Types Of Perfectionism Research Articles

Simply unidirectional? A cross-lagged panel analysis of the links between perfectionism, academic motivation and engagement

Perfectionism is widely recognised as a key factor in students’ learning experiences, but such evidence is primarily derived from cross-sectional studies testing unidirectional links. To fill in the gap, our study used a longitudinal design and made the initial attempt to examine the bi-directional links between two types of perfectionism (personal standards and concerns over mistakes), two types of academic motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic motivation), and academic engagement. Results from the cross-lagged panel analysis among Chinese university students found that personal standards and intrinsic motivation were positively and reciprocally related. Another reciprocity was revealed: intrinsic motivation positively predicted later extrinsic motivation, while extrinsic motivation negatively predicted later intrinsic motivation. Besides, our study revealed several unidirectional links: intrinsic motivation positively predicted later academic engagement, extrinsic motivation positively predicted later concerns over mistakes, and academic engagement negatively predicted later concerns over mistakes.

Using the Chinese Version of Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale to Identify the Psychometrics Properties and Typology of Perfectionism Among Gifted Junior High School Students

The study aimed to explore the Chinese version of the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale suitable for gifted junior high school students and to classify the types of perfectionism. The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale was translated into Chinese to evaluate the factor structure and typology of academically gifted students in Taiwan. The exploratory factor analysis revealed a three-factor structure with 31 items in a 212 junior high school student sample. The validation study included a total of 498 academically gifted students. Factor analyses produced three rather than the six previously predicted factors. With some modifications, confirmatory factor analysis and accepted composite reliability supported the same three-factor structure. The study used 18 items to validate the three-structure and discovered three types of perfectionists: healthy, unhealthy, and non-perfectionist. The study supported the tool’s effectiveness in determining the state and typology of perfectionism in gifted students.

Perfekcjonizm i style przywiązaniowe a sposoby wchodzenia w relacje interpersonalne

The aim of the study was to answer the question whether different types of entering into interpersonal relationships are explained by different types of perfectionism and by attachment styles. The study included 169 adult people, consisting of 96 women and 73 men. The primary research tool was Wiggins’ Interpersonal Adjective Scales (IAS-R), which is a self-report method and consists of 64 items. Additionally, Plopa’s Attachment Styles Questionnaire was used to study attachment relationships and this tool consists of 24 items, as well as the Big Three Perfectionism Scale (BTSP) by Smith et al. consisting of 45 items, which is currently in the adaptation process to Polish conditions. It was assumed that different types of entering into relationships are explained by different types of perfectionism and attachment styles. The research results have shown that different types of entering into interpersonal relationships are determined by different dimensions of perfectionism. Perfectionism explains 18–30% of the variation in interpersonal relationships. It has also been proven that none of the non-secure attachment styles are associated with less adaptive ways of entering into relationships.

Perfectionism, Psychological Distress, and Career Indecision Among Chinese College Students

Abstract: To aid in developing effective interventions on perfectionism, it is important to understand how different types of perfectionism may relate to psychological outcomes and identify possible mechanism explaining their relationships among Chinese college students. To address the problem, the present study examined (a) how adaptive perfectionism and maladaptive perfectionism were associated with psychological distress and career indecision among Chinese college students and (b) how coping mediated the relationships between two forms of perfectionism and psychological distress and career indecision. The results of path analysis models using a sample of Chinese college students (total n = 389) indicated that (a) maladaptive perfectionism was positively associated with psychological distress ( r = .48) and career indecision ( r = .31), while adaptive perfectionism was not associated with psychological distress ( r = .12) and career indecision ( r = −.05); (b) coping served as a suppressor and fully mediated the relationships between adaptive perfectionism and psychological distress ( Bid = −.07, p < .01, CI99.5 = −.17, −.04) and career indecision ( Bid = −.11, p < .001, CI99.5 = −.12, −.01); and (c) coping partially mediated the relationships between maladaptive perfectionism and psychological distress ( Bid = .08, p < .01, CI99.5 = .02, .15) and career indecision ( Bid = .14, p < .001, CI99.5 = .06, .21). The findings suggest that different forms of perfectionism relate to psychological outcomes differently and coping is critical in explaining how perfectionism relates to psychological outcomes. Therefore, perfectionism interventions should consider the characteristics of two forms of perfectionism and the role of coping.

