the relevance of performance measures is dependent, in part, on the BG’s phase of development. Further, the rapidity of internationalisation and the psychic distance of initial markets influence the duration of each phase. The unique characteristics and strategies of BGs should be reflected in the measures used to evaluate their performance in each of the three phases. This study represents the first empirical examination into the measurement of BG performance across the phases of development, providing a foundation for future scale development.

Strategic Orientation and Organizational Performance : A Study of the African Textile Industry

This study examines the impact of strategic orientation on organizational performance in the African textile industry in Nigeria. However, there are cautions that being too focused can lead to lack of focus and anecdotal evidence suggests that it may be better to ignore your customer when developing new products. Building on the market orientation research stream, the authors examine the impact of three alternative strategic orientations—customer orientation, competitor orientation, and product orientation—on a variety of subjective and objective measures of performance in an organization, which is marked by high rates of innovation and largely unpredictable preferences. The results indicate that the association between strategic orientation and performance varies depending on the type of performance measure used. However, the most unambiguous result is that a orientation exhibits a negative association with sales.

The effect of financial incentives on performance: A quantitative review of individual and team‐based financial incentives

We meta‐analysed 146 studies (n = 31,861) to examine the effects of individual and team‐based financial incentives on peoples' performance and to explore potential moderators. The overall effect size of the individual incentives (116 studies) was positive (g = 0.32). Moderator analyses revealed effect sizes to be larger for field studies (g = 0.34) than for laboratory studies (g = 0.29), larger for qualitative (g = 0.39) than quantitative performance measures (g = 0.28), and smaller for less complex tasks (g = 0.19). Results on team‐based incentives (30 studies) indicated a positive effect regarding team‐based rewards on performance (g = 0.45), with equitably distributed rewards resulting in higher performance than equally distributed rewards. This relationship was larger in field studies and smaller for less complex tasks. In addition, our results show that the effect of team‐based rewards depends on team size and gender composition. Implications for organizational rewards and suggestions for future research are discussed.Practitioner points Our study demonstrates the importance of rewarding employees as teams to motivate them to a greater extent. The results show that equitably distributed rewards lead to higher performance than equally distributed rewards. Managers should design their appraisal and feedback process for individual team members and the team as a whole. Our results provide useful information regarding the creation of appropriate reward systems. Differences in reward characteristics, team composition, and distribution rules offer practical implications for factors on organizational (i.e., personnel selection, frequency, and amount of rewards), team (i.e., team characteristics, type of performance measurement), and individual level (i.e., importance of rewards, personality).

The Role of Performance Measures in the Intertemporal Decisions of Business Unit Managers

Accounting performance measures are often argued to lead to short-sighted behavior by managers facing intertemporal decisions. We assess the association between different types of performance measures and the time horizon of business unit managers who have profit responsibility. Our results, based on a sample of 105 managers, indicate that accounting return measures direct business unit managers’ attention toward longer-term activities. Non-financial measures similarly direct managerial attention toward longer-term activities, although not to the same degree as accounting return measures. We conclude that accounting return measures can balance out potential congruity problems associated with the profit measures by directing managerial attention to activities that have longer term consequences on firm performance.

Probe Vehicle–Based Statewide Mobility Performance Measures for Decision Makers

Decision makers in state transportation agencies typically manage budgets approaching or exceeding $1 billion. Historically, the data used to make investment decisions have been quite coarse and have been typically based on short-term volume counts fed into models to forecast performance. As a result, it is not uncommon for construction projects to address needs that were forecast to be a priority 5 to 10 years earlier, while more pressing congestion challenges go unmet. It is essential that long-term planning begins to be supplemented by more current performance measures. The emerging private-sector probe vehicle data obtained from commercial providers offer an opportunity to augment traditional forward-looking planning models with performance measures that reflect the conditions motorists are experiencing today. This paper proposes scalable, analytical probe data–reduction techniques to create technically sound, yet visually intuitive, system-performance measures of current freeway conditions. These types of performance measure are increasingly used by high-level agency management to identify locations at which customers experience congestion, and the magnitude of that congestion, and to compare congestion on various highway corridors. These proposed performance measures can be used for policy-oriented decisions, such as the prioritization of capital program investments, the management of snow removal, and the scheduling of lane closures. The techniques are applied to seven Indiana Interstate highways, comprised of 1,886 directional miles. The Interstates span rural and urban sections that experience varying levels of recurring and nonrecurring congestion as a result of winter weather and construction activity. Specific examples adjacent to the Indianapolis, Indiana; Louisville, Kentucky; and Chicago, Illinois, metropolitan areas are presented, along with the 10 most congested Interstate segments.

Comparing classical performance measures for a multi-period, two-echelon supply chain network design problem with sizing decisions

This paper addresses a new problem to design a two-echelon supply chain network over a multi-period horizon. Strategic decisions are subject to a given budget and concern the location of new facilities in the upper and intermediate echelons of the network as well as the installation of storage areas to handle different product families. A finite set of capacity levels for each product family is available at each potential location. Further decisions concern the quantities of products to be shipped through the network. Two mixed-integer linear programming models are proposed that differ in the type of performance measure that is adopted to design the supply chain. Under a cost minimization objective, the network configuration with the least total cost is to be determined. In contrast, under a profit maximization goal the aim is to design the network so as to maximize the difference between total revenue and total cost. In this case, it may not always be attractive to completely satisfy demand requirements. To investigate the implications that the choice of these performance measures have on network design, an extensive computational study is conducted with randomly generated instances that are solved using CPLEX.