The LBT Types of Perfectionism in the Five Elements System

This article showcases the underlying logic of LBT and the Five Elements (5e) system from Chinese philosophy, in the context of philosophical practice. The ten types of perfectionism from LBT are thought out in the 5e frame. This endeavor shows that Logic-based Therapy and the Five Elements System work well together in practice, especially in understanding the client’s problem and identifying an uplifting philosophical strategy.

Преимущества и риски перфекционизма курсантов образовательных организаций высшего образования МВД России

Introduction. The article deals with the nature of perfectionism, the content of which reflects both its positive and negative consequences. The advantages of perfectionism involve the students' efforts to perfection, self-organisation, and adaptive behaviour. The risks of perfectionism include deep-seated feelings of a person oriented to social approval, conformity to exaggerated standards, avoidance of failures, and overrated level of demands to oneself. This determines negative emotional feelings, anxiety, and stressful states. The aim of the research is to determine the features of perfectionism of cadets with high and low levels of perfectionism and to analyse the risks of its high indicators.
 The research is based on a sample of 73 people. They were divided into two groups according to the values of perfectionism: with high (n=34) and low (n=39) level.
 Research methods. The research involved general scientific research methods aimed at data collection, analysis, systematisation and generalisation, as well as empirical methods (testing, interviews). The research was carried out with the help of psychodiagnostic methods: perfectionism questionnaire (N. G. Garanyan, A. B. Kholmogorova), method of diagnosing the level of emotional burnout (V. V. Boyko).
 Results. The results of the empirical study on the methods used are described and analysed. The results of the study showed reliable differences between the groups with high and low levels of perfectionism, reflecting the presence of significant emotional problems. In the group with a high level of perfectionism the factors of socially oriented type of perfectionist expectations, orientation to exaggerated standards of activity according to the principle "to be the most successful", fixation on failures and mistakes, categorical and polarised thinking were revealed. This type of perfectionism is destructive and its consequences, identified in the research, are reflected in the form of negative emotional experiences, reduction of subjects' professional responsibilities, development of emotional burnout and mental exhaustion.

Understanding the Relationship Between the Multidimensional Perfectionism and Self-Compassion in Adults: The Effect of Age.

Literature suggests that perfectionism is associated to self-compassion. However, the multiple relationships between the types of perfectionism (adaptive, maladaptive and non-perfectionists) and the multidimensional construct of self-compassion have not been thoroughly examined. To this end, the present study aimed (a) to examine the relationships between the types of perfectionism and the self-compassion components in an adult sample and (b) to check the effect of age on the relationship between the perfectionistic types and the self-compassion components. Participants were 509 adults aged 18 to 65 years. Self-report questionnaires were used to collect the data. Results indicated that High Standards positively predicted all self-compassion components while Discrepancy positively predicted Self-judgment and Isolation and overidentification and negatively predicted Self-Kindness and mindfulness and Common humanity. In addition, it was found that adaptive perfectionists and non-perfectionists reported higher levels on the positive components of self-compassion and lower levels on its negative components, compared to maladaptive perfectionists. With respect to age, participants in established (30-45 years) and middle (46-65 years) adulthood reported higher levels on the positive self-compassion components and lower levels on its negative components compared to young adults (18-29 years), while participants in emerging adulthood scored higher on both the dimensions of perfectionism (adaptive and maladaptive) compared to participants in established and middle adulthood. Finally, age moderated only the relationship between adaptive perfectionism and Isolation and overidentification. Future directions and implications are being discussed.