The Relationship Between Typical and Maximum Performance: A Meta-Analytic Examination

This study's purpose was to meta-analytically estimate the magnitude of the relationship between typical and maximum job performance to determine if this distinction deserves greater attention. We also tested several moderators including three associated with the temporal boundaries of this relationship and examined theoretical antecedents of typical and maximum performance (ability, motivation, and personality). This meta-analysis revealed a moderate typical–maximum performance association (ρ = .42), suggesting that a meaningful distinction does exist. Although the examined temporal moderators did not meaningfully affect the typical–maximum performance relationship, task complexity, type of performance measure, and study setting were significant moderators. Antecedent analyses confirmed that both ability and Openness to Experience are more strongly related to maximum than typical performance. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Using non‐mandatory performance measures in local governments

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyse how local governments implement non‐mandatory performance measures (PM), the types of PM employed, the degree of their usefulness in decision making and/or accountability, and their outcomes.Design/methodology/approachThe information was collected through a questionnaire sent to the expert managers in charge of developing PM for Spanish local governments with more than 50,000 inhabitants. In addition, data sources were triangulated through an analysis of the performance indicators published in the notes to the local governments' financial statements and in their web sites.FindingsThe implementation of PM in Spain follows a top‐down approach in which each local government can choose whether to implement PM, how to implement them, and what information to disclose. Implementation features a high degree of involvement on the part of managers and little involvement on the part of medium‐ and street‐level staff. PM are used primarily for budgetary and strategic management planning and long‐term decision making.Practical implicationsThe paper will be useful to academics and practitioners to enable better understanding of the problems associated with introducing and using non‐financial, non‐mandatory PM. The Spanish case is similar to that of most continental European countries, in the leeway their local governments have in implementing their own PM systems.Originality/valueThe paper sheds light on the application of an interesting aspect of public sector management accounting and contributes to the literature by analyzing the application of a non‐mandatory PM system in a non‐Anglo‐American context.

Faster but Not Stickier: Invasive House Geckos Can Out-Sprint Resident Mournful Geckos in Moorea, French Polynesia

The House Gecko, Hemidactylus frenatus, is one of the world's most invasive vertebrate species and is spreading rapidly across the South Pacific, displacing other species of geckos that are native or were already resident. We studied the adhesion and locomotor capabilities of H. frenatus and the resident Lepidodactylus lugubris on the island of Moorea in French Polynesia where they are syntopic. Our goal was to determine whether H. frenatus could stick or sprint faster than L. lugubris, two types of performance measures that could underlie superiority of H. frenatus in foraging and agonistic interactions hypothesized in other studies. The clinging ability of H. frenatus and L. lugubris are comparable suggesting that the potential for sticking to vertical and over-hanging surfaces as geckos move through their environments does not differ between species. In contrast, H. frenatus have maximal sprint speeds that are approximately fourfold higher than L. lugubris, an advantage in speed that is even greater than that measured previously for the two species running on horizontal surfaces. Proposed superiority in foraging and agonistic interactions of H. frenatus compared to L. lugubris are potentially traceable to performance characteristics such as adhesion and locomotion. We demonstrate that comparatively high maximal locomotor speeds may contribute to the observed success of H. frenatus over resident geckos in French Polynesia, and possibly in other areas where they have been introduced.

THE BEST AND THE REST: REVISITING THE NORM OF NORMALITY OF INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE

We revisit a long‐held assumption in human resource management, organizational behavior, and industrial and organizational psychology that individual performance follows a Gaussian (normal) distribution. We conducted 5 studies involving 198 samples including 633,263 researchers, entertainers, politicians, and amateur and professional athletes. Results are remarkably consistent across industries, types of jobs, types of performance measures, and time frames and indicate that individual performance is not normally distributed—instead, it follows a Paretian (power law) distribution. Assuming normality of individual performance can lead to misspecified theories and misleading practices. Thus, our results have implications for all theories and applications that directly or indirectly address the performance of individual workers including performance measurement and management, utility analysis in preemployment testing and training and development, personnel selection, leadership, and the prediction of performance, among others.

The Impact of Contingent Factors on Performance Measures in the Rural Banks of Ashanti Region of Ghana

The study examined the application of performance measurement techniques in the rural banks in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Management accounting theory suggests that two different measures of branch performance should be computed; one to evaluate the economic performance of each branch and the other to evaluate the performance of branch managers (managerial performance).The purpose of the study was to ascertain the type of performance measures that are applied in these institutions. That is whether or not the management of these banks have been applying financial and/or non financial performance measures in assessing the performance of their branches and the managers of those branches. In addition the study examined the impact of contingent factors on the use of financial and non financial performance measures. Though, all the respondents stated that they used both financial and non financial performance measures, there was heavy reliance on financial measures. The study found that neither the balanced scorecard nor the Tableau de Bord have ever been used as performance measures. The study findings also revealed that profitability (i.e. Operating profit margin, Return on shareholders' capital) and liquidity (i.e. current ratio and working capital ratio) have varied impact on the use of performance measures by the rural banks in the Ashanti Region of Ghana.