Perfectionism in the anesthesiological environment

BackgroundPerfectionism today is understood as an individual's psychological conviction that the ideal can and should be achieved, and the imperfect result of work (physical, intellectual, etc.), in their opinion, has no right to exist.The purpose of the studyOur goal was to investigate levels and types of perfectionism among anesthesiology interns in comparison with the indicators of practicing anesthesiologists.Materials and methodsAn anonymous survey of 92 anesthesiology interns and 124 practicing anesthesiologists was conducted according to the Big-Three Perfectionism Scale (BTPS).ResultsThe mean general level of perfectionism was average, with the total BTPS score of 124,38 ± 14,47 out of 225 in interns and 105,97 ± 10,31 in practicing anesthesiologists (p < 0,05). Both interns and practicing doctors leaned toward rigid perfectionism (mean score 32,32 ± 3,32 out of 50 in interns and 33,33 ± 3,23—in practicing doctors, p < 0,05) and self-critical perfectionism, with the average score of 52,08 ± 4,37 out of 90 in interns and 42,87 ± 4,76 in postgraduates (p < 0,05). Narcissistic perfectionism is the factor with the least relative score in both groups (39,99 ± 7,61 out of 85 in interns and 29,77 ± 4,20 in practicing doctors, p < 0,05).ConclusionsNeither anesthesiology interns nor practicing anesthesiologists in general exhibited high levels of perfectionism. In both groups there was a moderate leaning towards rigid and self-critical perfectionism, which indicates a tendency for the individuals to set high standards for themselves and base their own self-worth on meeting these standards. In interns, the general perfectionism levels were significantly higher than in practicing doctors. Also the self-critical type was more prominent among interns. This might indicate a sense of pressure to meet unrealistic outside expectations and an impostor syndrome which is common for the people at the start of their careers, but it’s also a significant risk factor for future burnout.

Distinct roles of self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism in Chinese adolescent students' achievement goals, classroom affect, and academic achievement

We investigated the reasons and processes through which self-oriented perfectionism and socially prescribed perfectionism demonstrate different predictive utilities in relation to adolescent students' achievement goals, classroom affect, and academic achievement in math and English. Results based on a group of 542 Chinese middle school students revealed that self-oriented perfectionism was closely related to both mastery-approach and performance-approach goals as well as positive classroom affect. In contrast, socially prescribed perfectionism was closely related to performance-avoidance goals and negative classroom affect. Moreover, achievement goals largely mediated the predictive paths between the two types of perfectionism and academic outcomes. The findings of the present study highlight the importance of recognizing the multidimensionality of perfectionism in understanding students' academic motivation and educational outcomes.

The Relationship between Mood Symptom Severity and Perfectionism Subtypes in Mood Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Previous research suggests that there is a link between perfectionism and symptoms of depression. This study aimed to see if different types of perfectionism are linked differently to symptoms of depression in mood disorders and if there is a relationship between perfectionism and symptoms of mania in bipolar disorder. A systematic search was conducted in the databases PsycINFO, EMBASE, Web of Science, and PubMed to find papers which examined the relationship in clinical depression and bipolar disorder. A meta-analysis pooled the correlation effect sizes for mood symptoms severity and the severity of the perfectionism subtype. Twelve papers were included in the review, with five of these being included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis found statistically significant positive correlations between greater severity of depression symptoms and more severe perfectionism for the following subtypes: concern over mistakes, doubts about actions, other-oriented perfectionism, parental criticism, self-oriented perfectionism, and socially prescribed perfectionism. There was no significant relationship between depression symptoms and perfectionism subtypes of organisation and personal standards. There were not enough studies reporting data for manic symptoms for the meta-analysis or for any firm conclusions to be drawn. The relationship between depression and perfectionism differs depending on the particular type of perfectionism examined. Most studies were cross-sectional and correlational, so causation cannot be inferred, and future longitudinal studies are needed.

Features of perfectionism among future environmental engineers

The purpose of the study is to analyze students’ high demands on themselves and others; the desire to achieve sophistication in everything (especially in work) – perfectionism. Two methods of the research were used: theoretical analysis and diagnostic tests: “The Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale” by P. Hewitt and G. Flatt, one for determining the level of self-efficacy by M. Scheer and J. Maddux in the adaptation of A. V. Boyarintseva, the methodology “Differential test of perfectionism by A.A. Zolotareva”. The students of Sevastopol State University took part in the surveys. The empirical study involved 30 people (students - future environmental engineers). When studying the features of perfectionism, according to the results of the methodology «Multidimensional scale of perfectionism», the levels of perfectionism were equally distributed, namely, half of the sample had low indicators of perfectionism, and the other half had average ones. The results according to the method of A. Zolotareva aimed at studying perfectionism among students show that most of the respondents have a normal type of perfectionism, that is, such students tend to strive for excellence without conflict with other motives.A relationship between personal maturity and perfectionism among students was identified by means of the Pearson correlation coefficient. Recommendations for increasing the level of perfectionism to a constructive one were given due to theoretical analysis and empirical study of the problem of personal maturity and perfectionism among students. In conclusion the authors consider the training program as an integrative personal education, consisting of researching indicators: personal, cognitive-activity, and social components.

완벽주의는 창의성에 약이 되는가? 독이 되는가? 완벽주의, 창의적 업무수행 간의 관계: 인지적 유연성의 매개효과와 조절초점의 조절효과를 중심으로

Today’s organizations pressure employees to perform better, which causes them to exhibit an increasing level of perfectionism. While some studies have reported that perfectionism has a negative relationship with creativity, others have indicated a positiveeffect of perfectionism on work outcomes. The present study categorizes perfectionism into perfectionistic concern and striving and explores the mediating and moderating mechanisms affecting the relationships between the two types of perfectionism and creative performance. We identified cognitive flexibility as a mediator and regulatory focus as a moderator. To test the hypotheses, we administered a two-wave survey to 337 South Korean employees in diverse organizations. To reduce common method biases, the Time 1 survey was designed to assess the demographic characteristics and perfectionistic concern and striving of participants. One month later, the Time 2 survey measured cognitive flexibility, prevention and promotion foci, and creative performance. Results showed a negative relationship between perfectionistic concern and cognitive flexibility and a positive relationship between perfectionistic striving and cognitive flexibility. Cognitive flexibility was positively associated with creative performance, and further mediated the relationship between perfectionistic striving and creative performance. Of the two regulatory foci, only promotion focus significantly moderated the perfectionistic striving-cognitive flexibility relationship, such that this relationship was more pronounced when promotion focus was high than when it was low. The present study has theoretical implications for perfectionism research by revealing factors affecting the relationship between perfectionism and creative performance. It also provides insights into ways to enhance the creative performance of employees based on their perfectionism and regulatory focus.

Perfectionism profiles among college students: A person-centered approach to motivation, behavior, and emotion

Perfectionism among college students has increased in the past three decades, yet studies of perfectionism in academic contexts are relatively scarce. This study used a person-centered approach to investigate associations between perfectionism profiles and academic indicators (i.e., motivation, behavior, and emotion), whether there are any gender or racial/ethnic differences in perfectionism profiles, and whether growth mindsets moderated associations between perfectionism profiles and academic indicators. Data were collected from 516 college students enrolled in math-related courses. Latent profile analysis revealed four distinct types of perfectionism characterized as Ambitious, Concerned, Perfectionist and Non-perfectionist. The Ambitious group was associated with the best academic indicators overall, whereas the Concerned group had the worst indicators. Students in the Perfectionist and Non-perfectionist groups exhibited more complex patterns across academic indicators, with those in the Perfectionist group having generally more positive motivational/behavioral indicators but more negative emotional indicators, and those in the Non-perfectionist group demonstrating the opposite pattern. Asian American students were over-represented in the Ambitious and Perfectionist groups. Additionally, growth mindset served as a protective factor for the Concerned and Non-perfectionist groups on motivational indicators (task value and perceived cost, respectively). Overall, this study highlights the importance of person-centered approaches and the inclusion of multiple academic indicators (i.e., motivational, behavioral, and emotional) to reveal the complex nature of perfectionism.

완벽주의 군집별 실패내성과 자기효능감이 대학생활적응에 미치는 영향

Objectives This study examined natural groupings of college students in terms of perfectionism, the differences in adaptation to college life among clusters, and factors influencing adaptation to college life according to each cluster.&#x0D; Methods Based on the data of 261 college students, cluster analysis using the sub-scales of perfectionism—self-oriented and socially-prescribed perfectionism—was conducted. Then, the differences in adaptation to college life were analyzed among sub-groups by using MANOVA. Multiple regression analysis was also conducted to examine the effects of failure tolerance and self-efficacy on adaptation to college life according to each cluster.&#x0D; Results The cluster analysis resulted in three clusters—Cluster 1: self- and other-fulfilling perfectionism group; Cluster 2: non-perfectionistic group; and Cluster 3: self-fulfilling perfectionism group. As results of MANOVA, Clusters 2 and 3 showed significantly higher scores on adaptation to college life than Cluster 1. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that failure tolerance had a significant effect on adaptation to college life in Clusters 1 and 2. In Cluster 3, adaptation to college life was significantly affected by both failure tolerance and self-efficacy.&#x0D; Conclusions The findings of this study suggest that it is necessary to provide college students with appropriate programs or counseling activities to enhance their adaptation to college life based on their types of perfectionism.

Migration flows and the future of democracy and world order

This paper summarizes the major themes of my current monograph project and my recent co-edited volume on post-Kantian perfectionism. The central thesis is that Kant’s critique of rational heteronomy in the Groundwork effectively ruled out certain types of perfectionist ethics and their corresponding political applications, notably the programmes of Christian Wolff and his school, which were dominant in the German territories in the mid- to late eighteenth century. Kant’s critiques did not, however, preclude the emergence of a new type of perfectionism, no longer based on the state-sponsored promotion of eudaimonia or material, intellectual, and spiritual thriving, but on the advancement of freedom and the conditions for its exercise. Predicated on the idea of right, post-Kantian perfectionism focuses on maintaining and enhancing the juridical, political, and economic conditions for rightful interaction among self-defining individuals. Humboldt, Schiller, Fichte, Hegel, and the Hegelian School exemplify this new approach in different ways. Marx’s problematic relation to this tradition is outlined.

Adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism of graduating medical students

IntroductionPerfectionism, as a multiform trait of character, plays an important role in the formation of motivation of achievements in socially significant activity. Adaptive perfectionism, together with the desire to achieve recognition in one’s professional community and insure the emotional stability. Maladaptive (neurotic) perfectionism is directed towards the achievement of excessively high (non-relevant) standards of activity, a constant anxiety, internal stress and lack of self-confidenceObjectivesTo pinpoint the types of perfectionism that graduating medical students at Medical University experience, those who, during all the years of study, showed high academic resultsMethodsForty-nine graduating medical students volunteered to take part in the study, their average mark being not lower than 4.75 (maximum was 5). Their average age was 22.41±0.75. The following scales measured the level of expressiveness of perfectionism: A.A. Zolotareva, Hewitt and Flett, I.I. GrachevaResultsThe results of the study undertaken showed two distinct groups. Students of the first group (79.6%) aimed at high internal standards in their study that would make them very well prepared professionally for their future work as doctors. They consciously accepted the common rules and norms of their society. Students of the other group (20.4%), consciously and subconsciously, estimate their high academic results as a good way of overcoming personal disturbances. They have excessive non-realistic demands towards self and othersConclusionsThe results of our study make it possible for us to suppose that medical students of the second group will experience quite a lot of difficulties in their future professional activityDisclosureNo significant relationships.

The prevalence of perfectionism and positive mental health in undergraduate students

The purpose of this cross-sectional survey was to assess the relationship between mental health and perfectionist personality styles within Dalhousie University’s undergraduate psychology program (N = 191). Positive mental health is characterized by high social, emotional, and psychological functioning in everyday life. Perfectionism has traditionally been studied as a correlate of poor mental health, although relatively recent research has offered a reconceptualization wherein the adaptiveness of perfectionism can support positive mental health. In particular, the perfectionist personality style may be categorized as three types: non-perfectionist, maladaptive perfectionist, and adaptive perfectionist. We classified participants based on their perfectionist personality style and assessed the distribution of mental health level and variation of mental health scores across the different perfectionist personality styles. Overall, we found a pattern of high mental health scores in adaptive perfectionists, moderate mental health scores in non-perfectionists, and low mental health scores in maladaptive perfectionists, suggesting that mental health varies systematically with type of perfectionism. Our findings demonstrate that perfectionism can be an adaptive personality style and positively relate to mental health. Our study supports the reconceptualized definition of perfectionism as a potentially adaptive personality style.

Association of Perfectionism with Job Search Behavior and Career Distress among Nursing Students in South Korea

Purpose: Understanding the influence of perfectionism among senior nursing students is imperative for addressing strategies to reduce career distress and enhance job search behavior. The purpose of this study was to identify perfectionism types among senior nursing students in South Korea. Differences in career distress and enhanced job search behavior for each perfectionism type were compared.Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive design was employed. A total of 211 nursing students completed surveys for Perfectionism, Job Search Behavior, and Career Distress. Cluster analysis and post-hoc tests were conducted.Results: A total of 80.1% were classified into the perfectionism group, including adaptive (49.8%) and maladaptive (30.3%). Maladaptive groups showed the highest discrepancy between standards and their perceived achievements as well as career distress. Job search behavior was the highest in the adaptive perfectionism group but the lowest in the non-perfectionism group.Conclusion: Nursing educators should consider career coaching customized by each perfectionism type to improve job search behavior among nursing students.

Investigating the moderating role of coping style on music performance anxiety and perfectionism

Classical musicians are under constant pressure to perform at near perfect levels, and are highly vulnerable to the negative effects of music performance anxiety. This study aimed to examine the mechanisms by which two types of perfectionism (personal standards and evaluative concerns) relate to music performance anxiety, and to explore the moderating roles of active and avoidant coping on the relationship between these perfectionism types and music performance anxiety. A sample of 118 classical performing musicians (35 males, 82 females, 1 other; Mage = 42.00, SD = 14.68) were recruited to participate in an anonymous online questionnaire assessing music performance anxiety, coping and perfectionism. Results indicated that the two dimensions of perfectionism were positively associated with music performance anxiety. Personal standards perfectionism was associated with active coping, and evaluative concerns perfectionism with avoidant coping. Active coping moderated the relationship between personal standards perfectionism and performance anxiety, but only at high and medium levels. Contrary to the prediction, avoidant coping did not moderate the relationship between evaluative concerns perfectionism and performance anxiety. These findings highlight key relationships between music performance anxiety and the interaction of personal standards perfectionism and active coping.

Typology of Perfectionists in the Context of Procrastination and Age among Female Students of Humanities

The study aims to find out the connection between perfectionists according to Parker (1997), Doktorová &amp; Piteková, (2020a) namely functional, dysfunctional perfectionists and non-perfectionists, academic procrastination, and age in female students. Two questionnaires were used during the research, namely the Frost's Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (F-MPS) and the Procrastination Scale for Student population (PSS), which we administered to the research sample (N = 344) in the age span of 18 to 25. Through the non-hierarchical cluster analysis (k-means) we identified three types of perfectionists in the sample. The comparison of three types of perfectionism with academic procrastination showed statistically significant differences in the following way: the dysfunctional perfectionists achieved the highest score on the scale of academic procrastination compared with functional perfectionists and non-perfectionists. Furthermore, we did not identify statistically significant differences between typology of perfectionism and age.